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Language assessment rubric
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment, abbreviated in English as CEFR, CEF, or CEFRL, is a guideline
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Common_European_Framework_of_Reference_for_Languages
International standardised tests of ten languages
examinations and tests for students. All telc language tests correspond to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), which was published
The European Language Certificates
The_European_Language_Certificates
or foreign language Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) Leitch Review of Skills European Qualifications Framework "Compare different
National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom
National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom
Swedish language proficiency test
test for proficiency in the Swedish language, recognized by the Swedish Institute. It is offered on the levels of the Common European Framework of Reference
Swedex
School for learning a foreign language
possibility of selecting a specific course according to their language proficiency. According to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
Language_school
Department of the University of Cambridge
English Language Testing System (IELTS). The organisation contributed to the development of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
Cambridge_Assessment_English
level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). By making the CEFR more accessible, English Profile will provide support for the
English_Profile
Suite of English language proficiency examinations
Global Scale of English (GSE), a numerical scale ranging from 10 to 90 that is aligned to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).
Pearson_Test_of_English
Common European reference framework for educational qualifications
different countries' national qualifications systems to a common European reference framework. Individuals and employers will be able to use the EQF to
European Qualifications Framework
European_Qualifications_Framework
Language certification
Ministry of Education, following a standardized exam comprising oral and written parts that match the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
YKI_test
English language proficiency tests for children
University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations). The suite includes three qualifications, each targeted at a different level of the Common European Framework of Reference
Cambridge English: Young Learners
Cambridge_English:_Young_Learners
English language assessments for non-native speakers
reference to the widely known set of levels in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. The Pearson Test of English Academic has sections:
Pearson_language_tests
Test for second language English speakers
English speakers. It's assessments are aligned to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Founded in 2002, iTEP provides digital English
International Test of English Proficiency
International_Test_of_English_Proficiency
Standardized test of Vietnamese language proficiency for non-native speakers
six-level Vietnamese Language Proficiency Framework (KNLTV), which corresponds to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Certificates
Vietnamese Language Proficiency Test
Vietnamese_Language_Proficiency_Test
Organization based in Graz, Austria
and Language education - Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)". Council of Europe. McCarty, T.; May, S. (2016). "Language Policy
European Centre for Modern Languages
European_Centre_for_Modern_Languages
Canadian language proficiency assessment
teaching and assessment of learners of English and French languages in Canada. Like the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the ACTFL Proficiency
Canadian_Language_Benchmarks
aligned with the levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) established by the Council of Europe. Created in 1998 by Le
Test_d'évaluation_de_français
Exam series for learners of English as a second or foreign language
Assessment English Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Association of Language Testers in Europe NEWS, ELT. "The history of the Cambridge
Cambridge English Qualifications
Cambridge_English_Qualifications
Educational qualifications framework
of Qualifications website Relationship between the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the National Framework of Qualifications
National Framework of Qualifications
National_Framework_of_Qualifications
Educational organisation to support the Welsh language
Levels broadly follow the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. The courses are delivered by a group of ten national local providers:
National Centre for Learning Welsh
National_Centre_for_Learning_Welsh
Ability to switch between languages
Canadian education system is utilizing the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages as a basis for their plurilingual education. Asian countries
Plurilingualism
Provider of English language instruction
Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. Wall Street English's curriculum is aligned to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
Wall_Street_English
Teacher training qualification
have English language skills equivalent to at least C1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) or an IELTS score of 7. CELTA gives
Certificate in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
Certificate_in_Teaching_English_to_Speakers_of_Other_Languages
to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages / CEFRL) in at least English and French. The UN has struggled to provide parity of all 6 languages
Official languages of the United Nations
Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations
Topics referred to by the same term
of B-class stars Barnard 1 B1, an international standard paper size (707 × 1000 mm), defined in ISO 216 A level in the Common European Framework of Reference
B1
French language certification
for France's Ministry of Education and composed of four independent diplomas corresponding to the first four levels of the Common European Framework of
Diplôme d'études en langue française
Diplôme_d'études_en_langue_française
Standardized tests of Polish language proficiency
