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Metrical forms in traditional Welsh poetry
The cywydd (IPA: [ˈkəwɨ̞ð]; plural cywyddau) is one of the most important metrical forms in traditional Welsh poetry (cerdd dafod). There are a variety
Cywydd
Country within the United Kingdom
composed eulogies and elegies to their patrons while the latter favoured the cywydd metre. The period produced one of Wales's greatest poets, Dafydd ap Gwilym
Wales
24 traditional metres used in Welsh-language poetry
proest cyfnewidiog Englyn proest cadwynog Cywydd: Awdl gywydd Cywydd deuair hirion Cywydd deuair fyrion Cywydd llosgyrnog Awdl: Rhupunt byr Rhupunt hir
Traditional Welsh poetic metres
Traditional_Welsh_poetic_metres
Genre of the Galician–Portuguese lyric
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Cantiga_de_amigo
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Tagelied
Welsh-language literature in the Middle Ages
eventually overcome. It led to the innovation of the development of the cywydd meter, a looser definition of praise, and a reliance on the nobility for
Medieval_Welsh_literature
Welsh poetic form
which must use cynghanedd. By this period, the englyn metres as well as the cywydd metres were included within the 24, and the term awdl simpliciter became
Awdl
The earliest dateable poem that can be confidently assigned to him are a cywydd in praise of Gwilym ap Gruffudd ap Gwilym ap Gruffudd ap Heilin (d. 1431)
Ieuan_ap_Gruffudd_Leiaf
14th-century Welsh poet
as follows: Cywydd deuair hirion The great majority of Dafydd's extant poems are written in the cywydd deuair hirion ("long couplet cywydd") metre, often
Dafydd_ap_Gwilym
Poem by Iolo Goch
English as "The Ploughman" or "The Labourer", is a poem in the form of a cywydd by the 14th-century Welsh poet Iolo Goch. Often compared with William Langland's
The_Ploughman
Type of Occitan poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Salut_d'amor
Sound form within Welsh poetry
forms of cynghanedd are used in all formal Welsh verse forms, such as the cywydd, awdl and englyn. Cynghanedd developed gradually over the period 1100–1350;
Cynghanedd
Genre of Occitan poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Sirventes
Morning love song or a song or poem about lovers separating at dawn
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Aubade
Style of poetry used by troubadours
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Trobar_leu
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Ensenhamen
Eight lines of poetry forming a stanza
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Octave_(poetry)
French poetic forms
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Formes_fixes
Song style
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Canso_(song)
French form of poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Rondelet
Music genre
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Ballata
Forme fixe
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Triolet
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Kyrielle
14th-century Welsh manuscript collection
(1962–1963). "Nodiadau ar y traddodiad moliant a'r cywydd" [Notes on the praise tradition and the cywydd]. Llên Cymru (in Welsh). 7: 217–43. Wikimedia Commons
Red_Book_of_Hergest
Troubadour style
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Trobar_ric
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Grand_chant
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Gab_(song)
Fixed verse form of poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Sestina
Genre of Old Occitan lyric poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Alba_(poetry)
Style of troubadour song
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Tenso
15th century Welsh poet
representatives of the Beirdd yr Uchelwyr ("Poets of the Nobility") or Cywyddwyr ("cywydd-men"), the itinerant professional poets of the period between the 1284 Statute
Lewys_Glyn_Cothi
Short lyrical poem about love
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Madrigal_(poetry)
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Trobar_clus
Lyric genre of Catalan and Occitan literature
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Viadera
Single-stanza poem in troubadour poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Cobla_esparsa
Form of medieval French verse
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Virelai
Genre of Occitan poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Enuig
Genre of medieval French poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Jeu-parti
Welsh poet
preserved in manuscript. A cywydd written in praise of Owain Tudor during his period of imprisonment at Newgate Prison. An elegiac cywydd mourning the deaths
Ieuan_Gethin
Welsh rebel and pretender (died c. 1416)
Inns of Court survive only from 1422 onwards. i.e. one composing in the cywydd, a metre considered unsuited for formal poetry before Iolo's time. On the
Owain_Glyndŵr
