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Turkic nomadic people
Cumans or Kumans were a Turkic nomadic people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation who spoke the Cuman language
Cumans
Extinct West Kipchak Turkic language
the Cumans (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch. Cuman is documented
Cuman_language
Turkic confederation (10th century – 1241)
the Cumans and (Eastern) Kipchaks (who were a distinct tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy, although other sources say that Cumans and Kipchak
Cumania
Queen consort of Hungary (1244–1290)
during the minority of her son from 1272 to 1277. The Cumans were the western tribes of the Cuman-Kipchak confederation. Her people followed a shamanist
Elizabeth_the_Cuman
Historical Cuman region of central Hungary
Christianize Cuman communities living outside the Pannonian Basin. The Cumans were themselves attacked and defeated by the Mongol Empire; most Cumans fled to
Kunság
The Cumans, also known as "Polovtsians", were a Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation. Their homeland
List of people of Cuman descent
List_of_people_of_Cuman_descent
King of Hungary and Croatia from 1272 to 1290
agreed to persuade the Cumans to submit to the legate, but many Cumans preferred to leave Hungary. Ladislaus vanquished a Cuman army that invaded Hungary
Ladislaus_IV_of_Hungary
agreed to persuade the Cumans to submit to the legate, but many Cumans preferred to leave Hungary. Ladislaus vanquished a Cuman army that invaded Hungary
Cuman_laws
Polovtsian khan (died 1187)
some arguments, Köten and Somogur were his sons, and he changed the old Cuman system of government whereby rulership went to the most senior tribal leader;
Könchek_(Cuman)
Series of wars circa 1054–1223
held a rather autonomous position. Kipchaks and Cumans were originally separate peoples, with the Cumans living to the east of the Huanghe bend. Khitan
Rus'–Cuman_wars
Cuman khan (fl. 1205–1241)
defeat on the Cumans-Kipchaks. The chronicles claim that it was Batu Khan that defeated Köten on the Astrakhan steppes. Several Cumans swore loyalty to
Köten
Dog breed
expense of the Cumans, forcing them to move westwards. Fleeing from the Mongols, they reached the borders of Hungary in the 12th century. Cumans were granted
Komondor
1223 battle where the Mongols fought against Rus' princes and Cumans
attacking the Qanglis Cumans, who had supported their fellow Cumans in the Caucasus a year before. They fought against the Cuman army near the Ural Mountains
Battle_of_the_Kalka_River
Turkic nomadic people in Eurasia
(2015). "The Cumans in Paphlagonia". Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi (18): 29–44. Caroline Gurevich (May 2017). The Image of the Cumans in Medieval Chronicles:
Kipchaks
The Cuman raid on Poland in 1101 was a plundering expedition of nomads living in the Pontic steppes, known by the Slavs as the Polovtsians. The Cumans crossed
Cuman_raid_on_Poland_(1101)
Palatine was ex officio judge of the Cumans, who "judges over whole Cumania and is also ispán (count) and judge of the Cumans". For this role, the Palatine received
Judge_of_the_Cumans
Nomadic peoples in the Georgian kingdom
The first contacts between the Georgians and Cumans-Kipchaks date back to the 11th century when the Cumans and Kipchaks founded a nomadic confederation
Kipchaks_in_Georgia
Bulgarian victory over the Latin Empire
Adrianople occurred around Adrianople on April 14, 1205, between Bulgarians, Cumans and Vlachs under the command of Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders
Battle_of_Adrianople_(1205)
Latin-rite bishopric west of the Siret River 1228
Muslim geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi wrote that the two Cuman groups (the Black Cumans and White Cumans) were separated from each other by the Dniester River
Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania
Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Cumania
Country in Eastern Europe and North Asia
who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks. The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes
Russia
Sub-branch of the Turkic language family
(languages in bold are still spoken today): Kipchaks Kipchaks in Georgia Cuman people Cuman language Cumania Kalpak Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan. Махмутова Л
