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Legislation in British India
could reside. The Criminal Tribes Act 1924 was repealed in August 1949 and former "criminal tribes" were denotified in 1952, when the Act was replaced with
Criminal_Tribes_Act
Political designation of tribes in India
Denotified Tribes are the tribes in India that were listed originally under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, as Criminal Tribes and "addicted to the systematic
Denotified_Tribes
Indian politician (1908- 1963)
One issue particularly impacted on Thevar's political career. The Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) had been enacted in 1920 by the government of the Madras Presidency
Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar
Pasumpon_Muthuramalinga_Thevar
The Nomadic Tribes and Denotified Tribes consist of about 60 million people in India, out of which about five million live in the state of Maharashtra
Nomadic_tribes_in_India
Person with a long criminal record
be a ‘criminal tribe’ under the Criminal Tribes Act were to be known as denotified tribes under the new Habitual Offenders Act. Under this act, these
History-sheeter
Indian caste and ethnic group
of the 20th century, the Koli caste was recognised as a criminal tribe under Criminal Tribes Act by British Indian government because of their anti-social
Koli_people
Caste
Waddars have traditionally been migratory. They were placed under the Criminal Tribes Act by the British. Their first caste association was formed in Chitradurga
Waddar
US federal law
Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act is a United States federal law that provides for extended criminal penalties and a civil cause of action for
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
Racketeer_Influenced_and_Corrupt_Organizations_Act
Law enforcement agency
surrounding the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act, with its archives being repeatedly cited to evidence the existence of 'criminal tribes'. In 1887, a Special
Thuggee and Dacoity Department
Thuggee_and_Dacoity_Department
Government act passed in 1919 by the British in India
the Criminal Tribes Act, and the Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) in March 1922. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rowlatt Act. Champaran
Rowlatt_Act
Subcaste of Koli caste
cricket in India. Chunvalia Kolis were classified as a Criminal Tribe under Criminal Tribes Act by the British Raj because of their purported anti-social
Chunvalia_Koli
Indian activist and politician (1890–1970)
there. Jambulinga Mudaliar vehemently opposed the Criminal Tribes Act and only the Criminal Tribes Act against the Vanniyar Padayachi of the South Arcot
T._M._Jambulingam_Mudaliar
Salt farming Koli caste of Gujarat
China and United States of America. They were listed as Criminal Tribe under Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 by British Indian government because of their rebellions
Agaria
Ethnic group
being habitual criminals, and so were placed under Criminal Tribes Act, although they were underrepresented in the population of criminals and were most
Yerukala_people
Indian gangs of robbers and murderers
colonial authorities as "hereditary criminality" and the campaign served as a precedent for the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act that criminalised itinerant communities
Thuggee
Sub-caste of the Kallars, part of the Mukkulathor community
continuing to oppose the British. They became classified as a criminal tribe under the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA). On 3 April 1920 a group of Piramalai Kallars at
Piramalai_Kallar
Surname list
(born 2 October 1911) was an Indian politician, a fight against Criminal Tribes Act for independence who served as a member of the Uttar Pradesh Riccardo
Pasi_(surname)
Social classification practised in India
were brought under the Criminal Tribes Act. By 1931, the colonial government included 237 criminal castes and tribes under the act in the Madras Presidency
Caste_system_in_India
List of groups engaged in illegal activities
Chickens and the Bulls Black Hand Chicago Black Hand Thuggee (See also Criminal Tribes Act) Garduna Markham Gang England Early crime syndicates Jonathan Wild's
List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates
List_of_criminal_enterprises,_gangs,_and_syndicates
British colonial administrator (1788–1856)
powers over itinerant communities, which later culminated in the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act. Between 1843 and 1849, Sleeman served as the British Resident in
William_Henry_Sleeman
Affirmative action law in India
The Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 was enacted by the Parliament of India to prevent atrocities and hate
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
Scheduled_Caste_and_Scheduled_Tribe_(Prevention_of_Atrocities)_Act,_1989
Students protests in India
roll back the UGC Equity Regulations, 2026. Persecution of Dalits Criminal Tribes Act PTI (27 January 2026). "Student group protests outside UGC office
UGC_Roll_Back_protests
Tribe from Rajasthan, India
the Criminal Tribes Act, designating them ‘habitual criminals’, resulting in social stigmatisation. After Indian independence, the Criminal Tribes Act was
Kalbelia
Person convicted of a crime who was previously convicted of crimes
pitiable conditions of the Criminal Tribes rather than stigmatising them as criminals. As a result, the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 was repealed in 1952
