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Problem in computer science
the count-distinct problem (also known in applied mathematics as the cardinality estimation problem) is the problem of finding the number of distinct elements
Count-distinct_problem
Approximate distinct counting algorithm
for the count-distinct problem, approximating the number of distinct elements in a multiset. Calculating the exact cardinality of the distinct elements
HyperLogLog
Algorithm for estimating a count of distinct elements
(the count-distinct problem). The algorithm was introduced by Philippe Flajolet and G. Nigel Martin in their 1984 article "Probabilistic Counting Algorithms
Flajolet–Martin_algorithm
the element distinctness problem or element uniqueness problem is the problem of determining whether all the elements of a list are distinct. It is a well
Element_distinctness_problem
American computer scientist (born 1984)
(with Daniel Kane), and an asymptotically optimal algorithm for the count-distinct problem (with Daniel Kane and David P. Woodruff). He holds two patents related
Jelani_Nelson
American computer scientist
contributions include an asymptotically optimal streaming algorithm for the count-distinct problem, which received the best paper award at the 2010 Symposium on Principles
David_P._Woodruff
Topics referred to by the same term
Life Line, used for fall arrest HyperLogLog, algorithm for the count-distinct problem Hell Let Loose, multiplayer WWII first-person shooter video game
HLL
Type of function in database management
cases approximations can be distributed; examples include DISTINCT COUNT (Count-distinct problem), MEDIAN, and MODE. Such functions are called decomposable
Aggregate_function
Mathematical problem involving optimal stopping theory
known as the marriage problem, the sultan's dowry problem, the fussy suitor problem, the googol game, and the best choice problem. Its solution is also
Secretary_problem
American mathematician
(PODS) best paper awards for work on an optimal algorithm for the count-distinct problem. The bulk of his modern research consists of computational statistics
Daniel_Kane_(mathematician)
Probability of shared birthdays
In probability theory, the birthday problem asks for the probability that, in a set of n randomly chosen people, at least two will share the same birthday
Birthday_problem
NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization
In the theory of computational complexity, the travelling salesman problem (TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances
Travelling_salesman_problem
cannot be distinct. The inverse Galois problem: is every finite group the Galois group of a Galois extension of the rationals? Isomorphism problem of Coxeter
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
Problem in combinatorial optimization
The knapsack problem is the following problem in combinatorial optimization: Given a set of items, each with a weight and a value, determine which items
Knapsack_problem
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
integer k. #SAT, the problem of counting how many variable assignments satisfy a formula, is a counting problem, not a decision problem, and is #P-complete
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Thought experiment
correct" stems from the fact that interpreting the problem details differently can lead to two distinct noncooperative games. Each strategy is optimal for
Newcomb's_problem
Open problem on 3x+1 and x/2 functions
Unsolved problem in mathematics For even numbers, divide by 2; For odd numbers, multiply by 3 and add 1. With enough repetition, do all positive integers
Collatz_conjecture
Probability puzzle
The Monty Hall problem is a brain teaser, in the form of a probability puzzle, based nominally on the American television game show Let's Make a Deal
Monty_Hall_problem
Finding the number of elements of a finite set
(bridge) Cardinal number Combinatorics Count data Counting (music) Counting problem (complexity) Counting sheep Counting-out game Developmental psychology
Counting
Mathematical problem set on a chessboard
puzzle has 92 distinct solutions. If solutions that differ only by the symmetry operations of rotation and reflection of the board are counted as one, the
Eight_queens_puzzle
Unsolved problem in computer science
Unsolved problem in computer science If the solution to a problem can be checked in polynomial time, must the problem be solvable in polynomial time? More
P_versus_NP_problem
Ethical problem in religion
The problem of Hell is a purported ethical problem in the Abrahamic religions of Christianity and Islam, in which the existence of Hell or Jahannam for
Problem_of_Hell
Counts the number of necklaces of n colored beads picked from α available colors
necklace polynomial, or Moreau's necklace-counting function, introduced by C. Moreau (1872), counts the number of distinct necklaces of n {\displaystyle n} colored
Necklace_polynomial
French noble
Raymond III is the designation assigned to distinct or possibly-distinct counts of Toulouse in the mid-to-late 10th century. Recent scholarship has overturned
Raymond III, Count of Toulouse
Raymond_III,_Count_of_Toulouse
Process of calculating the causal factors that produced a set of observations
An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating
Inverse_problem
This is a list of some of the major problems in philosophy. A counterfactual statement is a conditional statement with a false antecedent. For example
List of philosophical problems
