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The cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) calculation method, also called the cooling load factor (CLF) or solar cooling load factor (SCL) method, is
Cooling load temperature difference calculation method
Cooling_load_temperature_difference_calculation_method
Rate of air temperature movement
radiant time series, cooling load temperature difference, transfer function, and sol-air temperature. Methods calculate the cooling load in either steady
Cooling_load
Applies an electric current to heat or cool materials
across the junction of the semiconductors, causing a temperature difference. The side with the cooling plate absorbs heat which is then transported by the
Thermoelectric_heat_pump
Waste-heat-removal system
engine cooling uses either air or liquid to remove the waste heat from an internal combustion engine. For small or special purpose engines, cooling using
Internal combustion engine cooling
Internal_combustion_engine_cooling
Technique for ventilation of a building
Fred; Webster, Tom (February–March 2011). "Simplified calculation method for design cooling loads in underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems". Energy
Underfloor_air_distribution
Control loop feedback mechanism
available. Overshoot of rising temperature can only be corrected slowly; active cooling is not available to force temperature downward as a function of the
PID_controller
Category of HVAC technologies
hydronic cooling systems in Europe, embedding cool water pipes in structures to absorb and dissipate heat, meeting cooling loads. Radiant cooling became
Radiant_heating_and_cooling
efficiency. Loads served by the heating/cooling system that are not included in peak heating/ cooling block load calculations. These loads include duct
Glossary of geothermal heating and cooling
Glossary_of_geothermal_heating_and_cooling
Amount of heat a computer's cooling system must dissipate
exceeding the maximum junction temperature for the laptop's CPU. A cooling system can do this using an active cooling method (e.g. conduction coupled with
Thermal_design_power
Reversible transition in amorphous materials
supercooled liquid at this same temperature. Tg is located at the intersection between the cooling curve (volume versus temperature) for the glassy state and
Glass_transition
Satisfaction with the thermal environment
body can continue to operate. The heat transfer is proportional to temperature difference. In cold environments, more heat is released than the body generates
Thermal_comfort
Cooling of air in an enclosed space
a mechanical air conditioner or through other methods, such as passive cooling and ventilative cooling. Air conditioning is a member of a family of systems
Air_conditioning
Passive heat exchanger that transfers heat
of their temperature. Effective cooling is therefore essential. A case study of a LED based downlighter shows an example of the calculations done in order
Heat_sink
Form of central heating and cooling
Underfloor heating and cooling is a form of central heating and cooling that achieves indoor climate control for thermal comfort using hydronic or electrical
Underfloor_heating
Lowest theoretical temperature
nears this limit, further reductions in temperature become increasingly difficult, regardless of the cooling method used. In 2018, scientists at the University
Absolute_zero
American building thermal comfort standard
References Normative Appendix A: Methods for determining operative temperature Normative Appendix B: Computer program for calculation of PMV/PPD Normative Appendix
ASHRAE_55
Component of central heating and cooling systems
Automatic balancing valves are utilised in central heating and cooling systems that rely on flow of water through the system. They use the latest flow
Automatic_balancing_valve
Ratio to describe data-center efficiency
Miami. A colder climate results in a lesser need for a massive cooling system. Cooling systems account for roughly 30 percent of consumed energy in a
Power_usage_effectiveness
Method in chemical engineering
streams, as a function of heat load (product of specific enthalpy and mass flow rate; SI unit W) against temperature (SI unit K). These data are combined
Pinch_analysis
Energy storage technique
around a temperature lower than this critical temperature. The heat loads that must be removed by the cooling system include conduction through the support
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
Superconducting_magnetic_energy_storage
Effects of thermal limits on nuclear operations
refinement for fuel reload design optimization. Improvements in calculation methods allow engineers to reduce unnecessary safety margins without increasing
Thermal_limits_(nuclear)
Equipment used to transfer heat between fluids
but cooling coils must be adequately designed and selected to handle their particular latent (moisture) as well as the sensible (cooling) loads. The
Heat_exchanger
Type of Soviet nuclear power reactor
independent cooling circuits, each having four main circulating pumps (three operating, one standby) that service one half of the reactor. The cooling water
RBMK
System to cool the air in a vehicle
(5): 954–969. doi:10.1016/j.eng.2019.02.009. ISSN 2095-8099. "Design Load Calculation Tools | Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnerships". neep.org. Retrieved
Automotive_air_conditioning
Separation of a mixture into its component parts
