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1960–1965 political unrest in Central Africa
The Congo Crisis (French: Crise congolaise) was a period of political upheaval and conflict between 1960 and 1965 in the Republic of the Congo (today the
Congo_Crisis
1960–1971 state in Central Africa
Almost immediately after independence, the country was plunged into the Congo Crisis, a series of civil wars and secessionist conflicts, notably with the
First_Congolese_Republic
1998–2003 war in central Africa
The Second Congo War, also known as Africa's World War or the Great War of Africa, was a major conflict that began on 2 August 1998 in the Democratic
Second_Congo_War
Country in Central Africa
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), also known as the DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa, or simply the Congo, and formerly named Zaire, is a country in
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
French military officer and mercenary
the Second World War, the First Indochina War, the Suez Crisis, the Algerian War, the Congo Crisis, the North Yemen Civil War and the Nigerian Civil War
Roger_Faulques
Group of guerrilla fighters led by Che Guevara in the Bolivian Cordillera, 1966-1967
committed to ending American imperialism, and he decided to travel to the Congo during its civil war to back the anti-capitalist guerrilla groups. Guevara's
Ñancahuazú_Guerrilla
1960s United Nations military operation
peacekeeping force which was deployed in the Republic of the Congo in 1960 in response to the Congo Crisis. The ONUC was the UN's first peacekeeping mission with
United Nations Operation in the Congo
United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo
Country in Central Africa (1965–1997)
political upheaval following independence from Belgium known as the Congo Crisis. Zaire had a strongly centralist constitution, and foreign assets were
Zaire
Indonesian gangster (1937–2019)
the Congo crisis, he had intended to go to the country as part of the peacekeeping contingent. He would ultimately not go, but the nickname Congo became
Anwar_Congo
German mercenary (1920–1983)
commanding part of 5 Commando in the Congo Crisis. Given substantial media coverage by foreign journalists in the Congo, Müller achieved widespread notoriety
Siegfried_Müller_(mercenary)
Belgian Congo in 1908. Following unrest, Belgium granted Congo independence in 1960. However, the Congo remained unstable, leading to the Congo Crisis, where
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
Racial and multi-ethnic group
multi-generational families that numbered between 2,500 to 3,000 people. During the Congo Crisis, nearly all White people had fled to Europe and the neighboring African
White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
President of DR Congo and Zaire from 1965 to 1997
the Congo, from 1965 to 1971. Mobutu served as the fifth chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity from 1967 to 1968. During the Congo Crisis in
Mobutu_Sese_Seko
Man-portable multi-role weapon system
12 months of contract signing. As part of the Congo Crisis 1960–1965, Swedish troops were sent to Congo as ONUC peacekeepers in mid- to late 1960. They
Carl Gustaf 8.4 cm recoilless rifle
Carl_Gustaf_8.4_cm_recoilless_rifle
Argentine revolutionary (1928–1967)
to offer his knowledge and experience as a guerrilla to resolve the Congo Crisis. According to Algerian President Ahmed Ben Bella, Guevara thought Africa
Che_Guevara
the 20th century began in the Congo. Modern ideas and stereotypes about mercenaries have been formed there. The Congo Crisis (1960–1965) was a period of
Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mercenaries_and_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
Index of conflicts with the same name
Republic of the Congo (also known as Congo-Kinshasa and DR Congo, formerly known as Congo-Léopoldville and Zaire): Congo Crisis (1960–1965), dating from the country's
Congolese_Civil_War
1908–1960 Belgian colony in Central Africa
The Belgian Congo (French: Congo belge, pronounced [kɔ̃ɡo bɛlʒ]; Dutch: Belgisch-Congo) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence
Belgian_Congo
UN Secretary-General from 1961 to 1971
credited for his role in defusing the Cuban Missile Crisis and for ending the civil war in the Congo. He also said that he wanted to ease tensions between
U_Thant
1960–1962 rival government in the Congo
Minister Patrice Lumumba's deposition in September 1960 in the midst of the Congo Crisis, many of his supporters became disillusioned with the government in Léopoldville
Free_Republic_of_the_Congo
Military unit
November 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) "Congo Crisis: Operation Dragon Rouge". www.historynet.com. Retrieved 21 November 2012
1st Paratroopers Battalion (Belgium)
1st_Paratroopers_Battalion_(Belgium)
Former Indian Defence Minister
As a Defence minister, he played a role in military conflicts such as Congo Crisis, Annexation of Goa, and Sino-Indian War. During his tenure as defence
V._K._Krishna_Menon
UN Secretary-General from 1953 to 1961
in a plane crash while en route to cease-fire negotiations during the Congo Crisis. Hammarskjöld was and remains well regarded internationally as a capable
Dag_Hammarskjöld
5 Commando (Congo mercenary unit)
and the 'Congo Crisis', 1960–1965 (online ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781351138161. Smith, Ivan (2012). Mad dog killers: The story of a Congo mercenary
