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Cognitive bias on facial recognition
The cross-race effect (sometimes called cross-race bias, other-race bias, own-race bias or other-race effect) is the tendency to more easily recognize
Cross-race_effect
Theory of memory recall
face of another race requires the use of schemas that may not be as developed and refined as those of the same race. The cross-race effect is the tendency
Reconstructive_memory
Neurological study
race is multifaceted. The cross-race effect has been neurologically explained by there being differences in brain processing while viewing same-race and
Neuroscience_and_race
Cognitive process of visually interpreting the human face
alike. This phenomenon, known as the cross-race effect, is also called the own-race effect, other-race effect, own race bias, or interracial face-recognition
Face_perception
effect Bystander effect Cheerleader effect Cinderella effect Cocktail party effect Contrast effect Coolidge effect Crab mentality Crespi effect Cross-race
List_of_psychological_effects
Technology capable of matching a face from an image against a database of faces
Other-Race Effect on Susceptibility to Face Morphing Attacks". arXiv:2204.12591 [cs.CV]. Jeckeln, Gabriel (2023). "Human-Machine Comparison for Cross-Race Face
Facial_recognition_system
Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion
software Creepiness – Causing an unpleasant feeling of fear or unease Cross-race effect – Cognitive bias on facial recognition Doll – Model, typically of
Uncanny_valley
Attempt to influence testimony unduly
no witness testifies because none expects others to testify." Chilling effect Kosovo War crimes witness intimidation and deaths Informant Stop Snitchin'
Witness_tampering
for one day. A 2005 study in American Psychological Society of the cross-race effect used Korean adoptees whose average age was 27.8 years old who were
International adoption of South Korean children
International_adoption_of_South_Korean_children
Cotton effect (atomic, molecular, and optical physics) (polarization) Cotton–Mouton effect (magnetism) (optics) Crabtree effect (biochemistry) Cross-race effect
List_of_effects
Part of the human visual system that is specialized for facial recognition
processing for individual categories of objects Super recognisers Cross-race effect "Face-specific brain area responds to faces even in people born blind"
Fusiform_face_area
Psychological hypothesis about intergroup contact
intergroup conflict Stereotype – Generalized belief about people Cross-race effect – Cognitive bias on facial recognition Allport, G. W. (1954). "The
Contact_hypothesis
better than it really was. Cross-race effect: The tendency for people of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own. Gender
List_of_cognitive_biases
Instrument of judicial murder in Nazi Germany
Rehse argued that he had believed his actions to be legal under laws in effect at the time, so there was no intentionality. The acquittal caused a scandal
People's_Court_(Germany)
Criminal justice identification process
those with whom they share common features, such as race, age, and gender. See also cross-race effect, in-group favoritism, sex differences in eyewitness
Police_lineup
Perception of out-group members as being similar to each other
outlines the processes through which intergroup bias may be reduced Cross-race effect – Cognitive bias on facial recognition Context-dependent memory –
Out-group_homogeneity
Topics referred to by the same term
Generation Identification Automatic identification and data capture Cross-race effect Bell's palsy This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
Facial_identification
Identification by a person who witnessed an event
significant "cross-race impairment;" that is members of any one race are demonstrably deficient in accurately identifying members of another race. The effect appears
Eyewitness_identification
Imperfect recall of a crime or other dramatic event
faces during an event. The other-race effect (i.e. the own-race bias, cross-race effect, other-ethnicity effect, same-race advantage) is one factor thought
Eyewitness_memory
Type of perceptual task requiring attention
considered include race and culture and their effects on one's ability to recognize faces. Some factors such as the cross-race effect can influence one's
Visual_search
American social psychologist of Indian descent
Social Influence. Psychology Press: Taylor & Francis. Thin-slicing Cross-race effect Neuroculture Perceptions of sexual orientation Gladwell, Malcolm,
Nalini_Ambady
White candidate bias in voter opinion polls
The race of the pollster conducting the interview may factor into voters' answers. Some analysts have dismissed the validity of the Bradley effect, calling
Bradley_effect
Canadian psychologist (born 1946)
"cross-race effect" for facial recognition of races that the eyewitness isn't familiar with. However, other studies show facial recognition and race play
Rod_Lindsay
Incorrect perception of another individual's race and/or ethnicity in the U.S.
