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Doctrine of hierarchical accountability
In the practice of international law, command responsibility (also superior responsibility) is the legal doctrine of hierarchical accountability for war
Command_responsibility
United States Department of Defense command
affiliation. The Unified Command Plan (UCP) establishes the missions, command responsibilities, and geographic areas of responsibility of the CCMDs. Each time
Unified_combatant_command
Information technology system architecture
maintainability, and runtime performance. Implementations of Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS) and event-driven designs frequently integrate
Command Query Responsibility Segregation
Command_Query_Responsibility_Segregation
Combatant command for Africa
Its area of responsibility covers all of Africa except Egypt, which is within the area of responsibility of the United States Central Command. U.S. AFRICOM
United_States_Africa_Command
US joint military command
East Command (FECOM), Pacific Command (PACOM), and Alaskan Command (ALCOM) effective 1 January 1947. The commands, their areas of responsibility, and
United States Indo-Pacific Command
United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command
crimes. Human Rights Watch claimed in 2005 that the principle of "command responsibility" could make high-ranking officials within the Bush administration
United_States_war_crimes
Act violating the laws of war
This pertained to superior command responsibility for the Bosnia and Croatia indictments, and individual responsibility for the Kosovo indictment. His
War_crime
SS officer and war criminal (1915–1976)
Malmedy Massacre Trial, the US military tribunal established Peiper's command responsibility for the Malmedy massacre (1944) and sentenced him to death, a sentence
Joachim_Peiper
1944 German war crime
or not Peiper himself gave the actual order, in addition to his command responsibility, he was responsible for creating the unit's prevailing culture,
Malmedy_massacre
Criminal defense of following the orders of a superior
superior officer or official. It is regarded as a complement to command responsibility. One noted use of this plea or defense was by the accused in the
Superior_orders
IT architecture separating actions and reads
that requires reasoning about side effects.[citation needed] Command query responsibility segregation (CQRS) generalises CQS to services, at the architectures
Command–query_separation
Topics referred to by the same term
(instruction) or military order Command responsibility, the doctrine of hierarchical accountability in cases of war crimes Command (military formation), an organizational
Command
Serbian war criminal (born 1942)
cleared of one count of genocide. As the top military officer with command responsibility, Mladić was deemed by the ICTY to be responsible for both the siege
Ratko_Mladić
Ability to deny responsibility
make up human social behavior. In a chain of command, senior officials can deny knowledge or responsibility for actions committed by or on behalf of members
Plausible_deniability
Japanese officer and war criminal (1885–1946)
trials. This controversial case has become a precedent regarding the command responsibility for war crimes and is known as the Yamashita Standard. The principal
Tomoyuki_Yamashita
Unified combatant command of the U.S. Armed Forces responsible for the Middle East
remained in the CENTCOM Area of Responsibility. On 15 January 2021, responsibility for Israel was transferred from Europe Command to CENTCOM. In January 2015
United_States_Central_Command
US nonprofit pursuing human-rights accountability
The command responsibility doctrine was enshrined in U.S. law by the U.S. Supreme Court decision In Re Yamashita (1946). Command responsibility is now
Center for Justice and Accountability
Center_for_Justice_and_Accountability
Geographic region assigned to a military unit
Area of responsibility (AOR) is a pre-defined geographic region assigned to combatant commanders of the Unified Command Plan (UCP), that are used to define
Area_of_responsibility
Series of trials of Japanese war criminals
Lieutenant General Isamu Yokoyama: Convicted of having direct command responsibility for the vivisection and other human medical experiments performed
Yokohama_War_Crimes_Trials
Major command of the United States Air Force responsible for strategic and nuclear forces
commanders." The command has a worldwide area of responsibility (AOR) as a subordinate component command of United States Strategic Command. AFGSC consists
Air Force Global Strike Command
Air_Force_Global_Strike_Command
Military command regions of China
area of responsibility. In wartime, theater commands have full combatant command and control of all military units in their areas of responsibility; in peacetime
Theater_command
Service component command of the United States Navy
Forces Central Command (NAVCENT) is the United States Navy element of United States Central Command (USCENTCOM). Its area of responsibility includes the
United States Naval Forces Central Command
United_States_Naval_Forces_Central_Command
Military conflict waged without the justification of self-defense
at the Review Conference in Kampala, Uganda. Right of conquest Command responsibility Peremptory norm Jus ad bellum List of war crimes Nuremberg principles
War_of_aggression
UN Criminal Tribunal's trial of Yugoslavia's dictator during the Yugoslav Wars
was also charged by the prosecutor for failure of his command responsibility and responsibility as a superior for acts done by subordinates where a superior
Trial_of_Slobodan_Milošević
Legal concept
Furthermore, the commander is also responsible under the doctrine of command responsibility. Befehlsnotstand Criminal orders Osiel, Mark J. (2017). Obeying