5 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
5_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)
President of the DRC from 1997 to 2001
the Congo from 1997 until his assassination in 2001. Kabila initially gained prominence as an opponent of Mobutu Sese Seko during the Congo Crisis (1960–1965)
Laurent-Désiré_Kabila
Anti-tank rocket launcher
used. The Blindicide saw service with the Belgian forces during the Congo crisis. The Blindicide was also used by Anti-British guerrillas during the Aden
RL-83_Blindicide
Belgian writer and teacher (1920–2000)
The publication of De Witte's book engendered a diplomatic crisis between Belgium and Congo, which in turn sparked the parliamentary inquiry. Soete was
Gerard_Soete
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
Indian Army ranks and insignia
Indian_Army_ranks_and_insignia
Overall professional head of the Indian Armed Forces
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
Chief of Defence Staff (India)
Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India)
Congolese politician (born 1951)
Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, but he was overthrown and murdered during the Congo Crisis. Already studying in Egypt for his own safety
François_Lumumba
Aerial service branch of the Indian Armed Forces
IAF saw significant conflict in 1960, when Belgium's 75-year rule over Congo ended abruptly, engulfing the nation in widespread violence and rebellion
Indian_Air_Force
Heavy machine gun
like Terrängbil m/42 KP. The latter was used with good effect in the Congo Crisis in the early-1960s. Until 1966, the m/14-29 and m/36 machine guns could
M1917_Browning_machine_gun
2023 film
geopolitics. The film received negative reviews for glossing over its Congo Crisis controversies. Dag Hammarskjöld was the second Secretary-General of the
Hammarskjöld_(film)
Congolese politician and independence leader (1925–1961)
independence in June 1960, an army mutiny marked the beginning of the Congo Crisis. Both Katanga and South Kasai declared independence, which Lumumba responded
Patrice_Lumumba
1961 battle between Irish UN troops and Katanga during Congo Crisis
The Siege of Jadotville ([ʒa.do.vil]) was a major battle during the Congo Crisis, that began on 13 September 1961 and lasted for five days. A small contingent
Siege_of_Jadotville
1965 coup in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
approval domestically and abroad. It marked the end of the years-long Congo Crisis. During his first coup in 1960 however, Mobutu temporarily removed Kasa-Vubu
Second_Mobutu_coup_d'état
Soldier who fights for hire
Guinea in 2004 (see below). The Congo Crisis (1960–1965) was a period of turmoil in the First Republic of the Congo that began with national independence
Mercenary
Political party in Belgium
origins of the MAC lay in the 1960 independence of the Belgian Congo and the resulting Congo Crisis which saw the vast majority of white colonials, who were
Mouvement_d'Action_Civique
Nigerian head of state (1976–79; 1999–2007)
joined the Nigerian Army and specialised in engineering and served in the Congo, Britain, and India, rising to the rank of Major. In the late 1960s, he
Olusegun_Obasanjo
1961 killing of Congolese independence leader
assassinated on January 17, 1961 in Katanga, near Elizabethville, amidst the Congo Crisis that began in July 1960. Following the September 1960 coup led by Mobutu
Assassination of Patrice Lumumba
Assassination_of_Patrice_Lumumba
article- India during World War 2) During First Kashmir War (1947) During Congo Crisis (1961) During Sino-Indian War (1962) During Second Kashmir War (1965)
List of military operations of India
List_of_military_operations_of_India
British-Irish military officer and mercenary (1919–2020)
the Congo Crisis. Hoare's first mercenary action was in 1961 in Katanga, a province trying to rebel from the newly independent Republic of the Congo. His
Mad_Mike_Hoare
Congolese politician and secessionist leader (1919–1969)
independence as the breakaway State of Katanga, becoming a major actor of the Congo Crisis. Following Lumumba's overthrow and execution by Tshombe's supporters
Moïse_Tshombe
State controlled by an external power
Southeast Borneo Federation West Kalimantan Following the Belgian Congo's independence as Congo-Leopoldville in 1960, Belgian interests supported the short-lived
Puppet_state
Submachine gun
barrel sleeve which was used for parade and guard duties. During the Congo Crisis in the 1960s, the Swedish UN forces used the C version extensively. The
Carl_Gustaf_m/45
1999 Indian military operation
Sumit; Kapur, S. Paul (6 August 2008). Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia: Crisis Behaviour and the Bomb. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-134-06962-0. Archived
Operation_Safed_Sagar
1960–1963 breakaway state in Africa
Congo Crisis, 1958–1965". The International History Review. 25 (3): 592–615. doi:10.1080/07075332.2003.9641007. Jackson, H.F. (1982), From the Congo to
State_of_Katanga
Military forces of the DR Congo
Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (French: Forces armées de la république démocratique du Congo, FARDC) are the national military forces
Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Armed_Forces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
Belgian mercenary soldier