level of their proficiency in Polish. Through 2015, only three levels of examinations set according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Certificate Examinations in Polish as a Foreign Language
Certificate_Examinations_in_Polish_as_a_Foreign_Language
Test (ALPT) ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) Students of Arabic often face unique challenges: Complex
Teaching Arabic as a foreign language
Teaching_Arabic_as_a_foreign_language
German language proficiency test
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages levels B2–C1. The certificate is valid for an unlimited period of time. A standardised language examination
TestDaF
Measurement of linguistic ability
"high". Common European Framework of Reference for Languages CEFR recognises six levels: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2. Cambridge English Language Assessment
Language_proficiency
Language learning resource
grammar is based on the requirements of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. The primary objective of the Lingua 2 programme is "to help
Grammar_Explorer
English language qualification
the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). It is developed by CaMLA, a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan
Examination for the Certificate of Competency in English
Examination_for_the_Certificate_of_Competency_in_English
Test for Norwegian proficiency
advanced grasp of the language, equivalent to a B2/C1 reference level under the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. The test could
Bergenstest
Online language learning platform
qualified native-level instructors and follow the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). In April 2021, EU-Startups reported that
Lingoda
students who are learning the language at advanced levels in line with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) at levels A1, A2, B1
ATAFOM University International
ATAFOM_University_International
Use of English by speakers with different native languages
Reference for Languages. The aim of this framework was to have a common system for foreign language testing and certification, to cover all European languages
English as a second or foreign language
English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
Diploma of French-language abilities
two levels C1 and C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Diplomas are valid for life and do not expire. Level C2 is the highest
Diplôme approfondi de langue française
Diplôme_approfondi_de_langue_française
ways of reporting results and is based on years of research. It is designed to complement the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
Cambridge_English_Scale
English language qualification
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). It is developed by CaMLA, a not-for-profit collaboration between the University of Michigan
Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in English
Examination_for_the_Certificate_of_Proficiency_in_English
exam of German language ability. It tests for a level of ability equivalent to level B1 in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
Zertifikat_Deutsch
Examinations for adult learners of Irish
European Certificate in Irish is a set of examinations for adult learners of Irish. TEG is linked to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Teastas_Eorpach_na_Gaeilge
Certification level in the Italian language
evaluation and awarding, aligning its levels with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). An applicant wishing to obtain the CELI qualification
CELI
Award
Goethe-Zertifikat C2 as of 1 January 2012. The ZOP is rated at level C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), the highest of the CEFR levels
Goethe-Zertifikat_C2
equivalence with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages levels. reserved, Exam English Ltd, all rights. "Business Language Testing Service
Business Language Testing Service
Business_Language_Testing_Service
Arabic language proficiency test
speaking. A standardized criterion-referenced test, the test follows the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and measures proficiency
Hamza_test
French language placement test
Québec for immigration procedures. The TCF follows the European standards for language tests as set forward in the Common European Framework of Reference for
Test de connaissance du français
Test_de_connaissance_du_français
Language education organization
court. Task-based language learning Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Canadian language benchmarks Defense Language Proficiency Tests
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages
American_Council_on_the_Teaching_of_Foreign_Languages
Trade association
the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-04-04. TOEFL: For Academic
Association of Language Testers in Europe
Association_of_Language_Testers_in_Europe
Standardized English language test
fully aligned with CEFR levels, i.e. the 6-level Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Initially, the test used to evaluate the
EF_Standard_English_Test
250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family. Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018
Languages_of_Europe
English language examination provided by Cambridge Assessment English
level. It is focused on Level C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). C2 Proficiency is one of the examinations in Cambridge
C2_Proficiency
Assessment of word spelling ability
e's, each on its own little tombstone." Common European Framework of Reference for Languages WRAT Cushing, Ian (2020-12-12). "Grammar tests, de facto
Spelling_test
Dutch language test
Language Testers in Europe (ALTE). The examinations is set according to different levels in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and
CNaVT
Test for learners of English as a second language
UK Visas and Immigration at levels B1 to C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). A new test, IELTS Life Skills, assesses
International English Language Testing System
International_English_Language_Testing_System
German immigrants
particularly good command of the German language (usually language skills at level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). Whether the aforementioned
Aussiedler_and_Spätaussiedler