List_of_philosophical_problems
Probabilistic problem-solving algorithm
use randomness to solve deterministic problems. Monte Carlo methods are mainly used in three distinct problem classes: optimization, numerical integration
Monte_Carlo_method
In number theory, a limitation of sieve theory
problem refers to a limitation in sieve theory that prevents sieves from giving good estimates in many kinds of prime-counting problems. The problem was
Parity_problem
Routine laboratory test of blood cells
A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a full blood count (FBC) or full haemogram (FHG), is a set of medical laboratory tests that provide information
Complete_blood_count
following is a list of notable unsolved problems grouped into broad areas of physics. Some of the major unsolved problems in physics are theoretical, meaning
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
Geometry problem about finding touching circles
tangent to the other two given objects, it is counted as a solution to Apollonius's problem. Two distinct geometrical objects are said to intersect if
Problem_of_Apollonius
Philosophy terms referring to an observer versus the thing observed
in that objects cannot be referred to by predicates. Some philosophers count abstract objects as objects, while others do not. Terms similar to such
Subject and object (philosophy)
Subject_and_object_(philosophy)
Prime Minister of the Russian Empire from 1905 to 1906
Count Sergei Yulyevich Witte (Russian: Сергей Юльевич Витте, romanized: Sergey Yulyevich Vitte, IPA: [sʲɪrˈɡʲej ˈjʉlʲjɪvʲɪtɕ ˈvʲitːɛ]; 29 June [O.S. 17
Sergei_Witte
Chances of card combinations in poker
are not considered. In this chart: Distinct hands are the number of different ways to draw the hand, not counting different suits. In particular, a set
Poker_probability
physically the strongest Beta werewolf of the pack. Derek treated Boyd distinctly differently from the way he treated Isaac and Erica. Isaac and Erica were
List of Teen Wolf (2011 TV series) secondary characters
List_of_Teen_Wolf_(2011_TV_series)_secondary_characters
Arrangement of points on a sphere
possible configurations of N distinct points is typically found by numerical minimization algorithms. Thomson's problem is related to the 7th of the eighteen
Thomson_problem
Count of Barcelona and other counties (died 897)
called the Hairy (in Catalan: Guifré el Pilós), (died 11 August 897) was Count of Urgell (from 870), Cerdanya (from 870), Barcelona (from 878), Girona
Wilfred_the_Hairy
Unanswered question in the study of consciousness
binding problem is the problem of how objects, background, and abstract or emotional features are combined into a single experience. The binding problem refers
Binding_problem
Problem in probability theory
The problem of points, also called the problem of division of the stakes, is a classical problem in probability theory. One of the famous problems that
Problem_of_points
Sorting algorithm
algorithm. It operates by counting the number of objects that possess distinct key values, and applying prefix sum on those counts to determine the positions
Counting_sort
Decision tree training concept
high amount of distinct values, this will not be chosen to be tested near the root. Although information gain ratio solves the key problem of information
Information_gain_ratio
Natural number
constant of n − {\displaystyle n-} Queens Problem for n = 4 {\displaystyle n=4} . There are 34 topologically distinct convex heptahedra, excluding mirror images
34_(number)
Word appearing only once in a text or record
Thus, in the Brown Corpus of American English, about half of the 50,000 distinct words are hapax legomena within that corpus. Hapax legomenon refers to
Hapax_legomenon
Methodic assignment of colors to elements of a graph
Vertex coloring is often used to introduce graph coloring problems, since other coloring problems can be transformed into a vertex coloring instance. For
Graph_coloring
science, the Sharp Satisfiability Problem (sometimes called Sharp-SAT, #SAT or model counting) is the problem of counting the number of interpretations that
♯SAT
Children's counting-out rhyme
miny, moe" – which can be spelled a number of ways – is a children's counting-out rhyme, used to select a person in games such as tag, or for selecting
Eeny,_meeny,_miny,_moe
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
as the Boson Sampling Problem, depending on the size of coherent amplitude inputs. The element distinctness problem is the problem of determining whether
Quantum_algorithm
Probabilistic data structure
the count is smaller than θ, this circumstance is defined as false positive. This also should be minimized like Bloom filter. About hashing problem and
Counting_Bloom_filter
Partition into subsets from a given family
maximum rather than an exact queen count. Due to its NP-completeness, any problem in NP can be reduced to exact cover problems, which then can be solved with
Exact_cover
Geometric shape formed from squares
square grid, which is an equivalent problem but computationally easier. This approach holds the polyomino-counting record, with 70 terms. As a rule, TMAs
Polyomino
United States law on the counting of electoral votes
The Electoral Count Act of 1887 (ECA) (Pub. L. 49–90, 24 Stat. 373, later codified at Title 3, Chapter 1) is a United States federal law that added to
Electoral_Count_Act
Multiple ways for multi-joint objects to realize a movement
