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Ability to switch thinking about two concepts
(APA) defines cognitive flexibility as: The capacity for objective appraisal and appropriately flexible action. Cognitive flexibility also implies adaptability
Cognitive_flexibility
Cognitive processes necessary for control of behavior
include basic cognitive processes such as attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Higher-order
Executive_functions
Extent to which a person can cope with changes
life demands, and commit to behaviors. Flexible personality should not be confused with cognitive flexibility, which is the ability to switch between
Flexibility_(personality)
Mechanisms of overcoming risky behaviors
concepts and attitudes once developed. The opposite of rigidity is cognitive flexibility. A specific example of rigidity is functional fixedness, which is
Rigidity_(psychology)
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up flexibility in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Flexibility may refer to: Flexibility (anatomy), the distance of motion of a joint, which may
Flexibility
Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
susceptible to cognitive biases and have less cognitive flexibility. However, older individuals were able to decrease their susceptibility to cognitive biases
Cognitive_bias
Treatment designed to improve neurocognitive abilities
Cognitive remediation is designed to improve neurocognitive abilities such as attention, working memory, cognitive flexibility and planning, and executive
Cognitive_remediation_therapy
Lack of motivation to mentally tackle a problem or issue
unnecessary and cost prohibitive. Managers with high cognitive flexibility that can change the type of cognitive processing based on the situation at hand are
Cognitive_inertia
Process of consciously redirecting attention from one fixation to another
switching. Both are forms of cognitive flexibility. In the general framework of cognitive therapy and awareness management, cognitive shifting refers to the
Cognitive_shifting
Mental process dealing with knowledge
information. Cognitive processes are a fundamental part of mental life, helping individuals understand and interact with the world. Cognitive processes are
Cognition
Simplistic humanoid figure
ISBN 0306310252. Spensley, Fiona; Taylor, Josie (1999). "The Development of Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence from Children's Drawings". Human Development. 42 (6):
Tadpole_person
Area of the prefrontal cortex of primates
of the dlPFC is the executive functions, such as working memory, cognitive flexibility, planning, inhibition, and abstract reasoning. However, the dlPFC
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Dorsolateral_prefrontal_cortex
Disruption of cognitive control processes
disability, an additive deficit is observed in many cases. Flexibility. Poor mental flexibility, as demonstrated in autistic individuals, is characterized
Executive_dysfunction
Ability to understand or feel what another is feeling
impaired cognitive empathy, since impaired cognitive empathy has been related with neurocognitive task performance involving cognitive flexibility. Dave
Empathy
Consequences of not getting enough sleep
and memory. Recent 2025 research specifies these include reduced cognitive flexibility (task-switching accuracy after total sleep deprivation) and prolonged
Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
Effects_of_sleep_deprivation_on_cognitive_performance
Software program
coordinated by the University of Trento "measure[d] participants' cognitive flexibility and creativity after the exposure to virtual reality panoramic videos
DeepDream
Human capacity or ability to acquire, apprehend and apply knowledge
definitions of intelligence but not part of IQ measurement include: Cognitive flexibility – abilities in switching between different concepts, or to adapt
Human_intelligence
even nightmares as made possible by the unconscious. In a study on cognitive flexibility across the sleep-wake cycle, researchers discovered that when woken
Sleep_and_creativity
Medical condition
as increased openness and self-transcendence, cause changes in cognitive flexibility, increase neuroplasticity, and reopen developmental windows or critical
Psychedelic_syndrome
Eating disorder
probably due to autism's effects on thinking patterns, such as reduced cognitive flexibility. Alexithymia (inability to identify and describe one's own emotions)
Anorexia
Degradation of functioning of the brain
Changes in dopamine levels may also cause age-related changes in cognitive flexibility. Decreasing levels of different serotonin receptors and the serotonin
Aging_brain
Process of generating creative ideas
studies suggested a link between positive mood and the promotion of cognitive flexibility. In a 1990 study by Murray, Sujan, Hirt and Sujan, this hypothesis
Divergent_thinking
American neuroscientist
interventions to treat cognitive flexibility deficits. Taken together, this line of work continues to reveal how brain dynamics underlie flexible cognition and
Lucina_Uddin
Neural, cognitive, and behavioral effects of physical exercise
performance tests that measure certain cognitive functions, such as attentional control, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, working memory updating and
Neurobiological effects of physical exercise
Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise
Impairment that can result from chemotherapy treatment
Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment (PCCI, also known in the scientific community as CRCIs or Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairments" and in lay
Post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment
Post-chemotherapy_cognitive_impairment
Lack of restraint
include diffuse cognitive impairment, with more prominent deficits in the rate of information processing, attention, memory, cognitive flexibility, and problem-solving
Disinhibition
Condition of not having enough sleep
slower reaction times, impaired logical reasoning, and reduced cognitive flexibility. All of these dysfunctions can be attributed to diminished prefrontal
Sleep_deprivation
Intense form of mental concentration
inability to redirect thoughts or tasks as the situation changes (cognitive flexibility). One suggested explanation for hyperfocus in those with ASD is
Hyperfocus
Combination of two or more academic disciplines into one activity
multiple traditional disciplines. Interdisciplinary education fosters cognitive flexibility and prepares students to tackle complex, real-world problems by
Interdisciplinarity
Disorder involving obsession with celebrities
celebrity worship found a correlation with certain factors, such as cognitive flexibility and critical thinking. However, due to methodological limitations
Celebrity_worship_syndrome
Interpretation by an individual to stimuli
repeating “I will be excited” verbally). Cognitive reappraisal can help boost creativity and cognitive flexibility, especially for individuals with low openness
Cognitive_appraisal
Sexual attraction to prepubescent children
had deficits in response inhibition, but no deficits in memory or cognitive flexibility. Evidence of familial transmittability "suggests, but does not prove
Pedophilia
Cognitive process
interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking "outside the
Inhibitory_control
Cognition about knowledge and knowing
Rainer; Clarebout, Geraldine (eds.). Links Between Beliefs and Cognitive Flexibility: Lessons Learned. Dordrecht; New York: Springer. pp. 7–36. doi:10
Epistemic_cognition
Type of therapy to improve mental health
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychotherapy that combines basic principles from cognitive psychology and behaviorism. It aims to reduce
Cognitive_behavioral_therapy
Inability to comprehend or formulate language
demonstrate deficits in initiation, planning, self-monitoring, and cognitive flexibility. Other studies have found that people with aphasia demonstrate reduced
Aphasia
Physical activity that improves health
muscle strength. Flexibility exercises stretch and lengthen muscles. Activities such as stretching help to improve joint flexibility and keep muscles
Exercise
Cognitive processing, either influenced or not
executive functioning spans across a number of cognitive tasks, including working memory, cognitive flexibility and reasoning in active goal pursuit. The distinction
Hot_and_cold_cognition
American educational reformer (1947–2012)
experience. Jonassen believed this requires the learner to operate at a higher cognitive level. He was also one of the first to envision technology as "mindtools
David_H._Jonassen
Stress and panic response centre
memory Behavioral and cognitive flexibility, creativity, personality, behavioral inhibition and stress (psychological) Cognitive control Decision making
Locus_coeruleus
Aspect of cognitive load theory
to similar problems helps foster broad knowledge transfer and "cognitive flexibility".[page needed] The instructional model of example-based learning
Worked-example_effect
Ability to answer questions correctly without the need for novel ideas
noradrenaline levels in the brain. This system plays important roles in cognitive flexibility and the explore/exploit tradeoff problem (multi-armed bandit problem)
Convergent_thinking
Modern adaptive behavior of continuously dividing one's attention
causes inattentiveness and lead to learning difficulties. Weaker cognitive flexibility and less creative thinking are observed in individuals engaging
Continuous_partial_attention
Set of behaviours or social skills
foreign language, flexibility and management of behavior, and social skills. Intercultural competence is determined by the presence of cognitive, affective,
Cultural_competence
Study of relations between psychology and language
intersects with conceptual representations, perceptual learning, and cognitive flexibility. Experimental studies have tested these ideas by examining how speakers
Psycholinguistics
theory that positive affect increases cognitive flexibility. Positive mood priming also increases cognitive flexibility when prime words do not have individualistic
Global_precedence
Catatonia psychomotor symptom
in the process of preventing catatonia and waxy flexibility from occurring. Because waxy flexibility is a psychomotor symptom, attention should be spread
Waxy_flexibility
Type of progressive dementia
(selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory (WM), and cognitive flexibility (also called set shifting, mental flexibility, or mental set shifting
Dementia_with_Lewy_bodies
Expertise deemed valid in a range of jobs
people from another culture. This type of integration requires cognitive flexibility. The Understanding by Design curricular approach championed by Wiggins
Transferable_skill
Effect of psychological interference on reaction time