Use of Spanish as a non-native language
corresponding to a certain level described by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Diploma de Español (Nivel A1) (level A1): This qualification
Spanish as a second or foreign language
Spanish_as_a_second_or_foreign_language
have English language skills equivalent to at least level C1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Delta consists of three modules
Diploma in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages
Diploma_in_Teaching_English_to_Speakers_of_Other_Languages
Taiwan's test of Mandarin proficiency for non-native speakers
levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). However, the German, French and Italian associations of Chinese language teachers
Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language
Test_of_Chinese_as_a_Foreign_Language
Topics referred to by the same term
in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages B2, a code used by the land use planning system in the UK B2 star, a subclass of bluish-white
B2
at a range of levels, from upper beginners to lower advanced (Levels A2 to C1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)). It
Michigan_English_Test
English test for non-native English speakers
English speakers. The test is using the scale based on Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. It wants to create a 21st-century alternative to
TrackTest
British linguist (1924–2013)
Director of the Council of Europe's Modern Languages projects from 1971 to 1997, was a key promoter of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
John_Trim_(linguist)
Changing between languages during a conversation
"code-switching". Britannica. "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR)". Council of Europe. Archived from the
Code-switching
German international broadcaster
material for those who are interested in learning the German language at all levels based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. They
Deutsche_Welle
System of certification
countries of Europe". The levels correspond to levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages UNIcert Basis (European Level A2) UNIcert
UNIcert
Standardized test for English language
English language test which provides proof of English speaking and listening skills at Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) levels
IELTS_Life_Skills
according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: A2 beginner, B1 basic, B2 intermediate, C1 advanced. ELTE Hungarian Language Courses from
List of language proficiency tests
List_of_language_proficiency_tests
Standardized EU language competency evaluations
languages of the EU member states and the EU candidate countries. The test-system is based on the recommendations of the Common European Framework of
ECL_Language_tests
Topics referred to by the same term
in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages C2, the NRS social grade between C1 and D C2s, substances listed in Schedule II of the Controlled
C2
British teacher and author
developed for the Council of Europe that have been the bases of many communicative language courses and forms the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
Louis_George_Alexander
University in Thailand
university offered English training for Thai school teachers using the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). "ราชกิจจาเผยแพร่คำสั่งกระทรวงศึกษา
Asian_University
International organisation
Europe portal Politics portal CAHDI Council of Europe–European Union relations Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Conference of Specialised
Council_of_Europe
primarily for European citizens to assess their language abilities in adherence to Europe's Common European Framework of Reference – CEFR – as a basis for determining
DIALANG
level, conforming with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages of the European Council. Therefore six levels of increasing difficulty are
Certification of Italian as a Foreign Language
Certification_of_Italian_as_a_Foreign_Language
Recommendations for communication between entities in the European Union
The European Interoperability Framework (EIF) is a set of recommendations which specify how administrations, businesses and citizens communicate with
European Interoperability Framework
European_Interoperability_Framework
Valencian cultural society
organises several courses of Valencian following the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. Its teaching activity has only been official by the
Lo_Rat_Penat
German language certification
language competencies on level A2/B1 or B2/C1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. The certificate together with national school
Deutsches Sprachdiplom Stufe I and II
Deutsches_Sprachdiplom_Stufe_I_and_II
Italian language diploma
the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. A1: the ability to use familiar everyday expressions aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete
PLIDA
English proficiency tests developed by Oxford University Press
accepted certificates for CEFR equivalence. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Language proficiency "Oxford Test of English". Oxford University
Oxford_Test_of_English
Use of speech recognition to verify pronunciation
teaching and assessment. For example, in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) assessment criteria for "overall phonological control"
Pronunciation_assessment
Topics referred to by the same term
in the IB Group 2 subjects A2, a level in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages A-2 jacket, a leather flight jacket A2, the military
A2
Professional legal English language proficiency examination
formally aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Its developers state that the language used in professional legal
TOLES
Process and practice of acquiring a language
UNIcert is a European language education system of many universities based on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. American Council
Language_education
Test of Standard Chinese proficiency for non-native Chinese speakers
Is the Common European Framework Common?: The Common European Framework of References for Languages Facing Distant Language". New Prospect for Foreign
Zhongwen_Shuiping_Kaoshi
Suite of computerized tests