Packing columns are normally used for smaller towers and loads that are corrosive or temperature-sensitive or for vacuum service where pressure drop is
Fractional_distillation
Materials' resistance to heat transfer
measured in units of kelvins per watt (K/W) and indicates how much temperature difference (in kelvins) is required to transfer a unit of heat current (in
Thermal conductance and resistance
Thermal_conductance_and_resistance
delta T) a reference to a temperature difference. It is used to describe the difference in temperature of a heating or cooling medium as it enters and as
Glossary_of_HVAC_terms
Intentional introduction of outside air into a space
ventilation and passive cooling systems were widely written about around the Mediterranean by Classical times. Both heat and cooling sources, such as fountains
Ventilation_(architecture)
Flat, horizontal concrete element of modern buildings
heavy load and seasonal temperature shifts. Constantine published his findings in the Journal of Structural Materials in 1931, and his method was quickly
Concrete_slab
Materials whose temperature variance leads to voltage change
voltage from temperature difference), Peltier effect (driving heat flow with an electric current), and Thomson effect (reversible heating or cooling within
Thermoelectric_materials
Measure of how well an object, per unit of area, resists conductive flow of heat
additive for multiple layers of materials. R-value is defined as the temperature difference needed to sustain one unit of heat flux between the warmer surface
R-value_(insulation)
Climatic cooling after the Medieval Warm Period (16th–19th centuries)
global mean temperature changes in past centuries. ... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern
Little_Ice_Age
Machine to increase pressure of gas by reducing its volume
further compresses the gas and increases its pressure and also temperature (if inter cooling between stages is not used). Compressors are similar to pumps:
Compressor
Manufacturing styles of an electronic device
rated voltage. Examples for calculations of individual pulse loads are given by many manufactures, e.g. WIMA and Kemet. An AC load only can be applied to a
Capacitor_types
Form of fusion power
spreading thermal load from across multiple beams while coherently combining their energy. Efficient gas-cooled or cryogenic cooling systems are essential
Aneutronic_fusion
Distance traveled by a vehicle compared to volume of fuel consumed
steering assistance or an electrically powered hydraulic pump. Cooling. The older cooling systems used a constantly engaged mechanical fan to draw air through
Fuel_economy_in_automobiles
Concentration of water vapour in the air
the given temperature. There is a very small difference described under "Enhancement factor" below, which can be neglected in many calculations unless great
Humidity
Most common type of heat pump
(10 December 2022). "Electrification of residential heating, cooling and hot water: Load smoothing using onsite photovoltaics, heat pump and thermal batteries"
Air_source_heat_pump
Resistance of a fluid to shear deformation
of Water – a table of water viscosity as a function of temperature Calculation of temperature-dependent dynamic viscosities for some common components
Viscosity
Speed that exceeds five times the speed of sound (Mach 5 and above)
is extremely difficult, since, due to the calculation of the radiation at each point, the computation load theoretically expands exponentially as the
Hypersonic_speed
Electricity generation by nuclear fusion
for plasma containment must consider: A heating and cooling cycle, up to a 10 MW/m2 thermal load. Neutron radiation, which over time leads to neutron
Fusion_power
Simultaneous generation of electricity and useful heat
at moderate temperatures (100–180 °C (212–356 °F) can also be used in absorption refrigerators for cooling. The supply of high-temperature heat first drives
Cogeneration
regulation from engine load (from MAP sensor) Correction of advance angle depending on temperature (various types of coolant temperature sensors) Correction
SECU-3
Hypothetical climatic effect of nuclear war
surface temperature. The severity of this cooling in Alan Robock's model suggests that the cumulative products of 100 of these firestorms could cool the global
Nuclear_winter
Combustion engine using an eccentric rotary design
reciprocating engine. With circumferential or axial flow cooling, the temperature difference remains tolerable. Problems arose during research in the
Wankel_engine
Use of sunlight for water heating with a solar thermal collector
environmental load of an average European inhabitant) in Greece, a purely gas-driven system may have fewer emissions than a solar system. This calculation assumes
Solar_water_heating
Measurement of electromagnetic radiation
plants, the heating and cooling loads of buildings, climate modeling and weather forecasting, passive daytime radiative cooling applications, and space
Solar_irradiance
Test method using liquid-cooled closed booth [Withdrawn without replacement] ISO 3150:1975 Radiators, convectors and similar appliances — Calculation of
List of ISO standards 3000–4999
List_of_ISO_standards_3000–4999
State of matter
gaining increasing attention. High-density atomic gases super-cooled to very low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either Bose
Gas
Device for measuring a physical quantity
meter. Also called component bridge due to the bridge circuit method of measurement. Temperature-related considerations dominate thermodynamics. There are