Kipchak_languages
1091 battle of the Komnenian Restoration
the Cumans, to join him in battle against the Pechenegs. Won over by Alexios's offer of gold in return for aid against the Pechenegs, the Cumans hurried
Battle_of_Levounion
Species of flowering plant in the daisy family
Ambrosia psilostachya is a species of ragweed known by the common names Cuman ragweed and perennial ragweed, and western ragweed. The plant is widespread
Ambrosia_psilostachya
Cuman khan
April 1113 or 1114. After the Cumans learned of Svyatopluk's death, the Cumans marched as far as Vyr' River. The Cumans were under the command of Aepa
Boniak
Country in Southeastern and Central Europe
followed them, and the nomadic Cumans became the dominant power of the steppes in the 1060s. Cooperation between the Cumans and the Vlachs against the Byzantine
Romania
Battle in 1282 in Hungary
of 1241, several Hungarians accused Köten and their Cumans of cooperating with the enemy. The Cumans left Hungary amid plunder, after an angry mob massacred
Battle_of_Lake_Hód
Wallachian noble family
title -aba "father", recognizable in many Cuman names, such as Terteroba, Arslanapa, and Ursoba. Besides the Cumans, the name was also common among Romanians
House_of_Basarab
Emperor of Bulgaria from 1185 to 1197
forcing Theodor-Peter and Asen to flee to the Cumans in April 1186. Returning in the autumn at the head of Cuman troops, they took control of Paristrion, firmly
Peter_II_of_Bulgaria
Queen consort of Hungary (1261–1303)
tribe, the Cumans; his mother Elizabeth was a member of the Cuman tribe. Ladislaus always wore Cuman dress and many of his friends were Cumans. Elisabeth
Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary
Elizabeth_of_Sicily,_Queen_of_Hungary
Extinct Turkic people
Turkic peoples. Anna Komnene likewise stated that the Pechenegs and the Cumans shared a common language. Although the Pecheneg language itself died out
Pechenegs
Empress consort of Bulgaria
out, given the strong relations between the Asen dynasty and the Cumans, her Cuman lineage is the most probable possibility, but not the only one. The
Kumankata
Italian prelate
King Ladislaus IV to withdraw support from the Cumans and in converting them into Christianity. Cumans were important militarily to the royal authority
Philip_III_(bishop_of_Fermo)
Priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Cumae
The Cumaean Sibyl (/kjuːˈmiːən/ kew-MEE-ən; Latin: Sibylla Cumana) was the priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Cumae, a Greek colony near
Cumaean_Sibyl
Grand Prince of Kiev from 1113 to 1125
where they defeated a Cuman army. The site of this battle is probably at modern-day Izium. Those victories succeeded in drawing Cumans into the steppes and
Vladimir_II_Monomakh
Continuation of the Roman Empire (330–1453)
Pechenegs and decisively defeated them in 1091 with help from the Cumans; a separate Cuman incursion followed in 1094. Finally, looking to recover Asia Minor
Byzantine_Empire
Military group of Alani origin
the Cumans (Kipchaks), the Mongols used divide and conquer tactics by first telling the Cumans to stop allying with the Alans and after the Cumans followed
Asud
1107 battle between Kievan Rus' and Cumans
crossed the Sula river, with Rus' troops calling out to Cumans and taking them by surprise. Cumans were too shocked to be able to organise an efficient resistance
Battle_of_the_Sula_river
Grand Prince of Kiev from 1078 to 1093
steppes. He also made peace with the Cumans who appeared for the first time in Europe in the same year. The Cumans invaded his principality in 1061 and
Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev
1256 battle
Bulgarian-sponsored incursion into Thrace by Cuman warriors. Responding to an earlier defeat of Nicaean forces by the Cumans, Theodore led his cavalry in a rapid
Battle_of_Bizye_(1256)
Continent
Huns, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Slavs, Avars, Bulgars, Vikings, Pechenegs, Cumans, and Magyars. Renaissance thinkers such as Petrarch would later refer to
Europe
Grand Prince of Kiev from 1132 to 1139
Monomakh and Gytha of Wessex. He fought in several campaigns against the Cumans, once in 1103 and again in 1116. After the death of his brother in 1132