In neuroscience and motor control, the degrees of freedom problem or motor equivalence problem states that there are multiple ways for humans or animals
Degrees_of_freedom_problem
Area of combinatorics that deals with the number of ways certain patterns can be formed
patterns can be formed. Two examples of this type of problem are counting combinations and counting permutations. More generally, given an infinite collection
Enumerative_combinatorics
Mathematical problem
Gardner, who featured this variant of the problem in his November 1959 Mathematical Games column, the number of distinct solutions was incorrectly stated to
Mutually orthogonal Latin squares
Mutually_orthogonal_Latin_squares
Method of a dimension reduction
moments of streams (these calculations require counting of the number of occurrences for the distinct elements of the stream). The sketch is nearly identical[citation
Count_sketch
Class of algorithms operating on data streams
variance for normalization. Counting the number of distinct elements in a stream (sometimes called the F0 moment) is another problem that has been well studied
Streaming_algorithm
Basic concept of graph theory
given vertices are connected the ST-reliability problem. Both of these are #P-hard. The number of distinct connected labeled graphs with n nodes is tabulated
Connectivity_(graph_theory)
King of Portugal from 1139 to 1185
defeated his mother at the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 and became sole Count of Portugal soon afterwards. In 1139, Afonso renounced the suzerainty of
Afonso_I_of_Portugal
Set of edges without common vertices
#P-complete to count perfect matchings, even in bipartite graphs, because computing the permanent of an arbitrary 0–1 matrix (another #P-complete problem) is the
Matching_(graph_theory)
Computer science problem
In computer science, the longest increasing subsequence problem aims to find a subsequence of a given sequence in which the subsequence's elements are
Longest increasing subsequence
Longest_increasing_subsequence
Mathematical problem
Unsolved problem in statistics Is an approximation analogous to Fisher's argument necessary to solve the Behrens–Fisher problem? More unsolved problems in statistics
Behrens–Fisher_problem
Systematic classification of 12 related enumerative problems concerning two finite sets
classification of 12 related enumerative problems concerning two finite sets, which include the classical problems of counting permutations, combinations, multisets
Twelvefold_way
Historical French state (855–1487)
those of the counts of Arles, Avignon, and Apt. The viscounty of Apt quickly disappeared around 1017–1018. The appointment of distinct lords in Marseille
County_of_Provence
Machine used to vote in elections
Voting machines should not be confused with tabulating machines, which count votes done by paper ballot. Voting machines differ in usability, security
Voting_machine
no distinct location, other real people appear in the narrative, including the series' illustrator, Brett Helquist, and Daniel Handler himself. Count Olaf
List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters
List_of_A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_characters
open problems. As in other areas of mathematics, such problems are often made public at professional conferences and meetings. Many of the problems posed
List of problems in loop theory and quasigroup theory
List_of_problems_in_loop_theory_and_quasigroup_theory
Class of integer
integer that can be expressed as a sum of two positive integer cubes in n distinct ways. The most famous taxicab number is 1729 = Ta(2) = 13 + 123 = 93 +
Taxicab_number
On unit fractions adding to 4/n
the problem. Some researchers additionally require that the integers x {\displaystyle x} , y {\displaystyle y} , and z {\displaystyle z} be distinct from
Erdős–Straus_conjecture
Problem arising when multiple people claim the title of emperor
In historiography, the problem of two emperors or two-emperor problem (deriving from the German term Zweikaiserproblem) is the historical contradiction
Problem_of_two_emperors
Equivalence class in mathematics
numbers. For a given set of n beads, all distinct, the number of distinct necklaces made from these beads, counting rotated necklaces as the same, is n!/n
Necklace_(combinatorics)
Predominantly Scottish cloth pattern
in a thread count is an even number to assist in manufacture. The first and last threads of the thread count are the pivots. A thread count combined with
Tartan
Figurate number
{T_{n}}{L_{n}}}={\frac {1}{3}}.} The triangular number Tn solves the handshake problem of counting the number of handshakes if each person in a room with n + 1 people
Triangular_number
2017 translation by Emily Wilson
University of Pennsylvania, preserved the original Homeric Greek's line count and reflected its traditional dactylic hexameter by employing the traditional
Odyssey (Emily Wilson translation)
Odyssey_(Emily_Wilson_translation)
Natural number
1729 can be expressed as the quadratic form. Investigating pairs of its distinct integer values that represent every integer the same number of times, Schiemann
1729_(number)
Void between celestial bodies
well as damage to the immune system and changes to the white blood cell count. Over longer durations, symptoms include an increased risk of cancer, plus
Outer_space
Ability to make choices voluntarily
se never count as self-evident proof of anything. Quoted by Shariff, Schooler & Vohs: The hazards of claiming to have solved the hard problem of free will
Free_will
Formula for number of orbits of a group action