advisor to the Congolese government during the Congo Crisis. During the civil war in Yemen, he and other Congo veterans trained royalist rebels. He participated
Marc_Goosens
French jet trainer aircraft
Six-Day War, the Salvadoran Civil War, the Western Sahara War, and the Congo Crisis. The Magister was also chosen by many aerobatics display teams, including
Fouga_CM.170_Magister
1960–1962 unrecognised state in Africa
Belgian Congo known as the Congo Crisis. Unlike Katanga, however, South Kasai did not explicitly declare full independence from the Republic of the Congo or
South_Kasai
Territory in Central Africa (1885–1908)
The Congo Free State (CFS), also known as the Independent State of the Congo (French: État indépendant du Congo), was a state and absolute monarchy in
Congo_Free_State
Executive officer of the Indian National Security Council
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
National Security Advisor (India)
National_Security_Advisor_(India)
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
List of serving generals of the Indian Army
List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Indian_Army
1963–1965 rebellion in the Congo
place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1963 and 1965 in the wider context of the Congo Crisis and the Cold War. The rebellion, located
Simba_rebellion
Polish mercenary and journalist (1932–2002)
the 1960s, he had first started hearing news reports about the ongoing Congo Crisis. The unrecognized Katanga separatist leader Moïse Tshombe, who in 1961
Rafał_Gan-Ganowicz
1911 diplomatic crisis
The Agadir Crisis, Agadir Incident, or Second Moroccan Crisis, was a brief crisis sparked by the deployment of a substantial force of French troops in
Agadir_Crisis
Aspect of Cuban foreign policy
were captured by the Venezuelan Army and National Guard. During the Congo Crisis, Cuba intervened between April and November of 1965 and provided hundreds
Foreign_interventions_by_Cuba
Swedish aviator and humanitarian (1909–1977)
air crash while mediating in the Congo Crisis. Von Rosen's involvement in Africa did not end with the Congo Crisis. He gained international fame seven
Carl_Gustaf_von_Rosen
President of the United States from 1961 to 1963
side of anti-colonialism and self-determination. Kennedy considered the Congo Crisis to be among the most important foreign policy issues facing his presidency
John_F._Kennedy
Offensive in the Congo Crisis
the Republic of the Congo became the subject to a series of political upheavals and conflicts collectively termed the "Congo Crisis". In 1964, insurgents
Operation Violettes Imperiales
Operation_Violettes_Imperiales
President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979
smuggle ivory and gold into Uganda from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The deal, as later alleged by General Nicholas Olenga, an associate of
Idi_Amin
Director of Central Intelligence from 1953 to 1961
Herbert F. (2007). "Review "INSIDE THE CIA: CONGO IN THE 1980s", of book by Larry Devlin. Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67. New York: Public Affairs"
Allen_Dulles
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
Indian Air Force ranks and insignia
Indian_Air_Force_ranks_and_insignia
Military head of state of Nigeria in 1966
Aguiyi-Ironsi was dispatched to the Republic of the Congo as part of United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC). It was stationed in Kivu Province and headquartered
Johnson_Aguiyi-Ironsi
1977–1990 Prime Minister of the Free Republic of the Congo, in rebellion at Stanleyville, during the Congo Crisis. Chief of Staff since October 1964, until named
List of prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
Head of state
from the original on 19 May 2016. Srivastava, Meera (1980). Constitutional Crisis in the States in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 17. GGKEY:0BS5QYU7XF2
President_of_India
Congolese politician and rebel leader (1929–1968)
politician and communist rebel who led the Kwilu Rebellion during the Congo Crisis. Mulele was a member of the Bapende ethnic group. Prior to his rebel
Pierre_Mulele
from the Free Companies of Feudal France to the White Adventurers in the Congo. Macmillan, 1969. Ancient World Griffith, G. T. The Mercenaries of the Hellenistic
List_of_mercenaries
Irish politician, writer, historian and academic (1917–2008)
authorised that action". This is contradicted in a 2022 book on the Congo crisis by historian Wilhelm Agrell. Faced with the failure of Operation Morthor
Conor_Cruise_O'Brien
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
List of active Indian Navy ships
List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships
Belgian mercenary
and planter. He managed a vast estate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo until 1967. Schramme was born into an upper-middle-class family in Bruges
Jean_Schramme
National military force of Sweden
forces, under the UN flag, have been involved in such conflicts as the Congo Crisis and the military intervention in Libya. The Swedish army has 121 tanks
Swedish_Armed_Forces
1965 offensive in the Congo Crisis
the Republic of the Congo became the subject to a series of political upheavals and conflicts collectively termed the "Congo Crisis". In 1964, various
Operation_South
Head of government