Yaropolk_II_of_Kiev
Defunct Irish political party
Cumann na nGaedheal (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkʊmˠən̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈŋeːl̪ˠ]; lit. 'Society of the Gaels') was a political party in the Irish Free State which formed
Cumann_na_nGaedheal
Prince of Chernigov
After Igor's defeat, the Cumans raided the Principality of Pereyaslavl.[better source needed] Igor's defeat from the Cumans is the subject of the 13th
Igor_Svyatoslavich
1223 battle between Volga Bulgaria and Mongol Empire
engage the Cumans but can make no headway due to their unfavorable position and they withdraw - the Mongols resort to bribing the Cumans with half of
Battle_of_Samara_Bend
Byzantine noble and general
Alexios' campaign against the Cumans and the impostor pretender Constantine Diogenes. Alexios sent him to attack the Cumans while they were crossing the
Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon
Constantine_Euphorbenos_Katakalon
Engagement between Pechenegs and Ouzes in 1068
1040s. Pressured by both the Cumans and the Rus' princes, the Ouzes moved to the Lower Danube region in 1060. The Cumans routed a Rus' force in 1061 and
Battle_of_Kerlés
Irish republican women's paramilitary organisation
Cumann na mBan (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkʊmˠən̪ˠ n̪ˠə ˈmˠanˠ]; lit. 'The Women's Council' but in English termed The Irishwomen's Council), abbreviated C
Cumann_na_mBan
Early 12-century Cuman-Kipchak chieftain
ruling houses of the Kipchak tribal confederation known to the Rus' as "Wild Cumans". Otrok, known in Georgia as Atraka, son of Sharagan (i.e., Sharukan), after
Otrok
10th-century Arab traveller and ethnographer
also notably described the lifestyle of the Oghuz Turks while the Khazars, Cumans, and Pechenegs were still around. Ibn Fadlan's detailed writings have been
Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan
Medieval Bulgar state on the Volga River
strategic position allowed it to create a local trade monopoly with Norse, Cumans, and Pannonian Avars. The origin of the early Bulgars remains a topic of
Volga_Bulgaria
Hzak (Hza, Kzak) - the Cumans Khan, the head of the Cumans Of Don river (the Burchevichs), a son of the Beglyuk (Belyuk) Khan. In chronicles he is called
Hzak
2018 video game
criticised the game's portrayal of certain ethnic groups, particularly the Cumans. It sold over 10 million units by May 2025. A sequel, Kingdom Come: Deliverance
Kingdom_Come:_Deliverance
1303 manuscript of linguistic manual for Catholic missionaries
to spread Christianity among the Cumans and different quotes from the religious books were provided with its Cuman translation. In the same section there
Codex_Cumanicus
Battle in Turkey
well, correlating with later mentions of Cumans in Byzantine service. According to this view, the 2,000 Cumans arrived as allied troops sent by Milutin
Battle_of_Gallipoli_(1312)
1068 battle
The Cumans began to plunder the main principalities of Rus'. To counteract them, the prince of Kiev came out with 3,000 close warriors. 12,000 Cumans acted
Battle_of_Snovsk
Prince of Pereyaslavl
half brother of Vladimir Monomakh. He fought at Stuhna river against the Cumans and drowned while fleeing the battle. Russian: Ростислав Всеволодович; Ukrainian:
Rostislav_Vsevolodovich
Russian principality (1129–1521)
of the state were killed by Gleb Vladimirovich who later defected to the Cumans. Around that time the duchy came under significant influence of Vladimir-Suzdal
Principality_of_Ryazan
Mid-12th century political fragmentation
beginning of the 13th century, in addition to the Cuman danger (which was decreasing, since after 1185 the Cumans did not undertake invasions of Rus' outside
Disintegration_of_Kievan_Rus'
Hungarorum mentions that he married a woman "of the territories of the Cumans", but the Cumans had not crossed the Volga River before the 11th century. Hungary
List of Hungarian royal consorts
List_of_Hungarian_royal_consorts
1242–1502 Turkicized Mongol khanate
(whether Muslim or not). Most of the Horde's population was Turkic: Kipchaks, Cumans, Volga Bulgars, Khwarezmians, and others. The Horde was gradually Turkified
Golden_Horde
Sedimentary basin in Central Europe