List_of_measuring_instruments
temperature T {\displaystyle T} . If the temperature is allowed to vary, the equation must be integrated over the temperature path. This calculation of
Introduction_to_entropy
Solar energy effect
its potential for overheating a space. To minimize this and reduce cooling loads, several technologies exist for solar gain reduction. SHGC is influenced
Solar_gain
Non-airbreathing engine used to propel a missile or vehicle
copper alloys must employ cooling systems to limit the temperatures that engine structures experience. Regenerative cooling, where the propellant is passed
Rocket_engine
Force resisting sliding motion
interactions involved makes the calculation of friction from first principles difficult, and it is often easier to use empirical methods for analysis and the development
Friction
Technique used to attain a high quality factor in resonant cavities
– a good electrical conductor – and operated near room temperature with exterior water cooling to remove the heat generated by the electrical loss in
Superconducting radio frequency
Superconducting_radio_frequency
Extracting energy from the ocean
conversion (OTEC) is a renewable energy technology that harnesses the temperature difference between the warm surface waters of the ocean and the cold depths
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion
Solid conductive electrolyte
polymerization rate can be controlled by cryogenic cooling or by electrochemical polymerization. The cooling method requires a very great technical effort and
Polymer_capacitor
Lubricant used for internal combustion engines
under high load. This typically takes longer than heating the main cooling agent – water or mixtures thereof – up to its operating temperature. In order
Motor_oil
Producing special gas mixtures to specification
the process, but requires accurate measurement of mass or weight, and calculation of constituent masses from the specified molar ratio. Both partial pressure
Gas_blending
Technology for constructing integrated circuits
II processors with a combination of liquid nitrogen and liquid helium cooling. Silicon carbide CMOS devices have been tested for a year at 500 °C. Ultra
CMOS
Electrical device that uses batteries to prevent any interruption of power flow
systems. Larger systems (such as for data centers) require detailed calculation of the load, inverter efficiency, and battery characteristics to ensure the
Uninterruptible_power_supply
Type of nuclear fission reactor
dissipated. Some SMR designs proposes cooling systems only based on thermoconvection – natural circulation – to eliminate cooling pumps that could break down.
Small_modular_reactor
Concept nuclear reactor whose water operates at supercritical pressure
to cool the entire vessel wall with feedwater, but results in a complex and materially demanding (high temperature, high temperature differences, high
Supercritical_water_reactor
zero The lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken
Glossary_of_engineering:_A–L
Compound of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
of 2-3 water monolayers. Cooling the graphite oxide/H2O samples results in "pseudo-negative thermal expansion" and cooling below the freezing point of
Graphite_oxide
it and cooled by the gas surrounding it. If the gas pressure is reduced, the cooling effect will decrease, hence the equilibrium temperature of the wire
Pressure_measurement
Chart showing compressor performance
as engine temperature ratio. Grandcoing shows the constant temperature lines crossed as a helicopter compressor goes from no-load to full-load with increasing
Compressor_map
Precipitation in the form of ice crystal flakes
ambient temperature, wind, and precipitation. Initial snowmelt models used a degree-day approach that emphasized the temperature difference between the
Snow
Magnetic confinement device used to produce thermonuclear fusion power
through the chamber's inner wall to a water-cooling system, where the heated water proceeds to an external cooling system through convection. Turbomolecular
Tokamak
Hypothetical travel between stars or planetary systems
for a trip to Barnard's Star using a more precise concept of the wait calculation where for a given destination and growth rate in propulsion capacity
Interstellar_travel
Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability
Reliability Centered Maintenance, (probabilistic) load and material stress and wear calculations, (probabilistic) fatigue and creep analysis, human error
Reliability_engineering
typically expand in response to heating and contract on cooling; this dimensional response to temperature change is expressed by its coefficient of thermal
Glossary_of_fuel_cell_terms
Flow of electric charge
magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8
Electric_current
Engineering discipline
uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computers are used to perform the calculations required to
Mechanical_engineering
Division of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center
Microwave Tubes. Analyses include calculation of Electric Potential and Electric Field using Finite Element Method (FEM). Particular FEM analysis tools
Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division
Naval_Surface_Warfare_Center_Crane_Division
Analytical technique
or tributylphosphine are added to the sample buffer. After cooling to room temperature, each sample is pipetted into its own well in the gel, which