Habitual_offender
Topics referred to by the same term
of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 Criminal Tribes Act, British legislation in India passed in
CTA
Third gender of South Asian cultures
although it was rarely enforced. The community was included in the Criminal Tribes Act (1871), subject to registration, monitoring and stigmatisation. Although
Hijra_(South_Asia)
Non-fixed gender identity
communities in South Asia. Under the Criminal Tribes Act enacted in 1871, British authorities classified Hijras as a criminalized group and subjected them to surveillance
Gender_fluidity
Indigenous group from Tamil Nadu, South India
Tamil Nadu. During British rule in India they were placed under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871. Hence they were stigmatized for a long time, including after
Narikurava
Hindu caste
caste groups, first being those of martial race and other one being Criminal Tribes Act. According to Metcalf, the census exercise further rigidified the
Nishad
colonial period, such groups were often classified as "criminal tribes" under the Criminal Tribes Act, and often lost their traditional sources of income
Caste_in_the_sex_industry
Tribe from Odisha and Western Bengal, India
the colonial period, they were classed as one of the 'criminal tribes' under Criminal Tribes Act 1871, and suffer from social stigma and ostracism in modern
Sabar_people
Tribe and caste of India
During the British Raj, the Vagri were listed under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 as a tribe "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences
Vaghri_people
Indian politician
part in the Indian independence movement, taking part against the criminal tribe act and was imprisoned several times between 1932 and 1944. He was a member
Masuriya_Din
Indian nomadic tribes
Banjaras as a designated criminal tribe continued until after the independence of India, when the repeal of the Criminal Tribes Act caused them to be classified
Banjara_people
Community in the Punjab region
under the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act, which criminalised entire communities by designating them and their members as habitual criminals. Punjab - Police
Mahtam
Term used for "banditry" in the Indian subcontinent
agents of Sax Rohmer's Fu Manchu. Meenas Organised crime in India Criminal Tribes Act Nigerian bandit conflict Here, "Anglo-Indian" refers to the language
Dacoity
Nomadic tribe in India
documented by V. T. P. Vivian in his A Handbook of Criminal Tribes of the Punjab (1912). The Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1952, after the independence
Babaria
Tribe within the Indian subcontinent
In the British Raj, the Kanjaris were listed under the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act as a tribe "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offenses
Kanjar
Ethnic group in western India
Government classified them as a "criminal tribe" under the Criminal Tribes Act. Presently they are described as a Scheduled Tribe by the Indian Government. Currently
Meena
minor clashes between opposing student groups. Mandal Commission Criminal Tribes Act Singh, Rajeev (27 January 2026). "UGC anti-discrimination rules 2026:
UGC_Equity_Regulations,_2026
Tribe mostly belonging to the state of Maharashtra, India
nomadic, forest-dwelling people listed by the British Raj under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, a stigma that continues to this day. The Katkari were at
Katkari_people
Artisan Caste found in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra
region. During British rule, the Oddes were classified under the Criminal Tribes Act, a designation that severely restricted their mobility and economic
Vaddera
Indigenous community South Asia
groups, the Bhils were designated as a criminal tribe by the British colonial government under the Criminal Tribes Act 1871, which meant that a Bhil could
Bhil
Indian freedom activist and social worker
Prakasam. During his tenure, he fought for the scrapping of the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871. He received Padma Bhushan from Government of India in 1973
Vennelakanti_Raghavayya
Nomadic tribe in India
Hinduism, was considered primitive, mixed, and debased. After the Criminal Tribes Act was imposed, the Sansi were labelled down to a very pitiful position
Sansi_people
Ethnic group
During British rule in India, the Kuravas were classified under the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 and subsequently denotified in 1952 following Indian independence
Kurava
Nomadic communities in India
legislative measure, the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) in 1871, and as a result of which nearly 200 such communities stood ‘notified’ as criminal. The Targalas or
Nomads_of_India
Assassin of the Viceroy of British India in 1872
2023: 'There is no link between Lord Mayo's assassination and the Criminal Tribes Act'". Kapse, Ram (21 December 2005). "Hundred years of the Andamans
Sher_Ali_Afridi
Tribes recognized as sovereign by the United States
tribes increased to 573 with the addition of six tribes in Virginia under the Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of
Federally_recognized_tribe
Caste in northern India
the category of a criminal tribe. After independence of India in 1947, they were denotified in 1952, when the Criminal Tribes Act was replaced with the
Habura_(caste)
Third gender community
although it was rarely enforced. The community was included in the Criminal Tribes Act (1871), subject to registration, monitoring and stigmatisation. The
