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A comma-free code is block code in which no concatenation of two code words contains a valid code word that overlaps both. Comma-free codes are also known
Comma-free_code
Set of codewords, none a prefix of another
begins. If every code word ends in a comma, and the comma does not appear elsewhere in a code word, the code is automatically prefix-free. However, reserving
Prefix_code
A comma code is a type of prefix-free code in which a comma, a particular symbol or sequence of symbols, occurs at the end of a code word and never occurs
Comma_code
Type of code in coding theory
self-synchronizing code are synchronized code or, ambiguously, comma-free code. A self-synchronizing code permits the proper framing of transmitted code words provided
Self-synchronizing_code
Punctuation mark (;)
be used in place of commas to separate items in a list, particularly when the elements of the list themselves have embedded commas. The semicolon is one
Semicolon
Marks to indicate pacing of written text
comma" and the "exclamation comma". The question comma has a comma instead of the dot at the bottom of a question mark, while the exclamation comma has
Punctuation
Line code mapping 8-bit words to 10-bit symbols
and j; i.e., the 5b/6b code followed by the 3b/4b code. This ensures the uniqueness of the special bit sequence in the comma symbols. The residual effect
8b/10b_encoding
Numerical symbol
decimal point and decimal comma refer to a dot (either at the baseline or the vertically middle of the written characters) and comma, respectively, when it
Decimal_separator
Open source driver assistance system
openpilot is an open-source, semi-automated driving software by comma.ai, Inc. When paired with comma hardware, it replaces advanced driver-assistance systems
Openpilot
Slanting line punctuation mark (/)
or technical names. Once used as the equivalent of the modern period and comma, the slash is now used to represent division and fractions, as a date separator
Slash_(punctuation)
Salome SimScale SU2 code xeokit LinuxCNC FreeCAD Cura Slic3r MeshLab OctoPrint Marlin Klipper Repetier-Host AstroPrint Electric FreePCB Fritzing – CAD software
List of free and open-source software packages
List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages
Typographical mark (`) (Freestanding grave accent)
happens to be program code, the first value returned by that code is inserted at the respective location instead of the comma-prefixed code. This is roughly
Backtick
Variant of the Latin alphabet
with comma below". When this second (but optional) remapping takes place, Romanian Unicode text is rendered with comma-below glyphs regardless of code point
Romanian_alphabet
Transmission of language with brief pulses
Morse code is a telecommunications method which encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes
Morse_code
Data-interchange format
in Microsoft's Visual Studio Code: supports single-line comments (//) and block comments (/* */) accepts trailing commas, but they are discouraged and
JSON
Traditional first example of a computer programming language
deviations in casing and punctuation, such as the presence or absence of the comma or exclamation mark. Some devices limit the format to specific variations
Hello,_world
Russian mathematician (1935–2017)
problems motivated by comma-free codes, Discrete Mathematics. Association scheme Bose–Mesner algebra Levenshtein automaton Levenshtein coding "Код без ошибок"
Vladimir_Levenshtein
Spoken alphabet for radio communication
clearer names for the letters of an alphabet. Civilian industry uses the code words to avoid similar problems in the transmission of messages by telephone
NATO_phonetic_alphabet
Usage of punctuation
In English writing, quotation marks or inverted commas, also known informally as quotes, talking marks, speech marks, quote marks, quotemarks or speechmarks
Quotation_marks_in_English
American software engineer
2016). "Comma.ai cancels the Comma One following NHTSA letter". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 5, 2026. "George Hotz is giving away the code behind his
George_Hotz
Topics referred to by the same term
replace that symbol in telegraphs, as Morse code has no method to produce it (sometimes STOP was used for a comma and FULL STOP for the period). Stop error
Stop
Punctuation to signal the end of a sentence (.)
