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Study of computable functions and Turing degrees
Computability theory, also known as recursion theory, is a branch of mathematical logic, computer science, and the theory of computation that originated
Computability_theory
Ability to solve a problem by an effective procedure
Computability is the ability to solve a problem by an effective procedure. It is a key topic of the field of computability theory within mathematical
Computability
Method of comparing problems by transforming one into another in computability theory
In computability theory, many reducibility relations (also called reductions, reducibilities, and notions of reducibility) are studied. They are motivated
Reduction (computability theory)
Reduction_(computability_theory)
In computability theory, the assignment of natural numbers to a set of objects
In computability theory a numbering is an assignment of natural numbers to a set of objects such as functions, rational numbers, graphs, or words in some
Numbering (computability theory)
Numbering_(computability_theory)
Academic subfield of computer science
Recursive Functions and Effective Computability, MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-68052-1 S. Barry Cooper (2004). Computability Theory. Chapman and Hall/CRC. ISBN 1-58488-237-9
Theory_of_computation
In computability theory, a maximal set is a coinfinite computably enumerable subset A of the natural numbers such that for every further computably enumerable
Maximal set (computability theory)
Maximal_set_(computability_theory)
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
In computability theory, the mortality problem is a decision problem related to the halting problem. For Turing machines, the halting problem can be stated
Mortality (computability theory)
Mortality_(computability_theory)
Mathematical function that can be computed by a program
Computable functions are the basic objects of study in computability theory. Informally, a function is computable if there is an algorithm that computes
Computable_function
Subfield of mathematics
Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory (also known as computability theory). Research in mathematical logic
Mathematical_logic
Computation model defining an abstract machine
machines has yielded many insights into computer science, computability theory, and complexity theory. In his 1948 essay, "Intelligent Machinery", Turing wrote
Turing_machine
This is a list of computability and complexity topics, by Wikipedia page. Computability theory is the part of the theory of computation that deals with
List of computability and complexity topics
List_of_computability_and_complexity_topics
Method using forcing to construct sets with desired properties in computability theory
Forcing in computability theory is a modification of Paul Cohen's original set-theoretic technique of forcing to deal with computability concerns. Conceptually
Forcing_(computability)
American mathematician
set theory and philosophy of set theory (particularly the idea of the set-theoretic multiverse), in computability theory, and in group theory. After
Joel_David_Hamkins
Thesis on the nature of computability
In computability theory, the Church–Turing thesis is a thesis about the nature of computable functions. It states that a function on the natural numbers
Church–Turing_thesis
Ability of a computing system to simulate Turing machines
In computability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as a model of computation, a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or
Turing_completeness
Concept in computability theory
In computability theory, a Turing reduction from a decision problem A {\displaystyle A} to a decision problem B {\displaystyle B} is an oracle machine
Turing_reduction
British computer scientist
scientist and expert on computability theory, also known as recursion theory. Computability theory is about what can and cannot be computed by people and machines
John_V._Tucker
Overview of and topical guide to logic
rich theory that is still being actively researched. Alpha recursion theory Arithmetical set Church–Turing thesis Computability logic Computable function
Outline_of_logic
Yes-or-no question that cannot ever be solved by a computer
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which it is proved to be impossible to construct
Undecidable_problem
Study of mathematical analysis seen through computability theory
mathematics and computer science, computable analysis is the study of mathematical analysis from the perspective of computability theory. It is concerned with the
Computable_analysis
Generalization of Turing computability
In computability theory, hyperarithmetic theory is a generalization of Turing computability. It has close connections with definability in second-order
Hyperarithmetical_theory
Turing machine that halts for any input
In computability theory, a decider is a Turing machine that halts for every input. A decider is also called a total Turing machine as it represents a total