funds to prevent and treat disease in Native American populations. Cross-race effect Essentialism Ethnic identity development Health disparities Homophily
Racial and ethnic misclassification in the United States
Racial_and_ethnic_misclassification_in_the_United_States
20th-century rise in intelligence test scores
The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts
Flynn_effect
Grouping by physical or social qualities
sociopolitical contexts, and may be the effect, rather than the cause, of major social situations.[clarification needed] While race is understood to be a social
Race_(human_categorization)
2007 video game
Mass Effect series, and takes place within the Milky Way galaxy in the year 2183, where civilization is threatened by a highly advanced machine race known
Mass_Effect_(video_game)
American comic book, 2008–2010
possible cure to the Crossed from the notes of Professor Nelson, a man who believed that a race of early humans similar to the Crossed nearly wiped out humanity
Crossed_(comics)
Concept in physics
stack effect with cross ventilation, where airflow moves across the building from one side to the other, can enhance the overall cooling effect. The stack
Stack_effect
Dressing like a different gender
British pantomime, where it is traditionally utilized for comedic effect. The term "cross-dressing" refers to an action or a behavior, without attributing
Cross-dressing
Term in women's basketball
The Caitlin Clark effect is the increase in popularity of women's basketball attributed to American basketball player Caitlin Clark. During Clark's collegiate
Caitlin_Clark_effect
2010 video game
Union, Mass Effect 2". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2013. "New Game Cross Review - Mass Effect 2 (マスエフェクト2)"
Mass_Effect_2
Art technique of using closely-spaced parallel lines for shading
architectural drawings. Cross section of a cam follower stud. Notice the double lines for the steel pattern of the "outer race" component. Also, the commonly
Hatching
Colored jersey for the reigning World Champion in cycling
considering the effect of treatment on a patient. In the past, each discipline had its own variation of the jersey. Since the 2016 Cyclo-cross Worlds, the
Rainbow_jersey
Fictional species in the Mass Effect series
a vague idea for a birdlike, proud militaristic race by BioWare's writing department for Mass Effect, which the design team aimed to reflect in their
Turian
Discussions and claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines
Discussions of race and intelligence—specifically regarding claims of differences in intelligence along racial lines—have appeared in both popular science
Race_and_intelligence
Reduced pressure caused by a flow restriction in a tube or pipe
The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a moving fluid speeds up as it is funneled from one section of a pipe to another
Venturi_effect
car for part of the race. The actual winner, Thomas Hicks, was near collapse and hallucinating by the end of the race, a side effect of being administered
Athletics at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon
Athletics_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_marathon
Conceptual framework
Critical race theory (CRT) is a conceptual framework developed to understand the relationships between social conceptions of race and ethnicity in the
Critical_race_theory
Circular relationships between cause and effect
knowledge, reflexivity refers to circular relationships between cause and effect, especially as embedded in human belief structures. A reflexive relationship
Reflexivity_(social_theory)
1921 mass violence in Oklahoma, US
The Tulsa race massacre was a two-day-long terrorist massacre perpetrated by white supremacists that took place in the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma
Tulsa_race_massacre
Ancient Eurasian icon and Nazi symbol
'fire cross, cross of fire"; other names – pērkonkrusts ('cross of thunder', 'thunder cross'), cross of Perun or of Perkūnas), cross of branches, cross of
Swastika
Psychological occurrence
During the trial, memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus testified that cross-race misidentification is not uncommon (the accuser was Mexican, the defendant
False_memory
Fictional species in the Mass Effect series
The krogan are a fictional extraterrestrial humanoid species in the Mass Effect multimedia franchise developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts
Krogan
Pseudoscientific racial grouping
The Aryan race is a pseudoscientific historical race concept that emerged in the late-19th century to describe people who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans
Aryan_race
Formula One racing car
was removed before the car's race debut, never to be seen again. The cars, powered by a flat-12 Alfa Romeo engine, raced competitively with modified nose-mounted
Brabham_BT46
Billionaire space rivalry