of Europe (2001). "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Relating IELTS scores to the Council of Europe's
Versant_(language_test)
Topics referred to by the same term
assassinating opponents of Apartheid during the 1980s C1, a level in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages C1, the use class for hotels, in town
C1
Finnic language in western Latvia
level according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and between 20 and 40 people who speak the language on level B1 and up. Today
Livonian_language
"procedural" languages, but this notion was abandoned by the European Commission, whereas the European Parliament accepts all official languages as working
Languages of the European Union
Languages_of_the_European_Union
English language examination provided by Cambridge Assessment English
designed for learners preparing for university or professional life. It focuses on Level C1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
C1_Advanced
Effort to promote an endangered language or revive a dead language
language on the A1-A2 level according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and between 20 and 40 people who speak the language
Language_revitalization
Russian language proficiency test
matched to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR). The TORFL test consists of 6 levels: Elementary
Test of Russian as a Foreign Language
Test_of_Russian_as_a_Foreign_Language
Standardized proficiency test
and the "linguistic" and "reception" elements of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) scale based on the total score required
Japanese-Language Proficiency Test
Japanese-Language_Proficiency_Test
Integration course provided by Germany
level of education, can hold a conversation and express themselves in writing (Level B1 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages)", §
Integrationskurs
Topics referred to by the same term
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Conseil des écoles fransaskoises, a school board in Saskatchewan, Canada Conservative European Forum
CEF
Standardized test
scores are mapped to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and test takers are provided with a certificate of achievement. The test
Test of English as a Foreign Language
Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language
universities update their programs to comply with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. In 2021, the association changed its name to German
German_Studies_Canada
Automatic conversion of spoken language into text
December 2023. Common European framework of reference for languages learning, teaching, assessment: Companion volume with new descriptors. Language Policy Programme
Speech_recognition
Non-teaching department
language examinations, the First Certificate in English (FCE) and the Certificate in Advanced English (CAE). On the CEFR (Common European Framework of
University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate
University_of_Cambridge_Local_Examinations_Syndicate
Non-profit organization
writing skills by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The French alliance promotes the integration of French culture through
Alliance Française de Silicon Valley
Alliance_Française_de_Silicon_Valley
of internationally standardized reporting scales of language proficiency. He was involved from the start in developing the Common European Framework of
John_H.A.L._de_Jong
travel, tourism, insurance
COMMON EUROPEAN-FRAMEWORK-OF-REFERENCE-FOR-LANGUAGES
COMMON EUROPEAN-FRAMEWORK-OF-REFERENCE-FOR-LANGUAGES
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a cottager (see Cotter 2), or a topographic name for someone who lived in a relatively humble dwelling, from Middle English cote, cott + man (see Coates).Respelling of German Kothmann, Kottmann (see Kottman), or Kathmann (see Kathman).
Male
English
English form of Irish Colmán, COLMAN means "dove."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of numerous places named from Old English cotum (dative plural of cot) ‘at the cottages or huts’ (or sometimes possibly from a Middle English plural, coten). Examples include Coton (Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Staffordshire), Cottam (East Yorkshire, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire), and Cotham (Nottinghamshire).French : from a diminutive of Old French cot(t)e ‘coat (of mail)’ (see Cott).John Cotton (1584–1652) was a noted Puritan preacher, who landed at Boston, MA, from London in 1633 and became leader of the Congregationalists in America.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic form of Cocke.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English
Americanized spelling of German Ludwig, Czech LudvÃk, Polish Ludwik, or cognates in other European languages.English : habitational name from Ludwick Hall in Bishops Hatfield, Hertfordshire, probably named from the Old English personal name Luda + Old English wÄ«c ‘outlying (dairy) farm’.
Male
English
English masculine variant spelling of Scottish Cameron, CAMRON means "crooked nose."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Tom, a short form of the personal name Thomas.
Surname or Lastname
French, English, and Spanish (Cordón)
French, English, and Spanish (Cordón) : from Old French cordon ‘cord’, ‘ribbon’, a diminutive of corde ‘string’, ‘cord’; Spanish cordón, hence a metonymic occupational name for a maker or seller of cord or ribbon.English : metonymic occupational name for a worker in fine Spanish kid leather, from Old French cordoan (so named with being originally produced at Córdoba).
Surname or Lastname
Scottish and northern Irish
Scottish and northern Irish : variant of Curzon.English (of Norman origin) : nickname from Old French corson, a diminutive of curt ‘short’ (see Court).
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin)
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin) : variant of Cumming.
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Hebrew Ammown, AMMON means "kindred, tribal." In the bible, this is the name of a son of Lot by his younger daughter. Compare with another form of Ammon.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Game.English : from Anglo-Norman French gambon ‘ham’, a diminutive of gambe, Norman-Picard form of Old French jambe ‘leg’ (Late Latin gamba), hence probably a nickname for someone with some peculiarity of the legs or gait.