Criminal order (international law)
Criminal_order_(international_law)
Expression associated with media portrayals of the Israeli military
with Bashir (2008) Lebanon (2009) Fauda (2015–20) Cinema of Israel Command responsibility Cognitive dissonance Hypocrisy Military–entertainment complex Military
Shooting_and_crying
U.S. military unified combatant command
Unified Command Plan transferred responsibility for Lebanon and Syria to CENTCOM, but EUCOM retained responsibility for Israel, and assumed responsibility for
United States European Command
United_States_European_Command
American academic
uses political science methods and the legal concept of so-called command responsibility, to investigate human rights cases. She has worked as an expert
Terry_Karl
Paramilitary officer's rank in Nazi Germany
Gideon Hausner, drew attention to the executive significance and command responsibility of the rank of Obersturmbannführer, in response to Eichmann's claim
Obersturmbannführer
Command responsible for South American area
transferred responsibility of an additional portion of the Atlantic Ocean to SOUTHCOM. On 1 October 2000, Southern Command assumed responsibility of the adjacent
United States Southern Command
United_States_Southern_Command
Regional command of the Israel Defense Forces
the establishment of the Command, responsibility for the Home Front fell under the Civilian Defense's Chief Officer Corps Command and under Regional Defense
Home_Front_Command
Former prison in Tokyo, Japan
in 1950. Lieutenant General Isamu Yokoyama: convicted of having command responsibility for vivisection and other human medical experiments performed at
Sugamo_Prison
Bosnian Croat war criminal
prison. In July 2004, the ICTY, on appeal, determined that his command responsibility for most of the charges was non-existent and his sentence was lessened
Tihomir_Blaškić
Programming pattern
object-oriented design, the chain-of-responsibility pattern is a behavioral design pattern consisting of a source of command objects and a series of processing
Chain-of-responsibility pattern
Chain-of-responsibility_pattern
Post-WWII war crimes trial
Allied and German members, the last of the High Command defendants returned home in 1954. Command responsibility Subsequent Nuremberg trials Web Genocide Documentation
High_Command_Trial
Type of trial under international law
1474, was the first "international" war crimes trials and also of command responsibility. Hagenbach was put on trial for atrocities committed during the
War_crimes_trial
American code of conduct for warfare developed during the American Civil War
defining and describing command responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity; and the military responsibilities of the Union soldier fighting
Lieber_Code
Failure to act
2007 "E LAW - Command Responsibility and Superior Orders in the Twentieth Century - A Century of Evolution - Text". Command Responsibility The Mens Rea
Omission_(law)
Unified command of the U.S. Department of Defense
combatant commands. SPACECOM was disestablished in 2002, and its responsibilities and forces were merged into the United States Strategic Command. It was
United_States_Space_Command
Japanese officer and war criminal (1889–1952)
military commission for Yokohama War Crimes Trials due to his direct command responsibility for vivisection and other human medical experiments performed at
Isamu_Yokoyama
German military and civil commander (1420–1474)
"Burgundian Wars". Although there was no explicit use of a doctrine of command responsibility, it is seen as the first trial based on that principle. It also
Peter_von_Hagenbach
1942 massacre in the Philippines by Japan
Jackson, Nathan; Guiora, Amos (July 2021). "When Things Go Awry: Command Responsibility, Death Marches, and Unforeseeable Circumstances and Unforeseeable
Pantingan_River_massacre
German field marshal (1891–1944)
including three skull fractures, which forced his removal from command. Responsibility for the attack has been variously attributed to pilots Charley
Erwin_Rommel
Unified combatant command of the US Armed Forces
Alaskan Command. In June 2025, the area of responsibility of Greenland (Denmark) was shifted from USEUCOM to USNORTHCOM. Commander, U.S. Northern Command is
United States Northern Command
United_States_Northern_Command
Protection Act (TVPA). These claims were brought under the doctrine of command responsibility against two high-ranking Salvadoran military personnel who ordered
Arce_v._García
Japanese officer, war criminal 1886-1961
Class C war crimes and condemned to death in 1949 for negligence of command responsibility in permitting subordinates to execute three downed American airmen
Sadae_Inoue
Single command for all naval functions within the Australian Defence Force
delegated responsibilities for operational command and maritime warfare alongside the Chief of Joint Operations. The principal role of the Fleet Command is to
Fleet_Command_(Australia)
responding agency. Unified command is one way to carry out command in which responding agencies and/or jurisdictions with responsibility for the incident share
Unified_command_(ICS)
U.S. Space Force command
have responsibility. In 1980, Aerospace Defense Command was inactivated as an Air Force major command (although preserved as a specified command within
United States Space Force Combat Forces Command
United_States_Space_Force_Combat_Forces_Command
Use of rape as a military strategy during the Bosnian War
Eboe-Osuji, Chile (2007). "Superior or Command Responsibility: A Doubtful Theory of Criminal Responsibility at the Ad Hoc Tribunals". In Decaux, Emmanuel;
Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War
Military rank of the United States
medical group, captains usually have limited administrative and command responsibility as captain is frequently the entry-level rank for most medical officers