The billionaire space race is the rivalry among entrepreneurs who have entered the space industry from other industries – particularly computing. This
Billionaire_space_race
Aerodynamic principle
question, hence the name "ground effect". Starting in the mid-1960s, 'wings' were routinely used in the design of race cars to increase downforce (which
Ground_effect_(cars)
Optical illusion
The wagon-wheel effect (alternatively called stagecoach-wheel effect) is an optical illusion in which a spoked wheel appears to rotate differently from
Wagon-wheel_effect
Pseudoscientific justification for racism
Rushton, J. Philippe; Whitney, Glayde (2002). "Cross-National Variation in Violent Crime Rates: Race, r-K Theory, and Income". Population and Environment
Scientific_racism
Fictional space station
by the end of the first Mass Effect. Associate races who have embassies on the Citadel include the volus, a client race of the turians who always wear
Citadel_(Mass_Effect)
Ongoing Formula One season
recording his first race start of the season, and Leclerc rounded out the podium. Several changes to the power unit came into effect at the Miami Grand
2026 Formula One World Championship
2026_Formula_One_World_Championship
Unsanctioned vehicle speed record
enforcement. The cannonball run began as an unofficial, unsanctioned automobile race run five times in the 1970s from New York City and Darien, Connecticut, on
Cannonball_Run_challenge
Motorsport championship held worldwide
race marshals, race officials may choose to deploy the safety car. This neutralises the race, with drivers required to follow the safety car in race order
Formula_One
American cyclist (born 1995)
women's elite cross country race. It was the first such win for an American since 2001. In 2018, Courtney took part in the Cape Epic Stage race with her Specialized
Kate_Courtney_(cyclist)
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". Born as a subject to the Kingdom of Württemberg, part of the German Empire
Albert_Einstein
Family of space launch vehicles developed by the Soviet Union (later Russia)
due to aerodynamic forces acting upon them, forming a cross-like shape behind the rocket. The effect is named after Sergei Korolev, the designer of the R-7
R-7_(rocket_family)
Intercultural and interracial sexuality
Concepts of race and sexuality have interacted in various ways in different historical contexts. While partially based on physical similarities within
Race_and_sexuality
Interbreeding of different races or ethnic groups
22 February. 2011 Jordan, Miriam (17 February 2012). "More Marriages Cross Race, Ethnicity Lines". The Wall Street Journal. Theosophical University Press
Miscegenation
British socialite and author (born 1983)
part in the Race Across America, a 3,000 mile cycling race across the United States, followed by the Bosphorus Cross-Continental Swimming Race, a 6.5 km
Pippa_Middleton
German racing driver (born 1969)
into the pit lane, crossed the start-finish line, and stopped in his pit box, thereby winning the Grand Prix (and rendering the race over) whilst simultaneously
Michael_Schumacher
Incentive with unintended results
results of a perverse incentive scheme are also sometimes called cobra effect, where people are incentivized to make a problem worse. This name was coined
Perverse_incentive
Score from a test designed to assess intelligence
the effect, and what possible causes of the effect might be. A 2011 textbook, IQ and Human Intelligence, by N. J. Mackintosh, noted the Flynn effect demolishes
Intelligence_quotient
Generative AI chatbot by OpenAI
with ChatGPT on its cover, writing that "The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything" and "The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying". ChatGPT gained one million
ChatGPT
75th Formula One season
months, and triggering an automatic race ban for the following Azerbaijan Grand Prix. He was replaced by Bearman, who raced for the second time in the season
2024 Formula One World Championship
2024_Formula_One_World_Championship
Cultural identity
would be happier if they could belong to the target race. Some even expected a therapeutic effect. In their personality profiles, in average the participants
Transracial_(identity)
Aircraft with low or negative stability
roll[page needed]—they could control only the elevator and rudder. The unpredicted effect of this was that it was very hard to turn the aircraft without rolling.[page needed]
Relaxed_stability
American cross-country skier (born 1991)
Junior Cross-Country Ski Team in 2010. Diggins earned an academic scholarship to Northern Michigan University but deferred enrollment to race with the
Jessie_Diggins
U.S. federal statute known as Obamacare
enactment of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965. Most of the act remains in effect. The ACA's major provisions came into force in 2014. By 2016, the uninsured
Affordable_Care_Act
English novelist and poet (1819–1880)