SDS-PAGE
Machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
designed armature winding sets. Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible operation period before destruction by overheating
Electric_motor
Lighter-than-air aircraft
balloon depends primarily upon the difference between the temperature of the air inside the envelope and the temperature of the air outside the envelope
Hot_air_balloon
Cylindrical container for storing pressurised gas
and is the standard method for filling liquefied gases, as the pressure of a vapour over liquid is determined by the temperature, making it an unreliable
Gas_cylinder
Replication of aspects of building performance
had been developed focusing on energy assessments and heating/cooling load calculations. This effort resulted in more powerful simulation engines released
Building performance simulation
Building_performance_simulation
Genus of insect
achieve flight with the degree of wing loading necessary. 'Supposedly someone did a back of the envelope calculation, taking the weight of a bumblebee and
Bumblebee
Incoherent light source
power-loading capacity of the glass. Power loading is determined by the type and thickness of the glass, and the cooling method that is used. Power loading
Flashtube
Standard for green building design
load assumptions made by 92 energy modeling practitioners against ASHRAE and Title 24 requirements, and the evaluation of the plug load calculation methodology
LEED
Type of nuclear reactor that uses molten material as fuel
not be confused with designs that use a molten salt for cooling only (fluoride high-temperature reactors) and still have a solid fuel. Molten salt reactors
Liquid fluoride thorium reactor
Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor
Type of capacitor
time (useful life, load life, service life) T0 = upper category temperature (°C) TA = temperature (°C) of the case or ambient temperature near the capacitor
Aluminum electrolytic capacitor
Aluminum_electrolytic_capacitor
Motorcycle technology and verification
heavier one. The difference between GVWR and wet weight is how much the motorcycle can safely carry, including the rider, fuel, and other load. As its weight
Motorcycle testing and measurement
Motorcycle_testing_and_measurement
Jet engine where combustion takes place in supersonic airflow
high-energy fuels and active cooling schemes to maintain sustained operation, often using hydrogen and regenerative cooling techniques. All scramjet engines
Scramjet
Chemical compound
only of low temperatures, but also of a low level of inner-cloud turbulence. Line ratio calculations provide a measurement of cloud temperature that is independent
Ammonia
introduced in the 1920s and 1930s for natural-gas compression cooling in remote locations where cooling water was unavailable, employed simple flat-plate headers
Air_Cooler_Header_Box
structures which place the load parallel to the draw direction would increase strength. Mixing polymers is another method of increasing strength, particularly
Strengthening mechanisms of materials
Strengthening_mechanisms_of_materials
Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources
Assessment Report contains LCOE calculations for broad range of energy sources in the following four scenarios: 10% WACC, high full load hours (FLH), no carbon
Cost_of_electricity_by_source
Interdisciplinary field of hydrology, mechanics and meteorology
the atmosphere toward the snow surface, which is cooled by radiative cooling below ambient temperature. Melt Forms (MF) – Range from clustered round grains
Snow_science
Class of chemical substance
to increase energy efficiency in room temperature space cooling applications. When cooling outdoor air, a cooling unit must deal with the air's sensible
Metal–organic_framework
Material with Vickers hardness exceeding 40 gigapascals
high thermal stability. Depending on the heating method, it will maintain its mass up to temperatures of 600–800 °C, with any drop being due to loss of
Superhard_material
Device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity
high operating temperature is required. According to their website, Ceres Power, a UK SOFC fuel cell manufacturer, has developed a method of reducing the
Fuel_cell
Low-pressure voids formed in liquids
major difference between the two is the thermodynamic paths that precede the formation of the vapor. Boiling occurs when the local temperature of the
Cavitation
Method to produce electricity from solar radiation
temperature. This means that a 100 degree increase in surface temperature could decrease the efficiency of a solar cell by about half. Self-cooling solar
Photovoltaics
Arrangement and function of the components of regulators for underwater diving
compensate for the cooling effect of the expanding incoming air once the water temperature is much below 4 °C (39 °F), and once the water temperature drops below
Mechanism of diving regulators
Mechanism_of_diving_regulators
Multi-wavelength imaging method
the Multivariate Optical Element spectral calculation engine or the Spatial Light Modulator spectral calculation engine. In these platforms, chemical information
Hyperspectral_imaging
Fluid dynamics in buildings
internal environment of buildings: wind loading, ventilation analysis and heating/cooling load calculations. Previously, most building-related issues
CFD_in_buildings
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