Surname or Lastname
English (common in Bristol)
English (common in Bristol) : variant of Gingold, of which the origin is unexplained.Respelling of German Gingel, a common Bavarian surname, derived from a short form of the Germanic personal name Gangulf, composed of the elements gangan ‘to walk or go’ + (w)ulf ‘wolf’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Carman.Altered spelling of Germann or Kormann.
Surname or Lastname
Americanized form of any of the numerous Continental European surnames derived from Latin Cornelius (see Cornelius), for example French Corneille or German Kornel.Swedish
Americanized form of any of the numerous Continental European surnames derived from Latin Cornelius (see Cornelius), for example French Corneille or German Kornel.Swedish : Latinized form of Horn, meaning ‘horn’; probably a soldier’s name.English : reduced form of Cornwell or of Cornhill, a habitational name from a place in Northumberland named Cornhill, from Old English corn, a metathesized form of cron, cran ‘crane’ + halh ‘nook’, ‘recess’; or from Cornhill in London, a medieval grain exchange, named with Old English corn ‘corn’, ‘grain’ + hyll ‘hill’, or from some other place elsewhere similarly named.Ezra Cornell (1807–74), the founder of Cornell University, was born of New England Quaker stock in Westchester Co., NY, a descendant of Thomas Cornell of Saffron Walden, Essex, England, who emigrated sometime before 1642, when he is recorded as being married in Portsmouth, Newport Co., RI.
Male
Greek
(Ἄμμων) Greek form of Egyptian Yamanu, AMMON means "the hidden one." In mythology, Yamanu is the name of a god of wind and air. Compare with another form of Ammon.
Male
English
 Anglicized form of Hebrew Rimmown, RIMMON means "pomegranate." In the bible, this is the name of several places, the name of a Benjamite of Beeroth.Â
Male
Irish
Contracted form of Irish Gaelic Comhghán, COMGAN means "born together."
Surname or Lastname
Swedish (common in Finland)
Swedish (common in Finland) : ornamental name formed with the common surname suffix -in and an unexplained first element.German : unexplained.English : unexplained.Spanish (FarÃn) : unexplained.
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Greek Kosmos, COSMIN means "order, beauty."
COMMON EUROPEAN-FRAMEWORK-OF-REFERENCE-FOR-LANGUAGES
COMMON EUROPEAN-FRAMEWORK-OF-REFERENCE-FOR-LANGUAGES
COMMON EUROPEAN-FRAMEWORK-OF-REFERENCE-FOR-LANGUAGES
COMMON EUROPEAN-FRAMEWORK-OF-REFERENCE-FOR-LANGUAGES
COMMON EUROPEAN-FRAMEWORK-OF-REFERENCE-FOR-LANGUAGES
COMMON EUROPEAN-FRAMEWORK-OF-REFERENCE-FOR-LANGUAGES
COMMON EUROPEAN-FRAMEWORK-OF-REFERENCE-FOR-LANGUAGES
n.
The work of framing, or the completed work; the frame or constructional part of anything; as, the framework of society.
prep.
Denoting reference to a thing; about; concerning; relating to; as, to boast of one's achievements.
n.
The common European bittern.
a.
Not common; unusual; infrequent; rare; hence, remarkable; strange; as, an uncommon season; an uncommon degree of cold or heat; uncommon courage.
n. pl.
A club or association for boarding at a common table, as in a college, the members sharing the expenses equally; as, to board in commons.
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?
a.
Of or pertaining to Europe, or to its inhabitants.
a.
Aryan; -- applied to the languages of India and Europe which are derived from the prehistoric Aryan language; also, pertaining to the people or nations who speak these languages; as, the Indo-European or Aryan family.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
v. i.
To have a joint right with others in common ground.
n.
A native or an inhabitant of Europe.
v.
Belonging to or shared by, affecting or serving, all the members of a class, considered together; general; public; as, properties common to all plants; the common schools; the Book of Common Prayer.
n.
The common European sandpiper.
n.
The common European sandpiper.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.
v. i.
To board together; to eat at a table in common.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
prep.
In the most general sense, indicating that in consideration of, in view of, or with reference to, which anything is done or takes place.
travel, tourism, insurance