Hijra_in_Bangladesh
Dalit community of Bengal
litter carriers. The Bagdis were also known as the criminal tribe of Bengal under Criminal Tribes Act of the British. The Bagdis numbered 2,740,385 in West
Bagdi_(caste)
Indian LGBT Rights Case Law
that added 'eunuchs' to the Criminal Tribes Act of 1873, an Act that presumed certain communities were predisposed to criminal activity. The amendment introduced
Karnataka Sexual Minorities Forum v. State of Karnataka
Karnataka_Sexual_Minorities_Forum_v._State_of_Karnataka
President of India from 1982 to 1987
for agriculture. His actions as minister include the repeal of the Criminal Tribes Act, the promulgation of the Political Sufferers ordinance and changes
Zail_Singh
Town in Tamil Nadu, India
premises." During the British period, after the enactment of the Criminal Tribes Act, several settlements were created by the government. Members belonging
Cumbum,_Tamil_Nadu
Sunni Sufi Muslim community in Pakistan
Commissioner Mohammad Yaqub recommended the application of the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) to the group in 1898. Two years later, the CTA was applied
Hurs
Overview of LGBTQ rights in the Indian state of Karnataka
modern Karnataka. The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 labeled many gender-nonconforming communities such as the Hijra as "criminals by birth", subjecting
LGBTQ_rights_in_Karnataka
the Colonial period, Gandhila were listed under the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, as being a tribe "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable
Gandhila
Indian writer
backdrop of the criminal tribe act Machiavelli Kaappiyam - a sequel to Aagol, advance neuro technology, deep history of the criminal tribe act & Internet independence
Kabilan_Vairamuthu
British Indian colonial military recruitment theory
rather than ethnicity per se, mask continued biases in recruiting. Criminal Tribes Act Historical definitions of races in India Rand, Gavin (March 2006)
Martial_race
Day of the year
Malta. 1871 – The British in India enact the Criminal Tribes Act, naming many local communities "Criminal Tribes". 1890 – Uddevalla Suffrage Association is
October_12
North Indian Hindu caste
theft. During the period of British, they were notified under the Criminal Tribes Act. Many were exiled to the Andaman Islands. In 1952, they were allowed
Bhantu
Indian LGBT Rights Case Law
that added 'eunuchs' to the Criminal Tribes Act of 1873, an Act that presumed certain communities were predisposed to criminal activity. The amendment introduced
Vyjayanti Vasanta Mogli v. State of Telangana
Vyjayanti_Vasanta_Mogli_v._State_of_Telangana
Hindu tribe in India
check, British Brought the Criminal Tribes Act and branded these tribes as criminals from birth. The criminal branding of the tribe goes back to 1871 after
Pardhi
joined the movement organized by Muthuramalinga Thevar to oppose the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA). He later joined the Indian National Congress. When Muthuramalinga
T._V._Sasivarna_Thevar
Laws in British India
on the trial of any offence under this Act, require any Futwa from any Law Officer. Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 Act related to the thuggee The Deceivers (historical
Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–48
Thuggee_and_Dacoity_Suppression_Acts,_1836–48
1978 United States Supreme Court case
the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, which recognizes the criminal jurisdiction of tribes over non-Indian perpetrators of domestic violence
Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
Oliphant_v._Suquamish_Indian_Tribe
Pastoral ethnic group of India
regime in India classified Van Gujjars as "criminal tribes" in accordance with the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act. The Act also marked those who did not conform
Van_Gujjar_people
Law of the United States regarding States and Native American reservations
federal government if the tribes requested it. Nearly 30 tribes were involved in retrocession. Also in 1968 the Indian Civil Rights Act was passed, causing
Public_Law_280
Ethno-religious group in South Asia
classified by Britishers as a "criminal tribe" in the 1871 Criminal Tribes Act. They were denotified from criminal tribe list in 1949. According to British
Muslim_Gurjars
Traditional boatmen of south Asia
high value crimes. The criminal nature of Mallaah were earlier used by British colonialists too to list them in Criminal Tribes Act 1871. Scholars like Buchanan
Mallaah
"criminal tribe" under the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, meaning they could be arrested as criminals anywhere in British India. 1897 Criminal Tribes Act of
Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBTQ history
Timeline_of_South_Asian_and_diasporic_LGBTQ_history
Indian theatre director (born 1979)
reflect the shift in Venkateswaran’s working context. His latest work “Criminal Tribes Act” (2017) was premiered at Zurich Theater Spektakel, and later toured
Sankar_Venkateswaran
US federal law
gaming as a means of generating revenue for the tribes, encouraging economic development of these tribes, and protecting the enterprises from negative influences
Indian_Gaming_Regulatory_Act
Village in Tamil Nadu, India
fingerprinting under the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) as a means to resist the movement of individuals and population by police suspecting criminality as one of the