Isaf’ (i.e. Arllechwedd Isaf), Caernarfonshire. Nanconwy's work includes a cywydd style poem written to Captain William Myddelton of Gwaenynog. Nanconwy was
Dafydd_Nanconwy
Welsh poet (1723–1769)
language and composed some of his most important cywydd poems, including "Cywydd y Farn Fawr" ("Cywydd of the Great Judgment"). In 1751, Owen also began
Goronwy_Owen_(poet)
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Sicilian_octave
Verse form in 14th-century French poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Rondel_(poem)
Type of stanza in lyric poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Tornada (Occitan literary term)
Tornada_(Occitan_literary_term)
French medieval and Renaissance poetic and musical genre
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Rondeau_(forme_fixe)
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Reverdie
Form of medieval and Renaissance French poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Ballade_(forme_fixe)
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Leise
known in Welsh as "Yr Haf", is a 14th-century Welsh poem in the form of a cywydd by Dafydd ap Gwilym, widely seen as the greatest of the Welsh poets. The
Summer_(poem)
Welsh poetry tradition
renaissance in cerdd dafod, especially in the metres known as englyn and cywydd, attributed to the poet Alan Llwyd. Islwyn, Dafydd (2006). Koch, John T
Cerdd_dafod
from Llandderfel in the Dee valley of Merioneth as he witnessed in his Cywydd y Wennol (Poem to the Swallow). Early in his life he travelled to south
Huw_Cae_Llwyd
14th-century Welsh-language poem
poem by the 14th-century bard Llywelyn Goch ap Meurig Hen in the form of a cywydd. It is his most famous work, and has been called one of the finest of all
Lament_for_Lleucu_Llwyd
1800 to 1807, he taught in Dolgellau, where he remained until his death. Cywydd y Drindod (1793) Y Mil-Blynyddau (1799) Gwaith Prydyddawl (1803) Joseph
David Richards (Dafydd Ionawr)
David_Richards_(Dafydd_Ionawr)
Welsh bard
was a 16th-century Welsh bard. He is known to have written a number of cywydd style poems. Owen, Robert. "Dafydd Glyn Dyfrdwy". Dictionary of Welsh Biography
Dafydd_Glyn_Dyfrdwy
Type of Welsh festival of literature, music and performance
said to have been fashioned by Gruffudd ap Nicolas himself, was won by a cywydd in honour of the Holy Trinity composed by Dafydd ab Edmwnd, a Welsh poet
Eisteddfod
14th-century poem by Dafydd ap Gwilym
"The Wind" (Welsh: Y Gwynt) is a 64-line love poem in the form of a cywydd by the 14th-century Welsh poet Dafydd ap Gwilym. Dafydd is widely seen as the
The_Wind_(poem)
Llangyfelach, near Swansea). He may have been a member of a holy order. A cywydd in praise of Sir Rhys ap Thomas (q.v.) is thought to be his only surviving
Dafydd_ap_Phylip_ap_Rhys
Welsh poet
Ystrad Tywi. His poetry dates from around 1446 to around 1490. Only seven Cywydds of his work survive, including a darogan to Sir Rhosier Fychan, an influential
Dafydd_Gorlech
Poetic genre
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Pastourelle
Genre of narrative Old French lyric poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Chanson_de_toile
Genre of Occitan poetry shaped as a competition
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Torneyamen
Welsh poet (died 1564)
Gruffudd was one of the foremost poets of the sixteenth century to use the cywydd metre. He was a prolific author and gifted scholar. Though he was member
Gruffudd_Hiraethog
Welsh poet
wrote several englynion on matters of her personal and family life, and a cywydd aimed at reconciling two men. Alis was the daughter of the "gentleman poet"
Alis_Wen
known in Welsh as "Mis Mai", is a 14th-century Welsh poem in the form of a cywydd by Dafydd ap Gwilym, widely seen as the greatest of the Welsh poets. The
May_(poem)
Welsh poet and soldier
era of the Beirdd yr Uchelwyr ("Poets of the Nobility") or Cywyddwyr ("cywydd-men"), the itinerant professional poets of the later Middle Ages. He is
Guto'r_Glyn
Genre of Catalan and Occitan literature
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Maldit-comiat
cynghanedd, it was elaborated in the 14th century and developed into the cywydd. Very few poems in this metre have survived, but one is The Poet and the
Traethodl
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Dansa
at either the Battle of Pwll Melyn or the Battle of Grosmont in 1405. A cywydd (poem of praise) sometimes attributed to poet and bard Iolo Goch was written
Rhys_Gethin
Welsh poet (fl. 1460–1502)
the most famous part of her work today is her erotic poetry, especially Cywydd y Cedor ("Poem to the Vagina"), a poem praising the vulva. In it, she upbraids
Gwerful_Mechain
Genre of Occitan poetry
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Pastorela
Welsh Poet
Two poems to the fox have also been attributed to Edmund Prys. In one cywydd, he asked Thomas Prys of Plas Iolyn in Denbighshire for a pair of hounds
Huw_Llwyd
Cwrtmawr manuscripts and in the National Library of Wales. A second work, a cywydd to the owl, has also been attributed to him by some manuscripts, though