Decider_(Turing_machine)
Mathematical model describing how an output of a function is computed given an input
In computer science, and more specifically in computability theory and computational complexity theory, a model of computation is a model that describes
Model_of_computation
Concept in computability theory
In computability theory, the theory of real computation deals with hypothetical computing machines using infinite-precision real numbers. They are given
Real_computation
natural-valued function. Computability theory is essentially based on natural numbers and natural (or integer) functions on them. In number theory, many arithmetic
Integer-valued_function
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
expensive). Therefore, formal language theory is a major application area of computability theory and complexity theory. Formal languages may be classified
Formal_language
measures, and fractals via domain theory. Information and Computation, 120(1):32–48, 1995. Norbert Th. M¨ uller. Computability on random variables. Theoretical
Computable_measure_theory
Transformation of one computational problem to another
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a reduction is an algorithm for transforming one problem into another problem. A sufficiently
Reduction_(complexity)
Set with algorithmic membership test
In computability theory, a set of natural numbers is computable (or decidable or recursive) if there is an algorithm that computes the membership of every
Computable_set
Framework for studying interactive computational tasks through logic
Computability logic (CoL) is a research program and mathematical framework for redeveloping logic as a systematic formal theory of computability, as opposed
Computability_logic
Topics referred to by the same term
Maximal element, a mathematical definition Maximal set, a concept in computability theory Maximal (Transformers), a faction of Transformers Maximalism, an
Maximal
Branch of computer science
of many other branches of mathematics, including computability theory, category theory, and set theory. Formal semantics is the formal specification of
Programming_language_theory
Conference in theoretical computer science
The Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC) is an academic conference in the field of theoretical computer science. STOC has been organized
Symposium on Theory of Computing
Symposium_on_Theory_of_Computing
Concept in computability theory
In computability theory, admissible numberings are enumerations (numberings) of the set of partial computable functions that can be converted to and from
Admissible_numbering
Branch of mathematics that studies sets
Set theory is the branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which can be informally described as collections of objects. Although objects of any
Set_theory
Problem in computer science
In computability theory, the halting problem is the decision problem of, given an arbitrary computer program and an input, determining whether said program
Halting_problem
Theorem in computability theory
In computability theory, Rice's theorem states that all non-trivial semantic properties of programs are undecidable. A semantic property is one about the
Rice's_theorem
Mathematical result on infinite trees
The computability aspects of this theorem have been thoroughly investigated by researchers in mathematical logic, especially in computability theory. This
Kőnig's_lemma
Ordered listing of items in collection
in this theory, the existence of a surjection from I onto S need not imply the existence of an injection from S into I. In computability theory one often
Enumeration
Study of correct reasoning
within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and computability theory. Research in mathematical logic commonly addresses
Logic
Problem-solving procedures with certain characteristics
In metalogic, mathematical logic, and computability theory, an effective method or effective procedure is a finite-time, deterministic procedure for solving
Effective_method
Study of computation
perform those computations. In an effort to answer the first question, computability theory examines which computational problems are solvable on various theoretical
Computer_science
Measure of algorithmic complexity
14words". It is also possible to show the non-computability of K by reduction from the non-computability of the halting problem H, since K and H are Turing-equivalent
Kolmogorov_complexity
Topics referred to by the same term
complexity class of decision problems Recursively enumerable (r.e.), in computability theory Regular expression, a sequence of characters to match text against
Re
Subfield of computer science and mathematics
of English words". Rogers, Hartley Jr. (1967). Theory of Recursive Functions and Effective Computability. McGraw-Hill. Page 2. Well defined with respect
Theoretical_computer_science
of the two notions is due chiefly to Kleene Turing, A. M. (1937). "Computability and λ-Definability". The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 2 (4): 153–163.