Huns, Avars and Magyars, and later for groups such as the Pechenegs and Cumans. The plain or basin and its area are defined differently by different schools
Pannonian_Basin
1241 battle during the first Mongol invasion of Hungary
grateful Cumans gave the king more power (and increased prestige with the Church for converting them), but also caused more friction. The nomadic Cumans did
Battle_of_Mohi
Prince in Kievan Rus' (d. 1115)
Vyacheslavich, who had also settled in Tmutarakan, Oleg made an alliance with the Cumans and invaded Rus' in the summer of 1078. They routed their uncle, Vsevolod
Oleg_I_of_Chernigov
Emperor of Bulgaria from 1218 to 1241
the Cumans to settle in a valley, but he soon attacked and killed or enslaved them. Madgearu writes that Ivan Asen most probably attacked the Cumans because
Ivan_Asen_II
Father of Basarab I of Wallachia and his possible predecessor
Society in the Early Middle Ages (9th-10th Centuries). Vásáry, István. Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365. Georgescu
Thocomerius
Prince of Chernigov
In the summer of 1184, his father launched a major campaign against the Cumans and summoned him. In 1189, after the Hungarians had occupied the principality
Mstislav_II_Svyatoslavich
Village in Shkodër, Albania
taken the name of the settlement. The settlement takes its name from the Cumans. It is the type site of the Koman culture and its fort is on the nearby
Koman,_Albania
King of Hungary and Croatia from 1235 to 1270
supported Christian missions among the pagan Cumans who dwelled in the plains to the east of his province. Some Cuman chieftains acknowledged his suzerainty
Béla_IV_of_Hungary
Crimea with the first Turkic invasions of Crimea by Cumans and Pechenegs in the 11th Century. The Cuman language as it developed in Crimea is thought to
Crimean_Tatar_dialects
Ethnicity in the Byzantine Empire
the Cumans and Pechenegs, who were called "Tourkoi" by the Byzantines in the tenth–eleventh centuries. Hence it seems that the Vardariotai were Cumans and
Vardariotai
Historical expansion of Turkic tribes and languages
followed Tengrism. The relationship and origins of the Cumans and Kipchaks is uncertain. Probably, Cumans and Kipchaks had originally been two distinct Turkic
Turkic_migration
Turkic people
that Manavs descend from Cumans and Kipchaks who settled in the Byzantine Empire. It's commonly believed that a group of Cuman-Kipchaks who headed to the
Manavs
13th-century knight and diplomat
diplomatic mission to the Cumans in 1240. In 1251–52, Baldwin was sent on a diplomatic mission to the Mongol Empire. Through his Cuman wife he may have acquired
Baldwin_of_Hainaut
Medieval East Slavic principality in the Carpathian region
provide military support to the Empire, particularly in campaigns against the Cumans. Improved relations with Galicia soon benefited Byzantium. In 1166, Manuel
Principality_of_Galicia
Hungarian subgroup of Eastern Iranic descent
late 1st century BC, over a thousand years before the Jász accompanied the Cumans into Hungary. This confusion is motivated by a superficial resemblance in
Jasz_people
Dynasty in medieval Bulgaria, 1185–1280
family's close ties to the Cumans, such as intermarriage (including Kaloyan's wife), immediate entourage and allies. Groups of Cumans settled and mingled with
Asen_dynasty
1278 battle of the Great Interregnum
rout, and Ottokar himself was killed in the confusion and slaughter. The Cumans pursued and killed the fleeing Bohemians with impunity. The battle marked
Battle_on_the_Marchfeld
County of Hungary
582 km2 (2,155 sq mi). The county is named after the Ossetians (Jasz) and Cumans (Kun) who settled there, along with Szolnok. The county was part of the
Jász–Nagykun–Szolnok_County
Invasion, 1241–42
reported with Cumans as the perpetrators; Béla often refused to punish these transgressions, as he was reluctant to start a conflict with the Cumans, especially
First Mongol invasion of Hungary
First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary
13th-century Mongol military campaign in Europe
over the forces of several principalities as well as the remnants of the Cumans under Köten. The Mongols retreated, having gathered their intelligence,
Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus'
Turkic ethnic group in Siberia