marked a division in a thought occasioning a shorter breath (essentially a comma). The name period is first attested (as the Latin loanword peridos) in Ælfric
Full_stop
ASCII-based standard character encoding
placed according to it, but using S-comma and T-comma instead of cedilla). Differences from ISO-8859-1 have the Unicode code point number below the character
ISO/IEC_8859-16
Top-down parser utilizing recursion
expect(number); } while (accept(comma)); expect(semicolon); } if (accept(varsym)) { do { expect(ident); } while (accept(comma)); expect(semicolon); } while
Recursive_descent_parser
Database language, released 1986
and writes several flat file desktop database formats including ASCII, comma-separated values (CSV), DOS (binary), FoxPro, Clipper, dBase, and some relational
Clarion (programming language)
Clarion_(programming_language)
Type of barcode
Change to mixed, Interpret next digit as punctuation Mixed: 0–9, &, CR, HT, comma, :, #, -, period, $, /, +, %, *, =, ^, Change to punctuation, SP, Change
PDF417
Punctuation mark with various forms
apostrophes, commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers. Unicode currently does not provide alternate codes for these 6/9
Quotation_mark
1791 amendment protecting the right to keep and bear arms
one comma, but with differences in capitalization. Pennsylvania's act states: A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
Topics referred to by the same term
technique Cluster Shared Volumes, a Microsoft Windows Server 2008 technology Comma-separated values, a file format and extension Computerized system validation
CSV
Revision of the C++ programming language released in 2026
The Oxford variadic comma". eisenwave.github.io. Retrieved 2024-12-09. a nice placeholder with no name, open-std.org Improving Code Safety in C++26: Managers
C++26
Programming paradigm
metaprogramming. In Lisp metaprogramming, the unquote operator (typically a comma) introduces code that is evaluated at program definition time rather than at run
Metaprogramming
Microsoft open source image annotation tool
storage providers. Labeled assets can be exported into the following formats: Comma-separated values (CSV) Microsoft Azure Custom Vision Service Microsoft Cognitive
VoTT
In most English-speaking countries, it can be written with or without a comma or sometimes a period separating the thousands digit: 1,000. A group of
1000_(number)
Family of programming languages
a loop: DO 100 I = 1, 10, 2. Is it '1, 10, 2' or '1, 2, 10', and is the comma after the line number required or not?" Moreover, the lack of any sort of
BASIC
Punctuation mark
aside from the main point. A comma before or after the material can also be used, though if the sentence contains commas for other purposes, visual confusion
Bracket
Currency of South Africa
the rand, (sign: R; code: ZAR) is the official currency of South Africa. It is subdivided into 100 cents (sign: "c"), and a comma separates the rand and
South_African_rand
Anti-government conspiracy movement
documents, and the addition of punctuation (dashes, hyphens, colons, or commas) to one's name, which sovereign citizens believe has a legal effect. Groups
Sovereign_citizen_movement
Punctuation or diacritical mark (')
for noun plurals, especially in loanwords ending in a vowel (as in ... Comma's are used, Philip Luckcombe, 1771) and in the consonants s, z, ch, sh, (as
Apostrophe
Form of text that defines C code
development. C syntax makes use of the maximal munch principle. As a free-form language, C code can be formatted different ways without affecting its syntactic
C_syntax
Shell command for scheduling periodic jobs
time. Also, specifying multiple specific time intervals can be done with commas (e.g., 1,2,3). The line below would output "hello world" to the command
Cron
System monitor tool for the AIX and Linux operating systems
stats on-screen in a condensed format or b) the same stats are saved to a comma-separated values (CSV) data file for later graphing and analysis to aid
Nmon
Topics referred to by the same term
disk-drives Universal Serial Bus, also known as USB Serial code or serial number Serial comma Serial killer Serial relation in mathematics, a binary relation
Serial
Cloud-based survey software
individually or in summary. Alternatively, responses can be downloaded as a comma-separated values file. Google Forms can also use Gemini to summarize responses
Google_Forms
GNU replacement for the Bourne shell
In the following example of a full command string, metacharacters have a comma placed above them, ,, reserved words have a caret placed beneath them, ^
Bash_(Unix_shell)
Typographic symbol
a single vertical bar was a common variant of the virgula / used as a comma, or caesura mark. In Sanskrit and other Indian languages, a single vertical
Vertical_bar
Latin letter N with tilde above
palaeography, the sign that in Spanish came to be called virgulilla ("little comma") was used over a vowel to indicate a following nasal consonant (⟨n⟩ or
Ñ
UNIX program for lexical analysis
LPAREN; } ")" { return RPAREN; } ";" { return SEMICOLON; } "," { return COMMA; } "." { return PERIOD; } ":=" { return BECOMES; } "=" { return EQL; } "<>"
Flex (lexical analyzer generator)
Flex_(lexical_analyzer_generator)
Data analysis software
can import Gnumeric and OpenDocument spreadsheets, Postgres databases, comma-separated values and ASCII files. It can export files in the SPSS 'portable'
PSPP
Typographic symbol class