Captain_(United_States_O-3)
1995 genocidal killing of Bosniak Muslim men
sentenced him to life in prison. As the top military officer with command responsibility, Mladić was deemed responsible for the Srebrenica massacre.[citation
Srebrenica_massacre
1982 mass killing in Dujail, Iraq
vice-president who, as national commander of the Popular Army, had command responsibility (originally sentenced to life in prison but later to death by hanging)
Dujail_massacre
Army service component command (ASCC)/theater army of the United States
(ARSOUTH) was an Army service component command of United States Southern Command whose area of responsibility includes 31 countries and 15 areas of special
United_States_Army_South
English-language idiom meaning "to shift blame onto another"
player in poker Bystander effect – Social psychological theory Command responsibility – Doctrine of hierarchical accountability Outsourcing – Contracting
Buck_passing
1946–1949 trials of Nazi leadership
of the Belzec extermination camp Belsen Trial in Lüneburg, 1945 Command responsibility doctrine of hierarchical accountability Dachau Trials held within
Subsequent_Nuremberg_trials
United States military command
assumed responsibility for the Special Operations Command and Control Element – Horn of Africa, and on 15 May 2009, SOCAFRICA assumed responsibility for Joint
Special Operations Command Africa
Special_Operations_Command_Africa
ASEAN peacekeeping and monitoring force
Nations, the AOT is structured as a rotating force. Leadership and command responsibilities are transferred annually to the ASEAN member state currently holding
ASEAN_Observer_Team
Element of hierarchy in armed forces
and responsibility within a military hierarchy. It incorporates the principles of exercising power and authority into the military chain of command—the
Military_rank
Unified combatant command of the United States Armed Forces
outlined the new unified command's responsibilities, functions, and organization. Christened United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM), its mission
United States Transportation Command
United_States_Transportation_Command
are appointed by the Armed Forces Council (AFC), and may be given command responsibility of units and serve as disciplinary or investigating officers for
Military_ranks_of_Singapore
Ability to not be punished or face legal consequences
community as a whole". Anti-impunity Appeasement Blackstone's ratio Command responsibility Corruption Error of impunity Gypsy cop International Criminal Court
Impunity
US Army Cyber Command unit
The 1st Information Operations Command (Land), formerly the Land Information Warfare Activity Information Dominance Center (LIWA/IDC), was an information
1st Information Operations Command (Land)
1st_Information_Operations_Command_(Land)
Command responsible for allocating forces
branches attached to the subordinate CCMD). The Command itself may also redirect administrative responsibility outside Army forces. ASCCs also server administrative
Army Service Component Command
Army_Service_Component_Command
1995 genocide in Bosnia and Herzegovina
system. Outline of genocide studies Srebrenica massacre Bosniaks Command responsibility Genocides in history Republika Srpska Serbian war crimes in the
Bosnian_genocide
Bush Presidency. Victor M. Hansen. "The Jordan Abu Ghraib Verdict: Command Responsibility in the UCMJ". The Jurist. Retrieved 2007-09-06. Victor M. Hansen
Victor_M._Hansen
the war who did reach the rank of lieutenant general, but did not command responsibility close to the other recipients of the Order. He only received the
List of awards and honours received by Leonid Brezhnev
List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Leonid_Brezhnev
American activist (born 1958)
the military doctrine of command responsibility (his command's responsibility for political prisoners in territory his command occupied). He was given
Lawrence_Rockwood
US Air Force organization
Air Force major commands in the field. Each host base gained command responsibility for the local communications unit formerly commanded by AFCC. Total
Cyberspace Capabilities Center
Cyberspace_Capabilities_Center
Personnel support and UK operations command of the British Army
(British Army), adding responsibilities for the British Isles and civil contingencies tasks. Army Individual Training Command Directorate of Army Recruiting
Standing_Joint_Command
Indian army command
Central Command was re-raised and Lucknow was made its HQ, while Kolkata was made HQ Eastern Command. The Command had the overall responsibility of the
Eastern_Command_(India)
Indonesian military person and politician
Hendropriyono admitted to journalist Allan Nairn that he bore command responsibility for Munir Said Thalib's assassination, and he was ready to accept
A.M._Hendropriyono
Major command of the United States Air Force responsible for the Indo-Pacific region
Indo-Pacific Command. PACAF comprises three numbered Air Forces, nine main bases, and nearly 375 aircraft. The command's area of responsibility extends from
Pacific_Air_Forces
Post–World War II war crimes trials
fifteen phases. The prosecution team relied on the doctrine of command responsibility, which obviated the need to prove the various alleged atrocities
International Military Tribunal for the Far East
International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East
Ugandan Special Forces
Brigadier to Major General, aimed at aligning his position with the command responsibilities for a service branch. This decision was made in conjunction with
Ugandan Special Forces Command
Ugandan_Special_Forces_Command
17th Sergeant Major of the US Army
Command and United States Southern Command areas of responsibility. On 13 August 2021, Weimer assumed responsibility as Command Sergeant Major, United States