List of pioneers in computer science
List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science
Mathematical theory of data types
manipulating type theories (see Logic for Computable Functions) and its own type system was heavily influenced by them. Type theory is also widely used
Type_theory
Real number that can be computed within arbitrary precision
Stoltenberg-Hansen, V.; Tucker, J.V. (1999). "Computable Rings and Fields". In Griffor, E.R. (ed.). Handbook of Computability Theory. Elsevier. pp. 363–448. ISBN 978-0-08-053304-9
Computable_number
Computational problems no algorithm can solve
In computability theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which an effective method (algorithm) to derive the correct answer does not exist
List_of_undecidable_problems
Mathematical logic concept
In computability theory, a set S of natural numbers is called computably enumerable (c.e.), recursively enumerable (r.e.), semidecidable, partially decidable
Computably_enumerable_set
Concept in computability theory
In computability theory, two disjoint sets of natural numbers are called computably inseparable or recursively inseparable if they cannot be "separated"
Computably_inseparable
Classes of partial recursive functions
In computability theory, index sets describe classes of computable functions; specifically, they give all indices of functions in a certain class, according
Index_set_(computability)
Condition for a mathematical function to map some value to itself
the development of the theory is quite different. The same definition of recursive function can be given, in computability theory, by applying Kleene's
Fixed-point_theorem
Mathematical theory
uncomputable. In fact, he showed that computability and completeness are mutually exclusive: any complete theory must be uncomputable. The proof of this
Solomonoff's theory of inductive inference
Solomonoff's_theory_of_inductive_inference
Algorithm that outputs all solutions to a problem
The notion of enumeration algorithms is also used in the field of computability theory to define some high complexity classes such as RE, the class of all
Enumeration_algorithm
American mathematician (1928–2023)
mathematician and computer scientist who contributed to the fields of computability theory and mathematical logic. His work on Hilbert's tenth problem led to
Martin_Davis_(mathematician)
Type of set in mathematics
of Computability theory and related to algorithmic information theory in computer science. At the same time, K-trivial sets are close to computable. For
K-trivial_set
Topics referred to by the same term
(atmospheric), a high-pressure area High (computability), a quality of a Turing degree, in computability theory High (tectonics), in geology an area where
High
Standard system of axiomatic set theory
In set theory, Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, named after mathematicians Ernst Zermelo and Abraham Fraenkel, is an axiomatic system that was proposed in
Zermelo–Fraenkel_set_theory
Scientific organization
responsibility for the Springer book series Theory and Applications of Computability and the journal Computability published by IOS Press. Löwe, Benedikt (January
Computability_in_Europe
American mathematician
the University of California, Berkeley who works in computability theory, model theory, and set theory. His notable results include proving the Paris–Harrington
Leo_Harrington
Obsolete theories in natural history and natural philosophy
general theories in science and pre-scientific natural history and natural philosophy that have since been superseded by other scientific theories. Many
List of superseded scientific theories
List_of_superseded_scientific_theories
Mathematical-logic system based on functions
usual for such a proof, computable means computable by any model of computation that is Turing complete. In fact computability can itself be defined via
Lambda_calculus
developed by Kurt Gödel. In recursion theory, the primitive recursive functionals are an example of higher-type computability, as primitive recursive functions
Primitive recursive functional
Primitive_recursive_functional
Technique invented by Paul Cohen for proving consistency and independence results
mathematical logic such as computability theory. Descriptive set theory uses the notions of forcing from both computability theory and set theory. Forcing has also
Forcing_(mathematics)
Theory in fundamental physics
Calculating Space Computability theory Undecidable problem Quantum circuit Generalized probabilistic theory Heaven, Douglas (6 November 2012). "Theory of everything
Constructor_theory
American mathematician (1926–2015)
1926 – July 17, 2015) was an American mathematician who worked in computability theory, and was a professor in the Mathematics Department of the Massachusetts
Hartley_Rogers_Jr.