located at the code points normally designated for alphabetical or numeric characters. This practice was necessitated by the limited number of code points available
Dingbat
Finite, ordered collection of items
can often be constructed by writing the items in sequence, separated by commas, semicolons, and/or spaces, within a pair of delimiters such as parentheses
List_(abstract_data_type)
Computer programming convention
some pair of parentheses or braces, which are separated with commas or semicolons. If code following the keywords where, let, or of omits braces and semicolons
Indentation_style
Commercial product for developing code
since pre-v1.0: C++ style comments (//), flexible array members, trailing comma allowed in enum declaration. The compiler currently doesn't support any
Watcom_C/C++
Technical standard
the comma (",") as the default decimal mark provide a source of common confusion. Versions 1 through 3 of the ISO 9735 syntax rules specify the comma as
EDIFACT
General-purpose programming language
Visual Studio Code (code editor), Roslyn (compiler), and the unified .NET platform (software framework), all of which support C# and are free, open-source
C Sharp (programming language)
C_Sharp_(programming_language)
Political messaging using coded language
2006). "Just a Comma". The Agonist. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. Baker, Peter (October 5, 2006). "'Just a Comma' Becomes Part of
Dog_whistle_(politics)
Computer network protocol
following Python code generates a random Sec-WebSocket-Key. import base64 import os print(base64.b64encode(os.urandom(16))) The following Python code calculates
WebSocket
Javascript library for data visualization
text/graphic charts and diagrams. The data can be in various formats such as JSON, comma-separated values (CSV) or geoJSON, but, if required, JavaScript functions
D3.js
Predefined shorthand signals
as strings of letters, prosigns are rendered without the intercharacter commas or pauses that would occur between the letters shown, if the representation
Prosigns_for_Morse_code
Software development tool
original on 2020-12-10. Retrieved 2013-04-30. "openpilot Github repository". comma.ai/. Retrieved 2021-05-10. "Introduction to the buildsystem — Godot Engine
SCons
Formalism to describe programming languages
zip-part consists of a town-name, followed by a comma, followed by a state code, followed by a ZIP-code followed by an end-of-line. An opt-suffix-part
Backus–Naur_form
Keyboard layout
lenis (Psili, Smooth breathing #Coronis #coronis, comma above): – ß Spiritus asper (Dasía, mirrored comma above): – W (uppercase letter!) Iota subscriptum:
German extended keyboard layout
German_extended_keyboard_layout
General-purpose programming language
containing certain operators (&&, ||, ?: and the comma operator). This permits a high degree of object code optimization by the compiler, but requires C programmers
C_(programming_language)
Contrast this with a line comment which extends until the next newline. Comma delimiter Ruby: comment may follow delimiter Left bracket delimiter Batch
Comparison of programming languages (syntax)
Comparison_of_programming_languages_(syntax)
Software testing framework
argvalues) decorator, where the first parameter, argnames, is a string of comma-separated names, and argvalues is a list of values to pass into argnames
Pytest
Punctuation mark with two dots (:)
three maner of pauses [...] The shortest pause or intermission they called comma [...] The second they called colon, not a peece but as it were a member
Colon_(punctuation)
Shell command for changing access permissions of a file
single octal value (which specifies all the mode bits on each file), or a comma-delimited list of symbolic specifiers (which describes how to change the
Chmod
C programming language standard, current revision
Archived (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2022. "WG14-N3033: Comma omission and comma deletion". open-std.org. 2022-07-20. Archived from the original
C23_(C_standard_revision)
proprietary table format CLF – ThinkFree Calc CELL – Haansoft (Hancom) SpreadSheet software document CSV – Comma-separated values GSHEET – Google Drive
List_of_file_formats
Programming language family
evaluated and their values interpolated into a quoted list with the comma , unquote and comma-at ,@ splice operators. If the variable snue has the value (bar
Lisp_(programming_language)
Pictorial representation of a facial expression
in Western style). Sometimes ㅡ (not an em-dash "—", but a vowel jamo), a comma (,) or an underscore (_) is added, and the two character sets can be mixed
Emoticon
(see Container for type theory discussion). comma-separated values (CSV) A delimited text file that uses a comma to separate values. A CSV file stores tabular
Glossary_of_computer_science
Law recognising autonomy of British Dominions
When originally enacted, the title contained a comma, reading "Statute of Westminster, 1931". The comma was removed by an amendment to the act at a later
Statute_of_Westminster_1931
Species of bacterium
Vibrio cholerae is a species of Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe and comma-shaped bacteria. The bacteria naturally live in brackish or saltwater where
Vibrio_cholerae
Sequence of characters, data type
since characters a program treated specially (such as period and space and comma) were in the same place in all the encodings a program would encounter.