Michael_Weimer
United States military unit
forces in the United States Pacific Command (USPACOM) area of responsibility. The Special Operations Center, Pacific Command was established 1 November 1965
Special Operations Command Pacific
Special_Operations_Command_Pacific
Supreme military command and control office of Nazi Germany during World War II
OKW had responsibility for all theatres except for the Eastern Front. However, Hitler manipulated the system in order to prevent any one command from taking
Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht
Flight crew role
"Rules of the Air", under par. "2.3.1 Responsibility of pilot-in-command", ICAO declares: The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall, whether manipulating
Pilot_in_command
Filipino revolutionary governments during the wars with the Spanish Empire and the U.S.
directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term
Tagalog_Republic
Military unit
Central Command, except for those assigned to the U.S. Special Operations Command, and Special Operations Command, Central Command. The Command's responsibility
United States Marine Corps Forces Central Command
United_States_Marine_Corps_Forces_Central_Command
United States Navy command for logistics
the Department of Defense's ocean transportation needs. The command assumed responsibility for providing sealift and ocean transportation for all military
Military_Sealift_Command
Major and largest sub-formation within a military service branch
the specific responsibilities and privileges of command are derived from the publication of appointment. The relevant definition of 'command' according
Command_(military_formation)
Violations by German forces in World War II
level of command"; German soldiers who commit crimes against humanity, the USSR and prisoners of war are to be exempted from criminal responsibility, even
War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht
1941-1946 United States Army Air Forces operational command
Interceptor Command to provide air defense of the Northeastern United States. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the command's area of responsibility extended
I_Fighter_Command
Indian Army command
Division. In September 1965, the operational responsibility for the Barmer sector was given to Southern Command and entrusted to 11 Infantry Division. Delhi
Southern_Command_(India)
Canadian military officer and politician (born 1946)
in December 2008 Bagosora was convicted of genocide and for the command responsibility of the murders of the 10 Belgian peacekeepers. The trial chamber
Roméo_Dallaire
Military organizational structure in China
The chairman responsibility system (Chinese: 军委主席负责制; pinyin: Jūnwěi Zhǔxí Fùzézhì) is a military system in the People's Republic of China to ensure the
Chairman responsibility system
Chairman_responsibility_system
Concept in international criminal law
were acquitted of conspiracy to commit genocide. Common purpose Command responsibility Role of the media in the Yugoslav wars International Criminal Tribunal
Joint_criminal_enterprise
Military unit
Responsibility for Crimes against Humanity in Syria, Human Rights Watch, 2011, p.22 “By All Means Necessary” - Individual and Command Responsibility for
3rd_Armoured_Division_(Syria)
Military unit
Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR, pronounced "Sock-Yer") is a subordinate unified command of United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM, pronounced
Special Operations Command Europe
Special_Operations_Command_Europe
Japanese officer, war criminal (1892–1947)
war crimes and brought to Rabaul for trial. Baba was charged with command responsibility for the Sandakan Death Marches, during which over 2,200 Australian
Masao_Baba
Group of people who carry out orders based on the authority of others within the group
of recruits In a military context, the chain of command is the line of authority and responsibility along which orders are passed within a military unit
Command_hierarchy
1944 massacre in the Philippines by Japan
committed in the Philippines at his trial in 1945 under the doctrine of command responsibility. Under the principle that would later become known as the Yamashita
Palawan_massacre
Command of the United States Air Force
The Air Education and Training Command (AETC) is one of the nine Major Commands (MAJCOM) of the United States Air Force (USAF), reporting to Headquarters
Air Education and Training Command
Air_Education_and_Training_Command
Military unit
Fighter Command is a disbanded United States Air Force headquarters. It was established as the 2nd Interceptor Command in June 1941, with responsibility for
V_Fighter_Command
Military exercise of authority by a commanding officer over assigned forces
Command and control (abbr. C2) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... [that] employs human, physical, and information
Command_and_control
Numbered air force of the United States Air Force
Southern Command objectives. The 612th AOC also provides command and control of all Air Forces Southern assets in its area of responsibility. Air Forces
Twelfth_Air_Force
Oath of ethics taken by physicians; last amended 2017
Fourth amendment. 68th WMA General Assembly, Chicago Belmont Report Command responsibility Declaration of Helsinki Human experimentation in the United States
Declaration_of_Geneva
French Army corps of foreign nationals
Company (CTGP), mainly in charge of evacuating the Sahara. The area of responsibility of some of these units extended from the confines of the in-between
French_Foreign_Legion
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu
Command
Boy/Male
Tamil
Nirdesh | நிரà¯à®¤à¯‡à®·Â
Direction, Command
Nirdesh | நிரà¯à®¤à¯‡à®·Â
Boy/Male
Muslim
Command, Mandate
Boy/Male
French American English German
From the north.