some objects: that is, it counts distinct objects, considering objects symmetric to each other as the same; or counting distinct objects up to a symmetry
Burnside's_lemma
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
used problems are decision problems. However, complexity classes can be defined based on function problems, counting problems, optimization problems, promise
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
Generative AI chatbot by OpenAI
around 3% of the time. The term "hallucination" as applied to LLMs is distinct from its meaning in psychology, and the phenomenon in chatbots is more
ChatGPT
Inventory management identifier
unit of measure in which the stocks of a material are managed. It is a distinct type of item for sale, purchase, or tracking in inventory, such as a product
Stock_keeping_unit
Recursive integer sequence
Catalan numbers are a sequence of natural numbers that occur in various counting problems, often involving recursively defined objects. They are named after
Catalan_number
is still an open problem. Like distinct-degree factorization algorithm, Rabin's algorithm is based on the lemma stated above. Distinct-degree factorization
Factorization of polynomials over finite fields
Factorization_of_polynomials_over_finite_fields
Mathematical investigation of Sudoku
of a solution are considered distinct. Symmetries play a significant role in the enumeration strategy, but not in the count of all possible solutions. For
Mathematics_of_Sudoku
Geometric graph with unit edge lengths
distance problem". arXiv:2605.20579 [math.CO]. Erdős, Paul; Fishburn, Peter (1997-03-01). "Minimum planar sets with maximum equidistance counts". Computational
Unit_distance_graph
French football manager (born 1977)
FIFA XI on 16 August 2000 which FIFA and the French Football Federation count as an official friendly match. As of 9 August 2024 Monaco Division 1: 1996–97
Thierry_Henry
Concern for the well-being of others
associated with greater well-being. A study that asked participants to count each act of kindness they performed for one week significantly enhanced
Altruism
Conjecture in number theory
{\displaystyle a+b=c} . The conjecture essentially states that the product of the distinct prime factors of a b c {\displaystyle abc} cannot often be much smaller
Abc_conjecture
Russian writer (1828–1910)
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (/ˈtoʊlstɔɪ, ˈtɒl-/; Russian: Лев Николаевич Толстой, IPA: [ˈlʲef nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj] ; 9 September [O.S. 28 August] 1828
Leo_Tolstoy
Basic unit of taxonomic classification, below genus
theoretical difficulties. If species were fixed and distinct from one another, there would be no problem, but evolutionary processes cause species to change
Species
English singer (born 1995)
musical style as being "dark pop". She is also noted for singing in a "distinct, husky, low register", and her "sultry" tone. Regarding her songwriting
Dua_Lipa
Video-sharing platform
video's view count to freeze at "301" (later "301+") until the actual count was verified to prevent view count fraud. YouTube view counts again began updating
YouTube
Island country in West Africa
of the archipelago's total volume. The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic; the archipelago is a soda-alkaline petrographic province, with
Cape_Verde
Directed graph with no directed cycles
order have the same set of topological orders. The graph enumeration problem of counting directed acyclic graphs was studied by Robinson (1973). The number
Directed_acyclic_graph
Blood test
scattergram, forming distinct clusters which correspond to white blood cell types. The analyzer counts many more cells than are counted in a manual differential
White_blood_cell_differential
Natural number
3^{2}=9=1^{3}+2^{3}} If an odd perfect number exists, it will have at least nine distinct prime factors. 9 is the sum of the cubes of the first two non-zero positive
9
Country in Central Europe
Romů v českých školách jako evropský problém" [Discrimination against Roma in Czech schools as a European problem]. Literární noviny (in Czech). Archived
Czech_Republic
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
people cannot reliably determine what the problem is, what matters, what causes what, or what solution would count as correct. As a result, interpretation
Ambiguity
Cycle through all length-k sequences
{\displaystyle n} . The problem was solved (in the affirmative), along with the count of 2 2 n − 1 − n {\displaystyle 2^{2^{n-1}-n}} distinct solutions, by Camille
De_Bruijn_sequence
Calculated value in diagnosis of anemia
count is misleading in anemic patients. The problem arises because the reticulocyte count is not really a count but rather a percentage: it reports the number
Reticulocyte_production_index
Natural number
icosahedron by Miller's rules. Without counting the icosahedron as a zeroth stellation, this total becomes 58, a count equal to the sum of the first seven
17_(number)
COUNT DISTINCT-PROBLEM
COUNT DISTINCT-PROBLEM
Girl/Female
Muslim
Distinct
Surname or Lastname
Irish (County Limerick)
Irish (County Limerick) : variant of Hartnett.English : variant of Arnold 1.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Distance
Surname or Lastname
English (County Durham, Cleveland)
English (County Durham, Cleveland) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (County Durham)
English (County Durham) : habitational name from a place so named in Tyne and Wear.