test based on the Stroop effect will show the level of flexibility of the mind Training the flexibility of the mind based on the effect of the Stroop
Stroop_effect
Mental disorder involving eccentricity and social isolation in afflicted individuals
This may lead to impaired capacities for decision-making, speech, cognitive flexibility, and altered perceptual experiences. The rs1006737 polymorphism
Schizotypal personality disorder
Schizotypal_personality_disorder
Executive function
Together, these two functions are subcategories of the broader cognitive flexibility concept. Task switching allows a person to rapidly and efficiently
Task_switching_(psychology)
Forming something new and somehow valuable
paragraphs. "Flexibility" encompassed both "spontaneous flexibility", or the general ability to be flexible, and "adaptive flexibility", or the ability
Creativity
Part of the brain responsible for personality, decision-making, and social behavior
for many executive functions, such as remembering information, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control. Although the prefrontal cortex does this
Prefrontal_cortex
Football player's intelligence related to the sport
covering 3,845 athletes. Elite athletes outscored amateur athletes on cognitive flexibility, and sports requiring rapid adaptation to changing conditions showed
Football_IQ
Impairment in the clarity of consciousness
including "deficits on tests of problem solving, working memory, cognitive flexibility, perseverative responding, and self-regulation." Memory rehabilitation
Clouding_of_consciousness
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
& Kognition (in German). 11: 115–128. Krems, Josef F. (1995). "Cognitive flexibility and complex problem solving". In Frensch, P. A.; Funke, J. (eds
Problem_solving
Cytoplasmic receptor protein found inside cells
behavioral inhibition and impulsivity, as well as cognitive flexibility in adulthood. Similar cognitive flexibility impairments were also seen in PR knockout
Progesterone_receptor
Array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with humans
functioning in the face of adversity. Resilient behaviors include cognitive flexibility, maintaining optimism, developing strong social connections, and
Human_behavior
Study of reading and its acquisition
and how reading should be taught. It draws on many fields, including cognitive science, developmental psychology, education, educational psychology,
Science_of_reading
Inherited neurodegenerative disorder
Especially affected are executive functions, which include planning, cognitive flexibility, abstract thinking, rule acquisition, initiation of appropriate
Huntington's_disease
Use of multiple languages
instruction perform better academically. These students exhibit more cognitive flexibility, including a better ability to analyze abstract visual patterns
Multilingualism
Psychological focus, perception and prioritising discrete information
focus between tasks or stimuli that require different cognitive demands. It involves mental flexibility and executive control. Example: switching between
Attention
Usability inspection method
in varying formats and/or levels of detail in order to promote cognitive flexibility and satisfy user preferences. Practice judicious redundancy: Principle
Heuristic_evaluation
Forecasters whose results are more accurate than average
"cognitive ability [IQ], political knowledge, and open-mindedness". Superforecasters "were better at inductive reasoning, pattern detection, cognitive
Superforecaster
Video game genre
Wildenberg WP, Hommel B (April 21, 2010). "DOOM'd to switch: superior cognitive flexibility in players of first person shooter games". Frontiers in Psychology
First-person_shooter
Mental disorder
self-awareness Hallucinations Deficits in executive functions Deficits in cognitive flexibility History of seizure activity Epileptogenic activity Levodopa, also
Fregoli_delusion
Auditory test to assess selective attention
VOT effect shows that, around age 9, children lack the adult-like cognitive flexibility required to exert top-down control over stimulus-driven bottom-up
Dichotic_listening
Central organ of the human nervous system
think about multiple concepts simultaneously and switch tasks with cognitive flexibility, the ability to inhibit impulses and prepotent responses with inhibitory
Human_brain
Ability of the brain to continuously change
create changes in neural network connections as well as increase cognitive flexibility. In one 2013 study, researchers found evidence that long-term, habitual
Neuroplasticity
Form of physical exercise
stretching-to-performance duration. Stretching's primary effect is to increase flexibility. Flexibility is commonly measured by the angle a joint can move to, or its "range
Stretching
Task used in experiments to measure spatial learning and memory
water maze that can be used to examine different cognitive functions. For example, cognitive flexibility can be assessed using a water maze paradigm in
Morris_water_navigation_task
Capacity to adapt in a workplace
the workplace is underpinned by several psychological factors. Cognitive flexibility, the mental ability to switch perspectives and think about problems
Workplace_resilience
French sociologist (1858–1917)
J. (1995). "Contextualization, cognitive flexibility, and hypertext: the convergence of interpretive theory, cognitive psychology, and advanced information
Émile_Durkheim
Process of language acquisition