String_(computer_science)
Database for Microsoft Windows
B"=hex:<Binary data (as comma-delimited list of hexadecimal values)> "Value C"=dword:<DWORD value integer> "Value D"=hex(0):<REG_NONE (as comma-delimited list
Windows_Registry
Atlantic-Congo language
rẹja 'buy fish'. Sometimes, however, authors may choose to use an inverted comma to indicate an elided vowel as in ní ilé → n'ílé 'in the house'. Long vowels
Yoruba_language
Java-based database engine
splitting the work into smaller parts. Other table types allow access to comma-separated values (CSV) files. These tables can participate, for example
HSQLDB
Set of obsolete single-byte character encodings
generated the lower ASCII codes (whose usage is just swapped in classical Armenian). Also, the duplication of the ASCII comma at code value AB is also the
ArmSCII
Variant of the arrangement keyboard keys
entered easily, like the em dash, the en dash, or the prime. Especially, the "comma-shaped apostrophe" gets a prominent position (being doubled as "closing
Latin International keyboard layout
Latin_International_keyboard_layout
Long horizontal line punctuation mark
printed 1622); moreover, the dashes are often, but not always, prefixed by a comma, colon, or semicolon. Authors have sometimes had a negative view of the
Dash
Reporting tool
such as: screen, a printer, into PDF, HTML, Microsoft Excel, RTF, ODT, comma-separated values (CSV), XSL, or XML files. It can be used in Java-enabled
JasperReports
Shell command for comparing file content
respective file. In many versions of GNU diff, each range can omit the comma and trailing value s, in which case s defaults to 1. Note that the only
Diff
Protocol regarding the display and handling of flags
Maiorino 2002, p. 280. Villa 2010, p. 36. art. 5, comma 2, D.P.R. 7 April 2000, n. 121 art. 5, comma 1, D.P.R. 7 aprile 2000, n. 121 "Schemi di esposizione
Flag_protocol
Collection of public-domain lexical resources
terms – an average of 83.3 per root word. Each line consists of a list of comma-separated values, with the first term being the root word, and all following
Moby_Project
Modifier mark added to a letter
overring: for example å superscript curls ◌̓ – comma above ◌̒ – inverted apostrophe ◌̔ – reversed comma above ◌̉ – hook above (Vietnamese: dấu hỏi); for
Diacritic
Bitmap image file format family
introduced by a 1-byte sentinel: An image (introduced by 0x2C, an ASCII comma ',') An extension block (introduced by 0x21, an ASCII exclamation point
GIF
Sundanese writing system
sometimes used as a full stop, with ᳂ acting as a comma. ᳃, bindu chakra, 'wheel sign' was also used as a comma. The punctuation symbols resembling letters
Sundanese_script
General-purpose programming language
to a variable called DO101I. Note the slight visual difference between a comma and a period. Hollerith strings, originally allowed only in FORMAT and DATA
Fortran
Image processing software
accessible by using built-in viewing and plotting data tools, exporting in a comma-delimited spreadsheet format, or importing into a MySQL or SQLite database
CellProfiler
List of standard postal address formats
in France), separated by a space. Separators such as punctuation (point, comma or other signs) or "nº", or "nr" are not allowed. Extension designation
Address format by country and area
Address_format_by_country_and_area
General-purpose programming language
or more additional comma-separated expressions after it. The trailing $(,)? allows the caller to optionally include a final comma without causing an error
Rust_(programming_language)
Natural number
Kessinger. ISBN 1-4179-6429-4. Cecil Balmond, "Number 9, the search for the sigma code" 1998, Prestel 2008, ISBN 3-7913-1933-7, ISBN 978-3-7913-1933-9
9
Keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets
a backspace, and a period. A semicolon (;) was produced by printing a comma (,) over a colon (:). As the backspace key is slow in simple mechanical
QWERTY
Program that extracts subtitles from video
digits and fractions fixed to three zero-padded digits (00:00:00,000). The comma (,) is used for the decimal separator between seconds and milliseconds.
SubRip
Monetary symbol used in many national currencies
separator until 1942, when it switched to the Brazilian cruzeiro, with comma as the decimals separator. The dollar sign, officially with one stroke but
Dollar_sign
International standards for dates and times
by the decimal sign specified in ISO 31-0, i.e. the comma [,] or full stop [.]. Of these, the comma is the preferred sign. "ISO 8601 Format". TechNet.
ISO_8601
Short command-line instruction
{ !($a % $_) } (2..$_-1)} (2..$_[0]) }->(shift)' number to print out a comma-separated list of primes in the range 2 - number. The following Haskell
One-liner_program
Numerical computing environment and programming language
can be defined by separating the elements of a row with blank space or comma and using a semicolon to separate the rows. The list of elements should
MATLAB
Medieval Latin phrase
treated as part of the sentence, mutatis mutandis is usually set apart by commas or in some other fashion. The nearest English equivalent to an ablative
Mutatis_mutandis
Unicode subset for Europe
Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, see also issue "Combining comma above right" at wrong position Sudo coding font Free typesetting systems LuaLateX Typst The German
DIN_91379
COMMA FREE-CODE
COMMA FREE-CODE
Girl/Female
Australian, French, Irish
Dove
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
One of the Doll
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English freil, frel(i)e ‘frail’, ‘weak’.Possibly an Americanized spelling of German Friel 2.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly southeastern)
English (mainly southeastern) : topographic name for someone who lived near a conspicuous tree, Middle English tre(w).