In computability theory, computational complexity theory and proof theory, the slow-growing hierarchy is an ordinal-indexed family of slowly increasing
Slow-growing_hierarchy
In computability theory, computational complexity theory and proof theory, the Hardy hierarchy, named after G. H. Hardy, is a hierarchy of sets of numerical
Hardy_hierarchy
The low basis theorem is one of several basis theorems in computability theory, each of which show that, given an infinite subtree of the binary tree 2
Low_basis_theorem
Generalization of Rice's theorem
In computability theory, the Rice–Shapiro theorem is a generalization of Rice's theorem, named after Henry Gordon Rice and Norman Shapiro. It states that
Rice–Shapiro_theorem
Self-replicating program
as its only output. The standard terms for these programs in the computability theory and computer science literature are "self-replicating programs",
Quine_(computing)
One of several equivalent definitions of a computable function
recursive function). In computability theory, it is shown that the μ-recursive functions are precisely the functions that can be computed by Turing machines
General_recursive_function
Theorem in computability theory
In computability theory, Kleene's recursion theorems are a pair of fundamental results about the application of computable functions to their own descriptions
Kleene's_recursion_theorem
perspective on the notion of mathematical function. In the language of computability theory, Markov's principle is a formal expression of the claim that if it
Markov's_principle
Yes/no problem in computer science
In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a decision problem is a computational problem that can be posed as a yes–no question on a
Decision_problem
Abstract machine used to study decision problems
In complexity theory and computability theory, an oracle machine is an abstract machine that can query a black box called an oracle, which is able to
Oracle_machine
Logical quantification that ranges over a subset of the universe of discourse
motivations for these quantifiers. In applications of the language to computability theory, such as the arithmetical hierarchy, bounded quantifiers add no complexity
Bounded_quantifier
System of rules for assigning mathematical values to database items
system table, whose table definitions require a database design. In computability theory, the simplest numbering scheme is the assignment of natural numbers
Numbering_scheme
Subfield of information theory and computer science
information theory. According to Gregory Chaitin, it is "the result of putting Shannon's information theory and Turing's computability theory into a cocktail
Algorithmic information theory
Algorithmic_information_theory
Whether a decision problem has an effective method to derive the answer
many-one reduction in computability theory. A property of a theory or logical system weaker than decidability is semidecidability. A theory is semidecidable
Decidability_(logic)
Theorem in computability theory
In computability theory, Post's theorem, named after Emil Post, describes the connection between the arithmetical hierarchy and the Turing degrees. The
Post's_theorem
One of the four basic arithmetic operations
operations that follow these patterns are studied in abstract algebra. In computability theory, considering subtraction is not well-defined over natural numbers
Subtraction
Impossible task in computing
history leading to, and a discussion of, his proof. Soare, Robert I., "Computability and recursion", Bull. Symbolic Logic 2 (1996), no. 3, 284–321. Toulmin
Entscheidungsproblem
Twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet
as a variable name. A measure in measure theory Minimalization in computability theory and recursion theory The integrating factor in ordinary differential
Mu_(letter)
Any type of calculation
Computational problem Computability theory Hypercomputation Limits of computation Numerical computation The study of non-computable statements is the field
Computation
In computability theory, a subset of the natural numbers is called simple if it is computably enumerable (c.e.) and co-infinite (i.e. its complement is
Simple_set
Limit of a uniformly computable sequence of functions
computability theory, a function is called limit computable if it is the limit of a uniformly computable sequence of functions. The terms computable in
Computation_in_the_limit
theorem (computability) Cenzer, Douglas (1999), " Π 1 0 {\displaystyle \Pi _{1}^{0}} classes in computability theory", Handbook of computability theory, Stud
Π01_class
Computing concept
partition has been verified with an authorizing digital signature. In computability theory, adding a WOM to some models of computation can increase their computational
Write-only memory (engineering)
Write-only_memory_(engineering)