meaning to the names given to the Turkic people, Cumans-Kipchaks and Polovets (a Slavic term for Cumans). However, the seoks (tribes) of the Kumandins have
Kumandins
Country in Eastern Europe
11th and 12th centuries, the nomadic confederacy of the Turkic-speaking Cumans and Kipchaks was the dominant force in the Pontic steppe north of the Black
Ukraine
Bulgarian aristocratic dynasty of Cuman origin
of Chaka István Vásáry (2005) Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press, p. 2 Vásáry, István (2005-03-24). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in
Terter_dynasty
Former Central European monarchy (1000–1301)
Pest. Here, a riot broke out against the Cumans and the mob massacred the Cuman leader, Kuthen. The Cumans soon departed and pillaged the central parts
Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)
Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000–1301)
Founder and first Khan of the Golden Horde (r. 1227–1255)
last time Batu demanded that Bela have the Cumans returned and warned: "It is much easier for the Cumans to escape than it is for you...you dwell in
Batu_Khan
Church in Sighisoara, Romania
"The Cuman Bishopric—Genesis and Evolution". In Curta, Florin (ed.). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans (Volume
Monastery_Church,_Sighișoara
Military operation in Bohemia (1402–1403)
Kutná Hora. Sigismund's army, numbered around 20,000, comprised Hungarians, Cumans, and local allies. The siege began on 3 December 1402, when a contingent
Conquest_of_Kutná_Hora
Emperor of Bulgaria from 1196 to 1207
Halych and Volhynia, invaded the Cumans' territories, forcing them to return to their homeland in 1201. After the Cuman's retreat, Kaloyan concluded a peace
Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria
Byzantine pretender
he escaped and took refuge among the Cumans. In 1095, he invaded the Byzantine Empire at the head of a Cuman host and advanced as far as Adrianople
Constantine Diogenes (pretender)
Constantine_Diogenes_(pretender)
c. 880–1240 East Slavic state in Europe
Yaropolk II of Kiev, instead of focusing on the external threat of the Cumans, was embroiled in conflicts with the growing power of the Novgorod Republic
Kievan_Rus'
Country in Central Europe
population of 2 million were victims of the invasion. King Béla IV let Cumans and Jassic people, who were fleeing the Mongols, into the country. Over
Hungary
1241 battle of the first Mongol invasion of Poland
forces at Legnica. The Mongols considered the Cumans to have submitted to their authority, but the Cumans fled westward and sought asylum within the Kingdom
Battle_of_Legnica
1242 conflict
an alliance with some Cumans under their leaders Saronius and Jonas by 1239. It seems likely that he was giving shelter to Cumans fleeing the Mongols.
Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire
Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire
Aspect of Romanian history
text, which narrates the battles of the Cumans against several peoples, including the Vlachs (Ulak). The Cumans, a Turkic tribe approached the Danube Delta
Founding_of_Wallachia
Jászfényszaru) still bear their name. Cumans During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them
Demographics_of_Hungary
Castle in Deva, Hunedoara County, Romania
operation involving the fortress dates from 1273. Under its walls, the Cumans were defeated by Peter I Csák, Palatine of Hungary (Latin: Magister Petrus
Fortress_of_Deva
Rural locality in Volyn Oblast, Ukraine
Tsuman (Ukrainian: Цумань; Polish: Cumań) is a rural settlement in Lutsk Raion, Volyn Oblast, western Ukraine. It is located on the left bank of the Putylivka
Tsuman
Prince of Putivl and of Galicia
Euphrosyne Yaroslavna. He was with his father during his campaign against the Cumans on 13 April 1185, immortalized in the epic The Tale of Igor's Campaign;
Vladimir_III_Igorevich
Radioactive waste dumping site in Russia
Northwestern Turkic languages, including Tatar. It is also the name of the Kipchak-Cuman Turkic peoples living in the North Caucasus, Karachays. Built in total secrecy
Lake_Karachay
Byzantine general and governor
Cuman leader who became megas domestikos (commander-in-chief of the Byzantine army) under Emperor Andronikos II. At the time there were many Cumans in
Syrgiannes_Palaiologos
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