Perungamanallur
Ethnic group
The Tulalip Tribes of Washington (/tʊˈleɪlɪp/, Lushootseed: dxʷlilap), formerly known as the Tulalip Tribes of the Tulalip Reservation, is a federally
Tulalip_Tribes
Community from Northern India that follows Sikhism
and 14,192 in Uttar Pradesh. Scheduled Castes in Punjab, India Criminal Tribes Act Sikh Pioneers & Sikh Light Infantry Association UK There are various
Mazhabi_Sikh
Indian politician (1887–1938)
exonerating him of all charges. He also agitated against the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA), an act that criminalised and negatively affected communities like
George_Joseph_(activist)
1940s–1960s U.S. assimilation policy towards Native Americans
consent, tribes must be terminated and begin to live "as Americans". To that end, Congress set about ending the special relationship between tribes and the
Indian_termination_policy
Union Council and Town in Punjab, Pakistan
strongly to the criminal and mercenary Thuggee gangs, going so far as to criminalise them with the introduction of Criminal Tribes Act of 1871. However
Kala_Gujran
Hindu caste
generally considered low The Dalera were classified as a Criminal Tribe under the Criminal Tribes Act in a case titled "Queen-Empress vs Hori on 27 May, 1899"
Dalera
Calendar year
The Criminal Tribes Act is enacted by the British Raj in India, naming over 160 communities as "Denotified Tribes", allegedly habitually criminal (it
1871
the British Raj as a "criminal tribe" alongside various other social groups following the enactment of the Criminal Tribes Act, imposing state surveillance
Timeline of transgender history
Timeline_of_transgender_history
Post independence mobilisation of Dalits in Bihar
further criminalised in the colonial period by being included in the Criminal Tribes Act. The Naach which is also called Launda Naach, is a dance form originating
Dalits_in_Bihar
Type of political status of Native Americans
Indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States. The U.S. federal government recognized American Indian tribes as independent
Tribal sovereignty in the United States
Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States
European society. In 1871, the hijra were labelled a "criminal tribe" in the Criminal Tribes Act (1871). Eventually, they were subjected to compulsory
LGBTQ_history_in_India
Judicial term
towards Native American tribes. The establishment of independent tribal courts was a result of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which aimed to promote
Tribal_court
Indian folk dancer (1933–2025)
with the Bedia community. They are a nomadic tribe that had been notified under the Criminal Tribes Act. Also, some people associate the community with
Ram_Sahay_Panday
Ethnic group in larger Punjab region
Volumes 7-10. Research Foundation. 1975. p. 18. Committee, India Criminal Tribes Act Enquiry (1951). Report, 1949-50. p. 21. Nimra Nisar, Chima (January
Gurjars_in_Punjab
October – Criminal Tribes Act enacted by British rule in India, which named over 160 communities "Criminal Tribes", i.e. hereditary criminals. It was repealed
1871_in_India
crimes was cited as a principal rationale for the application of the Criminal Tribes Act to the Piramalai Kallars as a whole in 1918." B. B. Chaudhuri (2008)
Cattle_theft_in_India
US statute
Alaska Native tribal entities List of federally recognized tribes Pretendian State recognized tribes in the United States Native American flute Protected Geographical
Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990
Indian_Arts_and_Crafts_Act_of_1990
Authority for tribes of Indigenous people in the United States
Indian Reorganization Act put a stop to the destruction of the tribes. Unclear jurisdictional boundaries between states and tribes prompted the beginning
Indian_country_jurisdiction
across the Bengal Presidency. Section 377 criminalizes homosexuality in the country. 1871: The Criminal Tribes Act was included in the Indian Penal Code,
Timeline of LGBTQ history in Bangladesh
Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history_in_Bangladesh
United States law
Titles II through VII comprise the Indian Civil Rights Act, which applies to the Native American tribes of the United States and makes many but not all of
Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968
list of so-called "criminal tribes. These tribes even today face the consequences of the 'Prevention of Anti-Social Activity Act' (PASA), which only
Human_rights_in_India
American legislation concerning American Indian tribal courts
down in criminal cases, giving them the impression of a lower, less serious court. They now possess the power under the Tribal Law and Order Act to pass
Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010
Tribal_Law_and_Order_Act_of_2010
Laundering Cases Special Courts for Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act CBI courts NIA Courts Vigilance/Anti Corruption Courts Section
Special_courts_in_India
Type of political status of Native Americans
nations and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes", determining that Indian tribes were separate from the federal government, the states,
Domestic_dependent_nations
Historic sovereign territory set aside for Native American nations, 1834–1907
various indigenous tribes. After 1871, the Federal Government dealt with Indian Tribes through statute; the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act also stated that
Indian_Territory
travel, tourism, insurance
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