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Clade of reptiles with two holes in each side of their skulls
Diapsids ("two arches") are a clade of sauropsids, distinguished from other reptiles by the presence (at least ancestrally) of two holes, known as temporal
Diapsid
Opening in the skull behind the orbit in some animals
though not diapsids in a purely anatomical sense, qualify as members of the clade Diapsida due to their likely diapsid ancestry. Some diapsids, particularly
Temporal_fenestra
Extinct clade of reptiles
Araeoscelida is a clade of extinct tetrapods (traditionally classified as diapsid reptiles) superficially resembling lizards, extending from the Late Carboniferous
Araeoscelidia
Clade of reptiles
Sauria is the clade of diapsids containing the most recent common ancestor of Archosauria (which includes crocodilians and birds) and Lepidosauria (which
Sauria
Extinct genus of reptile from the early Permian of South Africa
into question. Recent studies regardless place mesosaurs as basal, non-diapsid reptiles. The holotype of M. tenuidens, MNHN 1865–77, is nicknamed the
Mesosaurus
Clade of tetrapods
in synapsids (mammals and their extinct relatives) there is one; and in diapsids (including birds, crocodilians, squamates, and tuataras), there are two
Amniote
Clade comprising turtles, birds and crocodilians
found turtles to either be descendants of parareptiles, early-diverging diapsids outside of Sauria, or close relatives of lepidosaurs within the clade Ankylopoda
Archelosauria
Taxonomic clade
2023). "A diverse diapsid tooth assemblage from the Early Triassic (Driefontein locality, South Africa) records the recovery of diapsids following the end-Permian
Sauropsida
Clade of reptiles
Archosauromorpha (Greek for "ruling lizard forms") is a clade of diapsid reptiles containing all reptiles more closely related to archosaurs (such as
Archosauromorpha
Diverse clade of specialized reptiles
as diapsids, dinosaurs ancestrally had two pairs of Infratemporal fenestrae (openings in the skull behind the eyes), and as members of the diapsid group
Dinosaur
Extinct order of reptiles
Hupehsuchia is an order of diapsid reptiles closely related to ichthyosaurs. The group was short-lasting, with a temporal range restricted to the late
Hupehsuchia
Extinct order of reptiles
Eosuchia is a proposed order of extinct diapsid reptiles comprising taxa from the Permian and Triassic. Eosuchia was initially defined to include all
Eosuchia
Group of Mesozoic aquatic reptiles
extinct as part of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Other than being diapsids, their affinities to other reptiles have long been contentious. Sometimes
Sauropterygia
Extinct family of reptiles
lizard-like gliding diapsids known from the Triassic period of Europe and North America. They are distinguished from other diapsids by their 'wings' formed
Kuehneosauridae
Clade of reptiles
controversy. Genetic evidence strongly supports that turtles are cladistically diapsids more closely related to archosaurs (crocodilians and birds) than to lizards
Pantestudines
Subphylum of chordates
Hyperodapedon, a diapsid reptile of the Triassic, c. 230 mya
Vertebrate
Extinct genus of reptiles
discoverer Claude Germain and saurus, 'lizard') is an extinct genus of diapsid reptiles from the Late Permian Lower Sakamena Formation of the Morondava
Claudiosaurus
Extinct clade of reptiles
archosauromorphs, lepidosauromorphs related to kuehneosaurids, non-saurian diapsids related to weigeltisaurids, or (most recently) basal neodiapsids. When
Drepanosauromorpha
System that relates geologic strata to time
regions. Mosses, Coleoptera (beetles) and Diptera (two-winged flies) appear. Diapsids split into archosaurs (crocodiles and dinosaurs) and lepidosaurs (lizards
Geologic_time_scale
Clade of marine reptiles
earliest known representatives, though they are usually considered to be diapsids. Ichthyosaur researcher Michael Maisch has alternatively argued that the
Ichthyosauromorpha
Origin and diversification of reptiles through geologic time
located higher on the skull. The function of the holes in both synapsids and diapsids was to lighten the skull and give room for the jaw muscles to move, allowing
Evolution_of_reptiles
Extinct family of tetrapods
studies from the late 2010s recovered them being taxonomically closer to diapsid reptiles; recent studies from the early 2020s support their traditional
Varanopidae
Order of reptiles with a shell
temporal openings, and genetic evidence supports them having evolved from a diapsid ancestor. Some early morphological phylogenetic studies have placed turtles
Turtle
Extinct subclass of reptiles
bones at the back of the skull. While all but the earliest eureptiles were diapsids, with two openings at the back of the skull, "parareptiles" were generally
Parareptilia
Clade of the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants
Lissamphibia – modern amphibians Class Reptilia – reptiles Subclass Diapsida – diapsids, including crocodiles, dinosaurs, birds, lizards, snakes and turtles Subclass