Function whose actual domain of definition may be smaller than its apparent domain
context, a partial function is generally simply called a function. In computability theory, a general recursive function is a partial function from the integers
Partial_function
Programmable machine that processes data
organizations, clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature. Computability theory Computer security Glossary of computer hardware terms History of
Computer
On transforming a program by substituting constants for free variables
In computability theory the S m n theorem, written also as "smn-theorem" or "s-m-n theorem" (also called the translation lemma, parameter theorem, and
Smn_theorem
Topics referred to by the same term
tt-reduction (truth-table reduction), a kind of transformation used in computability theory <tt>...</tt> (short for teletype), an HTML presentation element that
TT
Overview of and topical guide to algorithms
mathematical model of computation used in computability theory Euclidean algorithm — ancient algorithm for computing the greatest common divisor Muhammad ibn
Outline_of_algorithms
Theoretical study of knowledge
epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological
Formal_epistemology
In the mathematical field of computability theory, a PA degree is a Turing degree that computes a complete extension of Peano arithmetic (Jockusch 1987)
PA_degree
American computer scientist
his work in computational complexity theory, computability theory, computational learning theory, and Ramsey theory. He is currently a professor at the
William_Gasarch
On solvability of Diophantine equations
of computability theory (also known as recursion theory) that provided a precise explication of the intuitive notion of algorithmic computability, thus
Hilbert's_tenth_problem
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : topographic name for someone who lived by a patch of wet ground overgrown with brushwood, northern Middle English kerr (Old Norse kjarr). A legend grew up that the Kerrs were left-handed, on theory that the name is derived from Gaelic cearr ‘wrong-handed’, ‘left-handed’.Irish : see Carr.This surname has also absorbed examples of German Kehr.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : according to Reaney this is a nickname from an unattested Old English word cybbe meaning ‘clumsy’ or ‘thickset’. Reaney’s speculation is apparently based on taking the Middle English word kibble ‘cudgel’ as a diminutive of an unattested Old English word. Corresponding personal names have been postulated for the place names Kibworth (‘enclosure of a man called Cybba’) and Kibblesworth (‘enclosure of a man called Cybbel’); so, in theory, the surname could be a reflex of these Old English personal names.North German : nickname for a cantankerous person, from Middle Low German, Middle High German kiven ‘to quarrel’.
Surname or Lastname
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin)
English, Scottish, and Irish (of Norman origin) : of disputed origin. It may be from a Celtic personal name derived from the element cam ‘bent’, ‘crooked’ (compare Cameron and Campbell). This was relatively frequent in Norfolk, Lincolnshire, and Yorkshire in the 12th and 13th centuries, perhaps as a result of Breton immigration. According to another theory it is a habitational name from Comines near Lille, but there is no evidence for this (no early forms with de have been found). In southern Ireland this Anglo-Norman name has been confused with 2.Irish : Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac CuimÃn (or Ó CuimÃn) ‘son (or ‘descendant’) of CuimÃn’, a personal name formed from a diminutive of cam ‘crooked’.Americanized form of French Canadian Vien, Viens, based on the misconception that these derive from French venire ‘to come’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. It may be a variant of a medieval name, Preville, a habitational name from a Norman place named with the elements pré ‘meadow’ + ville ‘settlement’. However, this theory is not supported by evidence of early forms.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a short form of the personal names Giles, Julian, or William. In theory the name would have a soft initial when derived from the first two of these, and a hard one when from William or from the other possibilities discussed in 2–4 below. However, there has been much confusion over the centuries.Northern English : topographic name for someone who lived by a ravine or deep glen, Middle English gil(l), Old Norse gil ‘ravine’.Scottish and Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Gille (Scottish), Mac Giolla (Irish), patronymics from an occupational name for a servant or a short form of the various personal names formed by attaching this element to the name of a saint. See McGill. The Old Norse personal name Gilli is probably of this origin, and may lie behind some examples of the name in northern England.Scottish and Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac An Ghoill (see Gall 1).Norwegian : habitational name from any of three farmsteads in western Norway named Gil, from Old Norse gil ‘ravine’.Dutch : cognate of Giles.Jewish (Israeli) : ornamental name from Hebrew gil ‘joy’.German : from a vernacular short form of the medieval personal name Aegidius (see Gilger).Indian (Panjab) : Sikh name, probably from Panjabi gil ‘moisture’, also meaning ‘prosperity’. There is a Jat tribe that bears this name; the Ramgarhia Sikhs also have a clan called Gill.