Male
Irish
Contracted form of Irish Gaelic Comhghán, COMGAN means "born together."
Boy/Male
Indian
Command, Mandate
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, English, French, German
Surname; North Protection; From the North
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Irish English
Dove.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Turkish
To Command; Prince; Home Ruler; Friend; Commander
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin)
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin) : variant of Cumming.
Male
English
English form of Irish Colmán, COLMAN means "dove."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Direction, Command
Male
English
English form of Norwegian Normund, NORMAND means "north protection."
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Christian, English, Irish, Scandinavian
Charcoal Burner; Follower of Nicholas; Little; Dove; Saint; Austria
Boy/Male
Indian
Command, Message
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English comander, comando(u)r ‘leader’, ‘ruler’, probably applied as a nickname, although Reaney suggests that the term, derived from Old French comandeor, also denoted the officer in charge of a commandery, for example of the Knights Templars, and in this sense it would have been an occupational or status name.Americanized spelling of German Kommander, a name of uncertain origin. Brechenmacher suggests that it may be a Classicized form of Hoffmann.
Boy/Male
Indian
Command, Message
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, Gaelic, German, Irish
Red; Spear-man; Mountain of Bears; Ship Protector
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a cottager (see Cotter 2), or a topographic name for someone who lived in a relatively humble dwelling, from Middle English cote, cott + man (see Coates).Respelling of German Kothmann, Kottmann (see Kottman), or Kathmann (see Kathman).
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Pleased; Bright
Boy/Male
Russian Ukrainian
Lives near the weeds.
Boy/Male
Irish
Serves Christ.
Girl/Female
Egyptian
Talented.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Sindhi, Traditional
Excellent
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Name of Lord Shiva
Girl/Female
Tamil
Kiranmayi | கிரஂமயீ
Full of rays
Girl/Female
Tamil
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Lord of Wheel
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Fierce Face Like Destroyer Rudra; Goddess Parvati
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
v. t.
To mention with approbation; to praise; as, to commend a person or an act.
n.
The crew of a ship, including the officers; as, a whole ship's company.
n.
Power to dominate, command, or overlook by means of position; scope of vision; survey.
n. pl.
A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as, to board in commons.
n.
A body of troops, or any naval or military force or post, or the whole territory under the authority or control of a particular officer.
n. pl.
Provisions; food; fare, -- as that provided at a common table in colleges and universities.
imp. & p. p.
of Commune
n.
Authority; power or right of control; leadership; as, the forces under his command.
n.
The commonalty; the common people.
n. pl.
A common; public pasture ground.
imp. & p. p.
of Command
n.
Guests or visitors, in distinction from the members of a family; as, to invite company to dine.
v. t.
To comment on.
n.
A subdivision of a regiment of troops under the command of a captain, numbering in the United States (full strength) 100 men.
n.
Control; power over something; sway; influence; as, to have command over one's temper or voice; the fort has command of the bridge.
v. i.
To have a joint right with others in common ground.
n.
An association of persons for the purpose of carrying on some enterprise or business; a corporation; a firm; as, the East India Company; an insurance company; a joint-stock company.
v.
Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, considered together; general; public; as, properties common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer.
v. i.
To board together; to eat at a table in common.
v. t.
To have power or influence of the nature of authority over; to obtain as if by ordering; to receive as a due; to challenge; to claim; as, justice commands the respect and affections of the people; the best goods command the best price.