Tetrapod
Limbless, scaly, elongate reptile
Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X. Sanchez A. "Diapsids III: Snakes". Father Sanchez's Web Site of West Indian Natural History
Snake
Extinct genus of reptiles
Eusaurosphargis is an extinct genus of a diapsid reptile, known from the Middle Triassic (Anisian and Ladinian age) Besano Formation of northern Italy
Eusaurosphargis
Extinct genus of reptiles
the Triassic Period. It is a member of the Drepanosauridae, a group of diapsid reptiles known for their prehensile tails. Drepanosaurus was probably an
Drepanosaurus
Clade of reptiles
PhyloCode known as Pan-Lepidosauria) is a group of reptiles comprising all diapsids closer to lizards than to archosaurs (extant archosaurs are crocodiles
Lepidosauromorpha
Extinct group of marine reptiles
their exact relationships are unresolved. They are widely accepted as diapsids, but experts have variously placed them on the reptile family tree among
Thalattosauria
Extinct genus of reptiles
Triassic period, it was a 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) long shellfish-eating diapsid with paddle-like limbs and a down-turned rostrum. Fossils were recovered
Thalattosaurus
Class of animals
(class Aves) are the only surviving group of Dinosauria, a major clade of diapsids that are more closely related to crocodilians than to other living reptiles
Reptile
Extinct order of reptiles
chōristos + δέρη dérē, 'separated neck') is an extinct order of semiaquatic diapsid reptiles that ranged from the Middle Jurassic, or possibly Triassic, to
Choristodera
Extinct genus of tetrapods
Early Permian epoch. Apsisaurus was formerly assigned as an "eosuchian" diapsid. In 2010, it was redescribed by Robert R. Reisz, Michel Laurin and David
Apsisaurus
Extinct family of reptiles
Younginidae is an extinct family of diapsid reptiles known from the Late Permian. In a phylogenetic context, younginids are placed near the base of the
Younginidae
Extinct clade of neodiapsid reptiles
Avicephala ("bird heads") is a potentially polyphyletic grouping of extinct diapsid reptiles that lived during the Late Permian and Triassic periods characterised
Avicephala
Paraphyletic grouping of reptiles
modern paleontologists believe that the Testudines are descended from diapsid reptiles that lost their temporal fenestrae. More recent morphological
Anapsid
Extinct group of reptiles
Younginiformes is a potential group of diapsid reptiles known from the Permian–Triassic of Africa. It has been used as a replacement for the more problematically
Younginiformes
Clade of reptiles
Archosauriformes (Greek for 'ruling lizards', and Latin for 'form') is a clade of diapsid reptiles encompassing archosaurs and some of their close relatives. It
Archosauriformes
Extinct genus of reptiles
Permian diapsids which linked the most basal ("primitive") diapsids (araeoscelidians such as Petrolacosaurus) to more derived ("advanced") diapsids, including
Acerosodontosaurus
Order of reptiles
Benson, Roger B. J. (25 August 2021). "A reassessment of the enigmatic diapsid Paliguana whitei and the early history of Lepidosauromorpha". Proceedings
Squamata
Extinct family of synapsids
persisting into the Roadian, replaced by anomodonts, theriodonts, and the diapsid reptiles. The lifestyle of ophiacodonts has long been controversial. Some
Ophiacodontidae
Extinct genus of reptiles
(turtle)] meaning "grandfather turtle" in Greek) is an extinct genus of diapsid reptile possibly related to turtles. The genus contains only one species
Pappochelys
Extinct genus of reptiles
Thadeosaurus is an extinct genus of diapsid reptiles from the late Permian Lower Sakamena Formation (Sakamena Group) of Madagascar. The genus contains
Thadeosaurus
Extinct genus of reptiles
Dolerosaurus is an extinct genus of diapsid known from the early Late Triassic (late Carnian stage) upper Lunz Formation of Austria. Dolerosaurus was
Dolerosaurus
Extinct genus of tetrapods
considered one of the most basal groups of sauropsids or as the earliest "diapsid" stem-reptiles, but some analyses have recovered them as stem-amniotes
Araeoscelis
Clade of bird-like archosaur reptiles
Avemetatarsalia (meaning "bird metatarsals") is a clade of diapsid reptiles containing all archosaurs more closely related to birds than to crocodilians
Avemetatarsalia
Group of diapsids broadly classified as reptiles
Archosauria or archosaurs (/ˈɑːrkəˌsɔːr/) is a clade of diapsid sauropsid tetrapods, with birds and crocodilians being the only known extant representatives
Archosaur
Extinct genus of reptiles
Helveticosaurus is an extinct genus of diapsid marine reptile known from the Middle Triassic (Anisian-Ladinian boundary) of southern Switzerland and Italy
Helveticosaurus
Extinct genus of reptiles
Nectosaurus is a genus of thalattosaur (marine diapsid reptiles) which lived during the Late Triassic in what is now California. The type and only known
Nectosaurus
Extinct family of reptiles