Studies have shown that American bilingual children have greater cognitive flexibility, better perceptual skills and tend to be more divergent thinkers
Language_development
Form of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy
employs six core principles to help clients develop psychological flexibility: Cognitive defusion: Learning methods to reduce the tendency to reify thoughts
Acceptance and commitment therapy
Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy
Incomplete schema of object permanence
of the crucial elements of the task that is influenced by age. Cognitive flexibility Peekaboo Piaget, Jean (2013-07-04). The Construction Of Reality
A-not-B_error
Type of psychotherapy
Cognitive therapy (CT) is a kind of psychotherapy that treats problematic behaviors and distressing emotional responses by identifying and correcting
Cognitive_therapy
Children's game
refers to a specific set of cognitive operations that encompasses inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Inhibitory control has been
Make_believe
Lingering symptoms of controlling belief systems
lesions indirectly increased fundamentalist beliefs by reducing cognitive flexibility and trait openness. The findings suggest that rigid adherence to
Religious_trauma_syndrome
Psychological problem-solving tendency
In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful
Cognitive_miser
motivational intensity on cognitive flexibility. Results showed that low motivational intensity increased cognitive flexibility and high motivational intensity
Motivational_intensity
cognitive abilities. Some of the main benefits that studies have found are improvement on working memory performance, improved attention, cognitive flexibility
Nature exposure and mental health
Nature_exposure_and_mental_health
Performance-oriented organizational operation
Competence mode I: cognitive flexibility to imagine alternative strategic logics. Competence mode I derives from the cognitive flexibility of an organization
Competence-based_management
Category of learning situation
intentional instruction with flexibility in organization and delivery. One characteristic of nonformal learning is its flexibility in where and how learning
Nonformal_learning
Use of neuroscience in study of social cognition
memory, semantics, visual processing, mindwandering, consciousness, cognitive flexibility, and mediating interactions between brain networks. The temporoparietal
Social_cognitive_neuroscience
pain management and mental health. Cognitive reserve, which refers to individual differences in cognitive flexibility and abilities, plays a critical role
Pain_psychology
Cognitive system for temporarily holding information
Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can hold information temporarily. It is important for reasoning and the guidance of
Working_memory
Medical condition
less motor-inhibitory control, but show no sign of a difference in cognitive flexibility when compared to individuals without the condition. Motor-inhibitory
Excoriation_disorder
Learning and teaching strategy
and decision making, service orientation, and negotiation, and cognitive flexibility. TBL is often compared to the traditional one-way lecture format
Team-based_learning
Set of tests in cognitive psychology
electro-cortical responses to errors and feedback when measuring cognitive flexibility. The conflict effect of flanker interference have been well-documented
Eriksen_flanker_task
Intellectual capacity of pigeons
Leyre; Wasserman, Edward A.; Sloutsky, Vladimir M. (August 2018). "Cognitive flexibility and memory in pigeons, human children, and adults". Cognition. 177:
Pigeon_intelligence
Blueprint for intelligent agents
A cognitive architecture is both a theory about the structure of the human mind and a computational instantiation of such a theory used in the fields
Cognitive_architecture
Species of cephalopod
from as early as three weeks old. Studies also show the species' cognitive flexibility, demonstrated through play-like behaviors and problem-solving abilities
California_two-spot_octopus
Tendency to act on a whim without considering consequences
Chamberlain, Samuel R.; Grant, Jon E. (2010). "Motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in pathologic skin picking". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology
Impulsivity
Cognitive capacity of horses
"pre-programmed routines" but engage in cognitive processes to solve problems, indicating cognitive flexibility. The number of scientific publications
Equine_intelligence
Understanding of a specific cause and effect in a specific context
not requiring insight to solve, have been observed. A person's cognitive flexibility, fluency, and vocabulary ability are predictive of performance on
Insight
Retrieval of events or information from the past
display impaired attention, learning, memory, reaction time and cognitive flexibility. Whether or not stimulants have a positive or negative effect on
Recall_(memory)
Faculty of mind to store and retrieve data
observation, or memorization, is an example of sensory memory. It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response. With very short presentations, participants
Memory
Organic chemical that functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter
Changes in dopamine levels may also cause age-related changes in cognitive flexibility. Studies reported that dopamine imbalance influences the fatigue
Dopamine
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