Gruffudd_Leiaf
15th-century Welsh poet
definitely ascribed to Gwerful Fychan is known to survive, but the cywydd titled Cywydd y March Glas (the Grey Horse), sometimes ascribed either to Gwerful
Gwerful_Fychan
Welsh minister and writer
prosody and Rees went on to win a prize at the 1826 Brecon eisteddfod for a cywydd (poem) on the Battle of Trafalgar and the death of Nelson. This gave him
William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog)
William_Rees_(Gwilym_Hiraethog)
publication of Rhys's Welsh grammar in 1592. The bard Meurig Dafydd addressed a cywydd to Stradling and Rhys on the publication of the grammar. Siôn Dafydd Rhys
Siôn_Dafydd_Rhys
14th century poem
be mine." The poem consists of 30 lines (or 15 rhyming couplets) in the cywydd metre. In this metrical form, each line has 7 syllables, with a break usually
The_Seagull_(poem)
"The Dream" (Welsh: Y Breuddwyd) is a medieval Welsh poem in the form of a cywydd. Though it is included in both of the modern editions of the works of Dafydd
The Dream (Dafydd ap Gwilym poem)
The_Dream_(Dafydd_ap_Gwilym_poem)
Folkloric Welsh prince and explorer
earliest certain reference to a seafaring man named Madoc or Madog occurs in a cywydd by the Welsh poet Maredudd ap Rhys (fl. 1450–1483) of Powys that mentions
Madoc
Occitan traditional song
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Lo_Boièr
Poem by Gruffudd Gryg
"The Wave" (Welsh: "I'r Don") is a Welsh-language cywydd by the mid 14th-century poet Gruffudd Gryg. It is a llatai poem, which is to say one in which
The_Wave_(poem)
1440 Welsh-language poem by Guto'r Glyn
"Elegy for Llywelyn ab y Moel" (Welsh: Marwnad Llywelyn ab y Moel) is a cywydd, a Welsh-language poem, by the 15th-century bard Guto'r Glyn written in
Elegy_for_Llywelyn_ab_y_Moel
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Partimen
Octave Ottava rima Petrarchan sonnet Sicilian octave Welsh Awdl Cerdd dafod Cywydd Traethodl German Leise Tagelied Galician-Portuguese Cantiga de amigo Cantiga
Arlabecca
Verse form commonly used in Welsh-language poetry
The englyn unodl union is made of a toddaid byr followed by a couplet of cywydd deuair hirion. It is very commonly used even up to the present day. The
Toddaid
vaticinatory. Little of his work is thought to survive. One surviving work, a cywydd, is held by the National Library of Wales. Owens, Benjamin George. "Dafydd
Dafydd_Offeiriad
Welsh bard
notable as one of the finest exponents of the metrical form known as the cywydd. He composed poems to a number of Welsh noblemen, notably to his chief patron
Iolo_Goch
Welsh poet
Dafydd ap Gwilym. His best-known poems include the following cywyddau: Cywydd Merch ("To a girl") I Wallt Merch ("A lady’s hair") Enwi’r Ferch ("Naming
Dafydd_ab_Edmwnd
both people and places. Ieuan clings to one metre, the cywydd. There are several types of cywydd, each with strictly defined rules that were well established
Ieuan_Deulwyn
Poem by Gruffudd ab Adda
"I'r fedwen", "Y fedwen yn bawl haf", or "Y fedwen las anfadwallt", is a cywydd (a Welsh-language verse form) by the mid-14th century bard Gruffudd ab Adda;
The_Maypole
Poem by Iolo Goch
also known as "Sycharth" or "The Court of Owain Glyndŵr at Sycharth", is a cywydd by the Welsh bard Iolo Goch. It describes and celebrates the hall and household
Owain_Glyndŵr's_Court
15th-century Welsh poem
(Welsh: Angladd y Bardd) is a Welsh-language love poem in the form of a cywydd in which the poet foresees his own death from unrequited love. It was formerly
The_Poet's_Burial_for_Love
Town in Monmouthshire, Wales
brass monument to him in the church, with an inscription in the form of a cywydd (a Welsh poetic metre from c. 13th century). Usk later became a centre for
Usk
Village in Anglesey, Wales
of the leading Welsh poets of the Middle Ages, Dafydd ap Gwilym wrote a cywydd praising Newborough for its generous hospitality, especially towards poets
Newborough,_Anglesey
Reipublice Descriptio 1339 Florence Italy Prose Latin Manuscript is untitled Cywydd Rhosyr Mid 14th century Dafydd ap Gwilym Newborough Wales Poetry Welsh Date
List of literary descriptions of cities (before 1550)
List_of_literary_descriptions_of_cities_(before_1550)
Pennant was a late 16th-century Welsh poet. Two surviving works are known, a cywydd (written in praise of ‘William of Penrhyn’), and a love poem. Jones, Nansi
Dafydd_Pennant
Anglo-Welsh soldier and administrator
Castle. Guto'r Glyn, the Bard of Valle Crucis Abbey (1445–1475) wrote a "cywydd" in Kynaston's honour entitled "Syr Rosier Cinast o’r Cnewin". Kynaston
Sir_Roger_Kynaston
Welsh poet
of which he was a founder, erected a monument to his memory. Hughes's Cywydd Molawd Mon, and a couple of englynion appeared with a brief biographical
Robert_Hughes_(poet)
Ceremony in the Welsh eisteddfod tradition
because he is judged by wise men of his nation to have composed a worthy cywydd concerning the nature of clouds." In 1917, Hedd Wyn (Ellis Humphrey Evans)
Chairing_of_the_Bard
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