Tangasauridae is an extinct family of diapsids known from fossils found in Late Permian to Early Triassic rocks in Madagascar, Kenya and Tanzania. Fossils
Tangasauridae
Group of extinct reptiles
commonly believed that euryapsids (particularly sauropterygians) are in fact diapsids (which have two fenestrae behind the orbit) that lost the lower temporal
Euryapsida
Extinct genus of tetrapods
the middle Permian. At first H. scholtzi was mistakenly classified as a diapsid. Members of this family were carnivorous and had dermal armor, and somewhat
Heleosaurus
Extinct genus of reptiles
longirostris but are now thought to have belonged to a non-ichthyopterygian diapsid related to Helveticosaurus. Fossils have been found along the coasts of
Grippia
Superorder of reptiles
quadrate/quadratojugal bones, similar to the condition found in primitive diapsids. However early rhynchocephalians and lepidosauromorphs had an open lower
Lepidosauria
Fifth period of the Paleozoic Era
Scotia, and possibly New Brunswick. Petrolacosaurus, the earliest known diapsid reptile, lived during the late Carboniferous. Archaeothyris is the oldest
Carboniferous
Genus of tetrapods
posteriorly to an enlarged orbit. This gives Petrolacosaurus an anatomically diapsid skull, a feature that is convergently shared with neodiapsid reptiles.
Petrolacosaurus
Skull bone in vertebrates
teeth (palatal dentition), though these are lost in all synapsids and diapsid reptiles. Holliday, Casey M.; Witmer, Lawrence M. (2009-09-12). "The epipterygoid
Ectopterygoid
Geologic formation in the northwestern United States
The Fort Union Formation is a geologic unit containing sandstones, shales, and coal beds in Wyoming, Montana, and parts of adjacent states. In the Powder
Fort_Union_Formation
Genus of theropod dinosaur
being largely restricted to mammals and being relatively rare in modern diapsid carnivores (including lizards, crocodiles, and birds) has come into question
Allosaurus
Two concepts on heritable traits
evaluated. This may identify larger clades, such as the diapsid skull that defines diapsids, or less inclusive clades, such as the syrinx that defines
Apomorphy_and_synapomorphy
Extinct genus of reptiles
attributed to Longisquama. The discovery of Mirasaura, a closely related diapsid genus with similar structures preserved in articulation, demonstrates that
Longisquama
Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study
1970_in_paleontology
Extinct genus of reptiles
Pterosauria, and cannot be positively identified beyond being an indeterminate diapsid. More recent work on newly prepared material, however, seems to confirm
Utahdactylus
turtles belong here is debated Captorhinidae and Protorothyrididae (extinct) Diapsids Araeoscelidia (extinct) Squamata (lizards and snakes) Archosaurs Extinct
History_of_life
Order of reptiles (fossil)
molecular and fossil (Pappochelys) evidence for the origin of turtles among diapsid reptiles. The following cladogram is simplified after the phylogenetic
Procolophonomorpha
Method of biological systematics in evolutionary biology
are nonetheless tetrapods: other characters, such as amniotic eggs and diapsid skulls, indicate that they descended from ancestors that possessed digits
Cladistics
Clade of reptiles
Benton, Michael J. (1985-06-01). "Classification and phylogeny of the diapsid reptiles". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 84 (2): 97–164. doi:10
Dinosauromorpha
Informal group of reptiles
distinguishing them from the rhynchocephalians, which have more rigid diapsid skulls. Some lizards such as chameleons have prehensile tails, assisting
Lizard
Extinct genus of reptiles
Shokawa is an extinct genus of choristoderan diapsid reptile, known from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. It is only known from one species, Shokawa ikoi
Shokawa
Species of reptile
bones of the skull. This is similar to the condition found in primitive diapsid reptiles. However, because more primitive rhynchocephalians have an open
Tuatara
Extinct clade of reptiles
taxa were recently found to be pliosauroids. While they were Mesozoic diapsid reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs, they did not belong
Plesiosauroidea
First era of the Phanerozoic Eon
America. Towards the end of the era, large, sophisticated synapsids and diapsids were dominant and the first modern plants (conifers) appeared. The Paleozoic
Paleozoic
Extinct order of reptiles
typically lizard-like in build, and had skulls rather similar to the early diapsid Youngina, except for the beak and a few other features. Later and more
Rhynchosauria
Extinct genus of synapsids
Southwestern United States. The maxilla was first attributed to an early diapsid reptile in 1857, and later a crocodylomorph in 1869, before finally being
Neosaurus
Aquatically secondarily adapted reptiles
aquatic or semiaquatic marine reptiles of uncertain placement within the diapsid clade. One subgroup, the thalattosauroids, are known for their unusual
Marine_reptile
Extinct genus of stem-reptile