Eliot married her longtime friend John Cross, a man much younger than she, and changed her name to Mary Ann Cross. Mary Ann Evans was born in Nuneaton,
George_Eliot
Canadian adventure reality game show
The Amazing Race Canada is a Canadian reality competition show based on the American series The Amazing Race. Following the premise of other versions in
The_Amazing_Race_Canada
Motorsport racing series
final season of the Formula E Gen3, with the Gen4 regulations coming into effect the following season. Pascal Wehrlein, who had won the Drivers' Championship
2025–26 Formula E World Championship
2025–26_Formula_E_World_Championship
Monégasque racing driver (born 1997)
four positions ahead of teammate Hamilton in each race. Leclerc closed his campaign, and the ground effect era, fifth overall on 242 points—86 ahead of Hamilton
Charles_Leclerc
Mathematical model combining space and time
connecting them (longitudinal Doppler effect), and (2) the motions are at right angles to the said line (transverse Doppler effect). We are ignoring scenarios where
Spacetime
Deduction of secret data from public sources
datasets can be cross-referenced to re-identify individuals or infer sensitive characteristics. Legal analysts have cited the mosaic effect in challenges
Mosaic_effect
stating he would remain in the race. Congressman Wesley Hunt entered the race in late 2025, further scrambling the race and increasing the chance of a
2026 United States Senate election in Texas
2026_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas
Sociological behaviour
leave out of consideration those backward states of society in which the race itself may be considered as in its nonage. The early difficulties in the
Paternalism
American rapper and producer (born 1977)
well as his comments on the music and fashion industries, U.S. politics, race, and slavery. His Christian faith, relationships, feuds with other celebrities
Kanye_West
Predator at the top of a food chain
with trophic level over 4 (carnivores that eat other carnivores). This effect, called mesopredator release, occurs in terrestrial and marine ecosystems;
Apex_predator
Long-term future of planet Earth
increase in Earth's surface temperature will cause a runaway greenhouse effect, creating conditions more extreme than present-day Venus and heating Earth's
Future_of_Earth
American actor (born 1992)
starring in the series Jack & Bobby (2004–2005) and the movies The Butterfly Effect (2004) and Hoot (2006). Lerman gained further recognition for playing the
Logan_Lerman
Bicycle designed for cyclo-cross racing
cyclo-cross bike or cyclo-cross bicycle (abbreviated CX bike or CXB) is a bicycle specifically designed for the rigors of a cyclo-cross race. Cyclo-cross bicycles
Cyclo-cross_bicycle
German Emperor from 1888 to 1918
Grand Cross of San Marino, 9 October 1884 Serbia: Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo, 28 July 1877 Grand Cross of the White Eagle Siam: Grand Cross of the
Wilhelm_II
Psychological phenomenon
higher for the strongest relations. Subjects also showed awareness of the effect of aggregation over occasions and used reasonable strategies to arrive at
Fundamental_attribution_error
Indian independence activist (1869–1948)
the original.[page needed] Here Gandhi met Helena Blavatsky whom had an effect on Gandhi in formulating his future beliefs, saying "“Theosophy is the teaching
Mahatma_Gandhi
British racing driver (born 1985)
title in 2008, making a title-deciding overtake on the last lap of the last race of the season to become the then-youngest World Drivers' Champion. The Red
Lewis_Hamilton
Transport of medication by dog-sled relay across Alaska
The 1925 serum run to Nome, also known as the Great Race of Mercy and The Serum Run, was a transport of diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled relay across the
1925_serum_run_to_Nome
fashion, ideas, and actions, collectively referred to as the Taylor Swift effect by publications. Debuting as a 16-year-old independent singer-songwriter
Cultural impact of Taylor Swift
Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift
American attorney and politician (born 1958)
wins the top spot in November's race for California governor "Democrat Xavier Becerra advances to general election in race for California governor". AP News
Xavier_Becerra
British long-distance runner (born 1973)
women's cross-country team. Her first race at a national level came as a 12-year-old in 1986 when she placed 299th out of around 600 in the girls' race of
Paula_Radcliffe
British politician (born 1980)
Akhtar and Timothy Peace, "This led to the CLP being temporarily split on race lines between Asian and Afro-Caribbean factions, demonstrating the complicated
Shabana_Mahmood
Long-distance running event of 42.195 kilometres
marathon is a long-distance foot race with a distance of 42.195 kilometres (c. 26.22 mi), usually run as a road race, but the distance can be covered