Surname or Lastname
English (county Durham)
English (county Durham) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (County Durham)
English (County Durham) : unexplained.
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Distinct
Surname or Lastname
English (County Durham)
English (County Durham) : variant of Jameson.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Sign, Distinct
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : topographic name from Middle English, Old French court(e), curt ‘court’ (Latin cohors, genitive cohortis, ‘yard’, ‘enclosure’). This word was used primarily with reference to the residence of the lord of a manor, and the surname is usually an occupational name for someone employed at a manorial court.English : nickname from Old French, Middle English curt ‘short’, ‘small’ (Latin curtus ‘curtailed’, ‘truncated’, ‘cut short’, ‘broken off’).Irish : reduced form of McCourt.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Distinct; Evident; Plain; Clear
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived on or near a hill, Middle English mount (from Old English munt, reinforced by Old French mont).Scottish : probably a habitational name from places so called in Peeblesshire, Fife, and Lanarkshire.
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Distinct
Boy/Male
Shakespearean English French
King Henry V' Soldier in the King's army.
Girl/Female
Indian
Sign, Distinct
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Muslim, Sindhi
Sign; Distinct; Prophet's Daughter
Surname or Lastname
English (County Durham)
English (County Durham) : variant of Harts. In the U.S. this name is concentrated in NC.
Surname or Lastname
English (County Durham)
English (County Durham) : most probably a habitational name from a lost or unidentified place in northern England.
Girl/Female
British, English
Courtier
COUNT DISTINCT-PROBLEM
COUNT DISTINCT-PROBLEM
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
Jewel
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Major Adult, Orthodox, Guided, Intelligent
Male
Welsh
 Contracted form of Welsh Gareth, possibly GARTH means "old." Compare with another form of Garth.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Mythological flower (Son of Vakula Devi)
Boy/Male
British, Dutch, English, Greek, Latin
Follower of Christ; Diminutive of Christian
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Boatwright.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian
Name of Allah; Sublime; The High; Exalted One
Girl/Female
Finnish, French, German, Hebrew, Swedish
God will Add You; Jehovah Increases; She will Increase; Female Version of Joseph
Boy/Male
Arabic, Farsi, Iranian, Muslim, Parsi
Water; Sun
Boy/Male
Tamil
Sky, Heaven
COUNT DISTINCT-PROBLEM
COUNT DISTINCT-PROBLEM
COUNT DISTINCT-PROBLEM
COUNT DISTINCT-PROBLEM
COUNT DISTINCT-PROBLEM
n.
A count; an earl or lord.
a.
Separated; having an intervening space; at a distance; away.
a.
So separated as not to be confounded with any other thing; not liable to be misunderstood; not confused; well-defined; clear; as, we have a distinct or indistinct view of a prospect.
n.
A division of territory; a defined portion of a state, town, or city, etc., made for administrative, electoral, or other purposes; as, a congressional district, judicial district, land district, school district, etc.
a.
Far separated; far off; not near; remote; -- in place, time, consanguinity, or connection; as, distant times; distant relatives.
a.
Obscure to the mind or senses; not clear; not definite; confused; imperfect; faint; as, indistinct vision; an indistinct sound; an indistinct idea or recollection.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Court-martial
n.
An earldom; the domain of a count or earl.
v. i.
To number or be counted; to possess value or carry weight; hence, to increase or add to the strength or influence of some party or interest; as, every vote counts; accidents count for nothing.
v. t.
To impress, as an animating power, or instinct.
a.
Separate; distinct; disjunct.
n.
Distance.
v. i.
To plead orally; to argue a matter in court; to recite a count.
a.
Not distinct or distinguishable; not separate in such a manner as to be perceptible by itself; as, the indistinct parts of a substance.
v. t.
To draw (the sight, mind, or attention) in different directions; to perplex; to confuse; as, to distract the eye; to distract the attention.
imp. & p. p.
of Court-martial
a.
Indistinct; faint; obscure, as from distance.
v. t.
To outstrip by as much as a distance (see Distance, n., 3); to leave far behind; to surpass greatly.
a.
A natural aptitude or knack; a predilection; as, an instinct for order; to be modest by instinct.
v. t.
To place at a distance or remotely.