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1940s–1950s British computer
numbers. EDSAC was finally shut down on 11 July 1958, having been superseded by EDSAC 2, which remained in use until 1965. The conception of the EDSAC I can
EDSAC
Electronic computer from 1958
EDSAC 2 was an early vacuum tube computer (operational in 1958), the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC). It was the
EDSAC_2
UK university department
inspired the world's first business computer, LEO. It was replaced by EDSAC 2, the first microcoded and bit-sliced computer, in 1958. The Cambridge Diploma
Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge
Department_of_Computer_Science_and_Technology,_University_of_Cambridge
British computer scientist (1913–2010)
designed and helped build the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), one of the earliest stored-program computers, and who invented microprogramming
Maurice_Wilkes
version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by Douglas Hartree of the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961. Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode, it was
History of programming languages
History_of_programming_languages
Early computer programming languages
The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by David Hartley of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961. Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode, it was a
Autocode
Type of subroutine call
developed by David Wheeler while working on the pioneering EDSAC machine in the 1950s. EDSAC had not been built with subroutines in mind, and lacked a
Wheeler_Jump
manufacturing company J. Lyons & Co. Ltd. EDSAC 1 was finally shut down on 11 July 1958, having been superseded by EDSAC 2 which stayed in use until 1965. The
History_of_computing_hardware
Museum in Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
electronic computer. The vast increase in computing power that EDSAC and its successor EDSAC 2 supplied, contributed to the winning of three Nobel Prizes
The National Museum of Computing
The_National_Museum_of_Computing
explaining the overall developments, see the History of operating systems. 1949 EDSAC was an early computer developed by Maurice Wilkes and manufactured by the
Timeline_of_operating_systems
Method of constructing a computer processor
Computer built at MIT as part of the Whirlwind research in 1952–1953, and the EDSAC 2, built at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1956–1958
Bit_slicing
British computer scientist
developing the first programming language "Autocode", and its compiler for the EDSAC 2 computer, for which he was awarded a PhD degree in 1963. His thesis was
David Hartley (computer scientist)
David_Hartley_(computer_scientist)
Unproved conjecture in mathematics
computationally intensive. In the early 1960s, Swinnerton-Dyer used the EDSAC-2 computer at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory to calculate
Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture
Birch_and_Swinnerton-Dyer_conjecture
Computing Engine Colossus computer CTL Modular One Digico Micro 16 EDSAC EDSAC 2 Elliott Brothers (computer company) Elliott 152 Elliott 503 Elliott
List_of_British_computers
modern computer – Maurice Wilkes EDSAC 2 the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator or EDSAC. It was the first computer to have
List of British innovations and discoveries
List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries
First book on computer programming (1951)
The book was based on the authors' experiences constructing and using EDSAC, one of the first practical computers in the world. It was the first book
The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer
The_Preparation_of_Programs_for_an_Electronic_Digital_Computer
First generation programmable computers
(link) "COMPUTERS, OVERSEAS: 4. Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, G 1, G 1a, G 2, and G 3. Gottingen, Germany". Digital Computer Newsletter. 10 (3): 15–16
List_of_vacuum-tube_computers
computer, built by the Metropolitan-Vickers Company of Manchester. 1958: EDSAC 2, the first computer to have a microprogrammed (Microcode) control unit
List of English inventions and discoveries
List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries
Supercomputer of the 1960s
only two machines which are really fast are the Cambridge EDSAC 2 and the Manchester Mark 2, although both are still very slow compared with the fastest
Atlas_(computer)
British mathematician (1927–2018)
rationals. They did extensive computations of elliptic curves on the Cambridge EDSAC-2, which led them to their famous Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture. Swinnerton-Dyer
Peter_Swinnerton-Dyer
British professor of computer science
best known for creating OXO, the first graphical computer game, on the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge in 1952. Designed to simulate a
Sandy_Douglas
Binary representation for signed numbers
EDVAC proposal for an electronic stored-program digital computer. The 1949 EDSAC, which was inspired by the First Draft, used two's complement representation
Two's_complement
British computer scientist (1927–2004)
field included work on the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) in the 1950s and the Burrows–Wheeler transform (published 1994). Along
David Wheeler (computer scientist)
David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)
British academic
Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory and contributed to the development of the EDSAC 2 computer. In the early 1960s, he was leader of software development in
David_W._Barron
British computer scientist (1926–1975)
team led by Maurice Wilkes; the research involved pioneering work with the EDSAC computer in the Cavendish Laboratory. In 1952, he developed a very early
Stanley_Gill
University Information Services department. EDSAC computer, 1949 - a pioneering stored-program computer EDSAC 2 computer, 1965 - first computer to have a
University of Cambridge Computing Service
University_of_Cambridge_Computing_Service
1951 British computer
applications. The prototype LEO I was modelled closely on the Cambridge EDSAC. Its construction was overseen by Oliver Standingford, Raymond Thompson
LEO_(computer)
Australian computer scientist
Society. His pioneering career included work on early computers such as EDSAC, Ferranti Mark 1* and SILLIAC, and spreading the word about the use of computers
John_Makepeace_Bennett
Collection of resources used to develop a computer program
his team constructed EDSAC. A filing cabinet of punched tape held the subroutine library for this computer. Programs for EDSAC consisted of a main program
Library_(computing)
First female computer scientist in Canada
at Cambridge under Maurice Wilkes. She wrote the first program to run on EDSAC, co-wrote the first compiler for Toronto's Ferranti Mark 1, wrote numerous
Beatrice_Worsley
including 2 148 + 1 17 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {2^{148}+1}{17}}} were found without a computer, while the primes starting with 180×(M127)2+1 were found
Largest_known_prime_number
Games from the 1940s to the 1970s
Douglas created OXO, a software program for the EDSAC computer, which simulates a game of tic-tac-toe. The EDSAC, completed in 1949, was one of the first stored-program
Early_history_of_video_games
Building in Cambridge, England
building, is decorated with a paper-tape representation of the original EDSAC "Initial Orders" (boot program) written by David Wheeler and of a program
William Gates Building, Cambridge
William_Gates_Building,_Cambridge
Connection between computers or programs
and David Wheeler worked on a modular software library in the 1940s for EDSAC, an early computer. The subroutines in this library were stored on punched
API
Computer architecture where code and data share a common bus
America, but the von Neumann report inspired the construction of the E.D.S.A.C. (electronic delay-storage automatic calculator) in Cambridge (see p.