Girl/Female
Irish American
Hill. Also abbreviation of Brina and Breanna.
Girl/Female
Greek
Of the universe.
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Old Norse Freyr, FREY means "lord, master."
Boy/Male
German, Swedish
Lord
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English
In Liberty
Male
Swedish
Danish and Swedish form of Old Norse Freyr, FREJ means "lord, master."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Fry.North German : variant of Frey.Joseph Frye (1711/12–94) was a military officer from Andover, MA, where the family had long been of local prominence. In 1762, he was granted a township in ME, later named Fryeburg after him, and moved his family there. His great-great-grandson William Pierce Frye was born in Lewiston, ME, and served in Congress, first as a member of the House of Representatives and then the Senate from 1871 until his death in 1911.
Girl/Female
German, Greek
Order
Boy/Male
English American Teutonic German
Sage, wise. From the Old English Aelfraed, meaning elf counsel. Also from Ealdfrith or Alfrid,...
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old French and Middle English frere ‘friar’ (Latin frater, literally ‘brother’). This was a status name for a member a religious order, especially a mendicant order, and may also have been a nickname for a pious person or for someone employed at a monastery.Americanized spelling of French Frère (see Frere).North German and Dutch : cognate of Friedrich.
Female
English
Anglicized form of Danish Freya, FREA means "lady, mistress."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Freer 1.French (Frère) : from frère ‘brother’, used as a byname for the younger of two brothers.
Female
English
English form of Irish BrÃgh, BREE means "force, strength."
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly East Anglia)
English (chiefly East Anglia) : nickname or status name from Old English frēo ‘free(-born)’, i.e. not a serf.North German : topographic or habitational name from a place named Frede or Frede(n).North German : nickname from a variant of Middle Low German wrēd ‘crooked’.
Boy/Male
English Norse Scandinavian
Lord.
Male
English
Short form of English Frederick, FRED means "peaceful ruler."
COMMA FREE-CODE
COMMA FREE-CODE
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim
Name Derived from Self Sacrifice
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
One in whom Peace Prevades
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Brave Courageous
Boy/Male
Arabic
Right Hand Side
Girl/Female
Tamil
Bhavyasri | பாவà¯à®¯à®¸à¯à®°à¯€
Grand, Splendid
Girl/Female
British, English
Sincere
Boy/Male
Tamil
Male friend
Female
Chinese
a red gem.
Boy/Male
Indian
River bank
Boy/Male
Muslim
COMMA FREE-CODE
COMMA FREE-CODE
COMMA FREE-CODE
COMMA FREE-CODE
COMMA FREE-CODE
superl.
Certain or honorable; the opposite of base; as, free service; free socage.
n.
A comma.
a.
Not perplexed; having a mind free from care.
superl.
Ready; eager; acting without spurring or whipping; spirited; as, a free horse.
a.
Open; frank; unreserved; liberal; generous; as, free-hearted mirth.
n.
One who frees, or sets free.
superl.
Not gained by importunity or purchase; gratuitous; spontaneous; as, free admission; a free gift.
superl.
Privileged or individual; the opposite of common; as, a free fishery; a free warren.
superl.
Not close or parsimonious; liberal; open-handed; lavish; as, free with his money.
a.
To make free; to set at liberty; to rid of that which confines, limits, embarrasses, oppresses, etc.; to release; to disengage; to clear; -- followed by from, and sometimes by off; as, to free a captive or a slave; to be freed of these inconveniences.
a.
Free from charge or expense; hence, unpunished; scot-free.
v. t.
To place upon a tree; to fit with a tree; to stretch upon a tree; as, to tree a boot. See Tree, n., 3.
a.
Free from the power of love.
superl.
Exempt; clear; released; liberated; not encumbered or troubled with; as, free from pain; free from a burden; -- followed by from, or, rarely, by of.
superl.
Not united or combined with anything else; separated; dissevered; unattached; at liberty to escape; as, free carbonic acid gas; free cells.
v. t.
To make free.
imp. & p. p.
of Free
adv.
Without charge; as, children admitted free.
n.
One who believes in or practices free-love.