Maiothisavros is an extinct genus of early diapsid stem-reptile known from the Early Permian (Artinskian age) Richards Spur locality of Oklahoma, United
Maiothisavros
Genus of carnivorous synapsids from the Permian
placement of varanopids has been debated between synapsids or closer to diapsid reptiles. A recent study removed Ascendonanus from the varanopids (considered
Dimetrodon
Extinct genus of reptiles
Cryptovaranoides ("hidden lizard-like animal") is an extinct genus of reptile from the Late Triassic Magnesian Conglomerate of England. It contains a single
Cryptovaranoides
Family of large reptilian carnivores
are closed during submergence. Like other archosaurs, crocodilians are diapsid, although their post-temporal fenestrae are reduced. The walls of the braincase
Crocodile
Xerotyphlops Family Xenotyphlopidae. Genus Xenotyphlops Archosaurs are a group of diapsid amniotes whose living representatives consist of birds and crocodilians
List_of_reptile_genera
Family of theropod dinosaurs
Deinonychus may have actually displayed a disorganized mobbing behavior. Modern diapsids, including birds and crocodiles (the closest relatives of dromaeosaurids)
Dromaeosauridae
evolved significantly since their divergence from other archosaurian, diapsid, and amniotic lineages. Compared to other tetrapod lineages, birds have
Genomic_evolution_of_birds
Extinct genus of reptiles
Hovasaurus is an extinct genus of basal diapsid reptile. It lived in what is now Madagascar during the Late Permian and Early Triassic, being a survivor
Hovasaurus
Second era of the Phanerozoic Eon
19th century paleontologist Gideon Mantell who viewed it as dominated by diapsids such as Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, Plesiosaurus, and Pterodactylus. The current
Mesozoic
Extinct genus of reptiles
Palaeopleurosaurus (meaning "old side lizard") is an extinct genus of diapsid reptiles belonging to the group Sphenodontia. Palaeopleurosaurus fossils
Palaeopleurosaurus
Bony structure that forms the head in vertebrates
transmit forces between the jaw joints and teeth during biting. Birds have a diapsid skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrimal fossa (present in some reptiles)
Skull
Extinct family of reptiles
containing all living diapsids and probably all living reptiles including birds). Their relative position compared to other basal diapsid groups like the Younginiformes
Weigeltisauridae
Clade of tetrapods including mammals
extinction, likely outcompeted by the rapidly diversifying Saurian lineage of diapsids, equipped with sophisticated respiratory systems better suited to the very
Therapsida
Extinct genus of reptiles
shows upper temporal fenestrae, meaning the skull demonstrates a fully diapsid condition, a feature that is now recognized in other millerettids. In the
Eunotosaurus
Mass extinction event about 66 million years ago
evolved after the cataclysm. The choristoderes (a group of semi-aquatic diapsids of uncertain position) survived across the K–Pg boundary subsequently becoming
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event
Reptiles of the superfamily Chelonioidea
Zardoya, R; Meyer, A (1998). "Complete mitochondrial genome suggests diapsid affinities of turtles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Sea_turtle
Genus of extinct reptiles
Vincent; Benson, Roger B. J. (2021-08-25). "A reassessment of the enigmatic diapsid Paliguana whitei and the early history of Lepidosauromorpha". Proceedings
Hohlachia
Extinct genus of reptiles
Robert Reisz in 1995. deBraga, Michael; Reisz, Robert R. (1995). "A new diapsid reptile from the uppermost Carboniferous (Stephanian) of Kansas" (PDF)
Spinoaequalis
Earth's most severe extinction event
have separately evolved from diapsid ancestors). Pelycosaurs died out before the end of the Permian. Too few Permian diapsid fossils have been found to
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Extinct genus of early reptiles
Galesphyrus is an extinct genus of early diapsid reptile known from the Permian of South Africa. The taxonomic, geographic, and geological histories of
Galesphyrus
Genus of extinct stem-reptile
plates. Due to the perceived importance of Youngina as an "archetypal" diapsid reptile representing the ancestral anatomical condition for the reptile
Scyllacerta
National park in Arizona, United States
archosaurs, temnospondyl amphibians, lissamphibians, non-archosauromorph diapsids, and other dinosauromorphs and archosauromorphs. Dicynodonts are extremely
Petrified Forest National Park
Petrified_Forest_National_Park
Small opening or pore
Hylonomus. From this reptile, three groups of amniotes would evolve: anapsids, diapsids, and synapsids. These broad groupings of amniotes are most easily differentiated
Fenestra
Genus of fossil reptile
Maria E.; Sues, Hans-Dieter; Schoch, Rainer R. (2025-07-23). "Triassic diapsid shows early diversification of skin appendages in reptiles". Nature. 643
Mirasaura
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