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly Gloucestershire), Dutch, and German (also Türk)
English (mainly Gloucestershire), Dutch, and German (also Türk) : from Middle English, Old French turc, Middle High and Low German Turc ‘Turk’, from Turkish türk. In theory this could be an ethnic name but, both in England and northwest Europe, it is generally a nickname for a person with black hair and a swarthy complexion or a cruel, rowdy, or unruly person. The Dutch and German surname also represents a house name, derived from the use of a picture of a Turk as a house sign. It is also found as a nickname for someone who had taken part in the wars against the Turks.English : from a medieval personal name, a back-formation from Turkel, misanalyzed as containing the Old French diminutive suffix -el.Scottish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Tuirc, a patronymic from the byname Torc ‘boar’.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : ethnic name denoting someone from Turkey or anywhere in the Ottoman Empire, or a nickname for someone thought to resemble a Turk.Americanized form of the Greek ethnic name Tourkos ‘Turk’. See also Turco.
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
Girl/Female
Arabic, Australian, Biblical, Hebrew, Muslim, Swedish
Joy; Fun; Bitterness
Boy/Male
Indian
Under the Guidance; In Some Ones Protection
Female
French
French form of Arabic Yasmin, YASMINA means "jasmine flower,"Â a plant in the olive family.
Boy/Male
Indian
Miracle, Wondrous nature
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Scottish
Fighter.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Cupid
Boy/Male
Muslim
Servant of God
Girl/Female
Irish
The name that was used in Ireland for Our Lady was Muire and interestingly, her name was so honored that it was rarely used as a first name until the end of the fifteenth century. Then Maire became acceptable as a given name but the spelling Muire was reserved for the Blessed Mother.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained; this is a Hampshire surname, also written Glasspel(l), Glas(s)pool(e), and Glasspole. Possibly, it may be a habitational name from Glaspwll in Powys, Wales.
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
n.
The quality of being commutable.
v. t.
To be at the basis of; to form the foundation of; to support; as, a doctrine underlying a theory.
n.
A believer in the theory of vitalism; -- opposed to physicist.
n.
The quality of being imputable; imputableness.
v. i.
To form a theory or theories; to form opinions solely by theory; to speculate.
n.
The science, as distinguished from the art; as, the theory and practice of medicine.
pl.
of Theory
n.
The quality or power of being compatible or congruous; congruity; as, a compatibility of tempers; a compatibility of properties.
n.
One who advocates the undulatory theory of light.
n.
A doctrine, or scheme of things, which terminates in speculation or contemplation, without a view to practice; hypothesis; speculation.
n.
The change of one species into another, which is assumed to take place in any development theory of life; transformism.
n.
A supposed collection of particles of very subtile matter, endowed with a rapid rotary motion around an axis which was also the axis of a sun or a planet. Descartes attempted to account for the formation of the universe, and the movements of the bodies composing it, by a theory of vortices.
a.
Pertaining to, or involving, vitalism, or the theory of a special vital principle.
n.
The act or product of theorizing; the formation of a theory or theories; speculation.
n.
The philosophical explanation of phenomena, either physical or moral; as, Lavoisier's theory of combustion; Adam Smith's theory of moral sentiments.
n.
Compatibility; consistency; fitness; agreement.
n.
A plan or theory something to be done; a design; a project; as, to form a scheme.
a.
Of or pertaining to volcanoes; specifically, relating to the geological theory of the Vulcanists, or Plutonists.
n.
An exposition of the general or abstract principles of any science; as, the theory of music.
n.
The theory or practice of living upon vegetables and fruits.