Retrieved 5 April 2018 – via Research Gate. "Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis". BBC. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2018. "India releases pictures
Prime_Minister_of_India
Ongoing oil shortage and economic crisis
a fuel blockade on Cuba, causing an ongoing fuel shortage and economic crisis in the latter. As an island, Cuba heavily depends on importing petroleum
2026 United States fuel blockade on Cuba
2026_United_States_fuel_blockade_on_Cuba
Indian Army officer and member of a United Nations peacekeeping force
Indian troops deployed to the Republic of the Congo as part of the United Nations Operation in the Congo. On 5 December, as part of Operation Unokat, Salaria's
Gurbachan_Singh_Salaria
Armed conflict in South Asia
Waters Treaty, prompting responsive measures and leading to a diplomatic crisis and border skirmishes. According to military aviation magazine AirForces
2025_India–Pakistan_conflict
Professional head of the Army
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
Chief of the Army Staff (India)
Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)
Military head of state of Nigeria from 1975 to 1976
as a cadet in the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. He later served in Congo; eventually rose through the ranks to become brigadier general in 1971,
Murtala_Muhammed
Military youth organization
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
National_Cadet_Corps_(India)
Former U.S. Unified Combatant Command (1947–1999)
Commander, Tactical Air Command, during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The beginning of the Congo Crisis in mid 1960 shift planners' attention to potential tasks
United States Atlantic Command
United_States_Atlantic_Command
Civil uprising in Congo
modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. The rebellion took place in the wider context of the Cold War and the Congo Crisis. Led by Pierre Mulele, a follower
Kwilu_rebellion
American non-profit organization
abuses in the Democratic Republic of Congo. During two 2008 trips, Affleck reported on the humanitarian crisis for ABC News Nightline and directed a
Eastern_Congo_Initiative
Ethiopian general; chairman of the Derg in 1974
military career, commanding Ethiopian contingents in the Korean War and Congo Crisis. In 1962, he was promoted to major general. During the 1964 Ethiopian–Somali
Aman_Andom
International airport serving Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
played a significant operational role during the early stages of the Congo Crisis. Following the mutiny of the Force Publique, thousands of expatriates
N'djili_International_Airport
Professional head of the Indian Air Force
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
Chief of the Air Staff (India)
Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(India)
Special units or platoons of the Indian army performing special tasks
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
Special_forces_of_India
2016 historical action-war film
Jadotville during the United Nations Operation in the Congo in September 1961, part of the Congo Crisis that stretched from 1960 to 1965. First screened at
The Siege of Jadotville (film)
The_Siege_of_Jadotville_(film)
Army mutinies in the Republic of the Congo
throughout the Bas-Congo and engulfed the country in disorder, beginning the Congo Crisis. The Force Publique was long characterised by repressive police actions
1960_Force_Publique_mutinies
government. As central authority collapsed due to the outbreak of the Congo Crisis following an army mutiny in July, provincial governments were able to
Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Provinces_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
Offensive in the Congo Crisis
the Republic of the Congo became the subject to a series of political upheavals and conflicts collectively termed the "Congo Crisis". In 1964, insurgents
Operation_White_Giant
Indian army command
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
South_Western_Command_(India)
Current aircraft of the Indian Armed Forces
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
List of active Indian military aircraft
List_of_active_Indian_military_aircraft
Aerodrome -- India's first overseas base that came to the rescue in Afghan crisis". ThePrint. Retrieved 25 August 2021. "India Withdraws from Ayni Airbase"
Overseas military bases of India
Overseas_military_bases_of_India
Rank in the Bangladeshi, Indian and Pakistani armies
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
Havildar
Inter-service defence organisation in India
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
Armed_Forces_Medical_Services
appeared on the tables up to the 1950s and was eaten and sold during the Congo Crisis in the 1960s. Occasional reports of cannibalism during violent conflicts
Cannibalism_in_Africa
Head of the United Nations Secretariat
Retrieved 2 December 2023. Linnér, S. (2007). Dag Hammarskjöld and the Congo crisis, 1960–61. Archived 5 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Page 28. Uppsala
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations
Military head of the Indian Navy
2013 2014–2015 2016–2018 2019 2020–2021 2025 China 1987 2017 2020–2021 Congo Crisis Korean War Kuwait rescue Myanmar counter-insurgency Operation Cactus
Chief of the Naval Staff (India)
Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)
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