Marathon
a self-identified democratic socialist, was elected mayor in a three-way race against Republican Curtis Sliwa and independent former governor Andrew Cuomo
2026_United_States_elections
Spacecraft crew member
(2002). Promised The Moon: The Untold Story of the First Women in the Space Race. Toronto: Penguin Canada. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-14-301347-1. "Astronauts in
Astronaut
Practice of a person marrying a spouse of higher social status
as "below average" in physical appeal. Research into the intersection of race and physical attractiveness in online dating often highlights the persistence
Hypergamy
CEO of Pfizer (born 1961)
Veterinary Science in 1991. Bourla's doctoral thesis (1991) is titled "Effect of melatonin implants on sperm characteristics and on the freezability of
Albert_Bourla
American rapper and actress (born 1970)
due to declining ratings. Production of the series closed down, taking effect on December 18, 2014, leaving new episodes that were broadcast until March
Queen_Latifah
German Emperor in 1888
Grand Cross, 20 September 1866; with Oak Leaves, 2 September 1873 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, 22 March 1871 Service Award Cross Hohenzollern: Cross of
Frederick_III,_German_Emperor
Medical condition caused by receiving too little or too many nutrients
"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect". Lancet. 387 (10017): 475–490. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7. hdl:10072/413175
Malnutrition
Unsanctioned 1970s automobile race
Indianapolis Star also covered the race on June 11, 1983, with an article entitled "Sports Cars Cross State In Coast-to-Coast Race." 1984 Four Ball Rally: On
Cannonball Baker Sea-to-Shining-Sea Memorial Trophy Dash
Cannonball_Baker_Sea-to-Shining-Sea_Memorial_Trophy_Dash
travel, tourism, insurance
CROSS RACE-EFFECT
CROSS RACE-EFFECT
Boy/Male
Australian, British, Dutch, English, Scottish
Grace; Doe
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Crass.
Male
Italian
Short form of Italian Crocifisso, or Croccifixio, CROSS means "cross; crucifix" or "way of the cross."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Raw.North German : variant of Rave.
Male
English
Medieval form of English Ralph, RAFE means "wise wolf."
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the French personal name Pascal, PACE means "Passover; Easter."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Compare Racey, Rasey, Razey.
Male
French
 Variant form of Norman French Asce, ACE means "noble at birth." Compare with another form of Ace.
Male
English
Short form of English unisex Tracy, TRACE means "place of Thracius."
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant spelling of Cross.
Boy/Male
English
A mace was a medieval weapon used by knights.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived near a stone cross set up by the roadside or in a marketplace, from Old Norse kross (via Gaelic from Latin crux, genitive crucis), which in Middle English quickly and comprehensively displaced the Old English form crūc (see Crouch). In a few cases the surname may have been given originally to someone who lived by a crossroads, but this sense of the word seems to have been a comparatively late development. In other cases, the surname (and its European cognates) may have denoted someone who carried the cross in processions of the Christian Church, but in English at least the usual word for this sense was Crozier.Irish : reduced form of McCrossen.In North America this name has absorbed examples of cognate names from other languages, such as French Lacroix.
Girl/Female
American, Arabic, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Gujarati, Indian, Irish, Jamaican, Latin, Muslim, Portuguese, Swedish
Mercy; God's Favor; Grace; Grace of God; Kindness; Thanks; Love; Favour; Blessing; Charm; Good will
Boy/Male
Australian, British, English, Latin
Running Competition
Male
English
Scottish surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Gaelic word ros, ROSS means "headland, promontory."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin; Reaney suggests a nickname from Old French ras ‘clean shaven’, but he also cites documentary evidence of a personal name which probably also gave rise to the surname.Perhaps a variant of Dutch or German Rase.Slovenian (southwestern Slovenia) : nickname from raca ‘duck’, formed with the suffix -e, used mainly of young people, possibly denoting someone who walked like a duck.
Boy/Male
Scottish
Grace.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, English, Latin
Unity; First-rate; Number One
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Compare Racy, Rasey, Razey.
Girl/Female
Latin American English Irish
Grace.
CROSS RACE-EFFECT
CROSS RACE-EFFECT
CROSS RACE-EFFECT
CROSS RACE-EFFECT
CROSS RACE-EFFECT
CROSS RACE-EFFECT
CROSS RACE-EFFECT
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