Von_Neumann_architecture
Paper-and-pencil game for two players
Crosses), developed by British computer scientist Sandy Douglas for the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge, became one of the first known video
Tic-tac-toe
1952 puzzle video game
itself, in the same way as the selective analysis program developed for the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge. Convinced by this idea, the game
Checkers_(video_game)
Early type of computer memory
clock rate according to the ambient temperature to achieve the same effect. EDSAC, the second full-scale stored-program digital computer, began operation
Delay-line_memory
British computer scientist (1931–2023)
by Ferranti and supervised by Maurice Wilkes, and later working on the EDSAC computer, Lindsey began his career at Ferranti at West Gorton in Manchester
Charles_H._Lindsey
Low-level programming language family
History of Computing. 4 (2): 121–139. doi:10.1109/MAHC.1982.10016. S2CID 14861159. Campbell-Kelly, Martin (1980). "Programming the EDSAC: Early Programming
Assembly_language
Computer intended for use by an individual person
far. — British newspaper The Star in a June 1949 news article about the EDSAC computer, long before the era of the personal computers. In the history
Personal_computer
Electronic game with user interface and visual feedback
1952; OXO, a tic-tac-toe computer game by Alexander S. Douglas for the EDSAC in 1952; Tennis for Two, an electronic interactive game engineered by William
Video_game
Instructions a computer can execute
architecture was simultaneously deployed in the constructions of the EDVAC and EDSAC computers in 1949. The IBM System/360 (1964) was a family of computers,
Computer_program
Country within the United Kingdom
Tootill developed the Manchester Baby, while Sir Maurice Wilkes developed EDSAC contributing to the first stored-program computers that established modern
England
Programmable machine that processes data
of computers. Lyons's LEO I computer, modelled closely on the Cambridge EDSAC of 1949, became operational in April 1951 and ran the world's first routine
Computer
First electronic stored-program computer, 1948
and the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory was working on EDSAC. The NPL did not have the expertise to build a machine like ACE, so they
Manchester_Baby
Algorithms for calculating square roots
< c 0 < 2 {\displaystyle -1<c_{0}<2\,\!} . This method was developed around 1950 by M. V. Wilkes, D. J. Wheeler and S. Gill for use on EDSAC, one of the
Square_root_algorithms
First working programmable, fully automatic digital computer
switches. The Manchester Baby of 1948 along with the Manchester Mark 1 and EDSAC both of 1949 were the world's earliest working computers that stored program
Z3_(computer)
19th century proposed mechanical computer
built a complete and working specimen of Babbage's Difference Engine No. 2, a design that incorporated refinements Babbage discovered during the development
Analytical_engine
First electronic general-purpose digital computer
computing machines, including Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) at Cambridge University, England and SEAC at the U.S. Bureau of Standards
ENIAC
far. — British newspaper The Star in a June 1949 news article about the EDSAC computer, long before the era of the personal computers. Simon was a small
History_of_personal_computers
American annual computer science prize
Lectures". informatik.uni-trier.de. Archived from the original on January 2, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2023. Brown, Bob (June 6, 2011). "Why there's
Turing_Award
Process to create executable computer programs
a selection of common subroutines for handling basic operations on the EDSAC, one of the world's first stored-program computers. When high-level languages
Computer_programming
Study of computation
as a discipline". Computer. 22 (2): 63–70. Bibcode:1989Compr..22b..63D. doi:10.1109/2.19833. ISSN 1558-0814. "Some EDSAC statistics". University of Cambridge
Computer_science
Type of computer
which was first put to research work in April 1949. On 6 May 1949 the EDSAC at Cambridge University ran its first program, making it another electronic
Stored-program_computer
"SAKO—An automatic coding system". Annual Review in Automatic Programming. 2: 161–176. doi:10.1016/S0066-4138(61)80008-6. ISSN 0066-4138. Smillie, Keith
Timeline of programming languages
Timeline_of_programming_languages
One of the first computers built in the United Kingdom
stored-program computers – joining other UK designs like the Manchester Mark 1 and EDSAC of the same era. It was a preliminary version of the full ACE, which was
Pilot_ACE
Property of an algorithm
memory. For example, the 1949 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) had a maximum working memory of 1024 17-bit words, while the 1980 Sinclair
Algorithmic_efficiency
Mechanism and Machine Theory. 36 (5): 589–603. doi:10.1016/S0094-114X(01)00005-2. "The real story of how the Internet became so vulnerable". Washington Post
List of pioneers in computer science
List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science
Calendar year
Council of Europe is founded, by the signing of the Treaty of London. May 6 – EDSAC, the first practicable stored-program computer, runs its first program at
1949
Polynomial root-finding algorithm
solution of algebraic equations on the EDSAC". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 48 (2): 255–270. Bibcode:1952PCPS...48..255B
Bernoulli's_method
Process of starting a computer
configuration was ready for solving problems as soon as power was applied. The EDSAC system, the second stored-program computer to be built, used stepping switches
Booting
Graphics created using computers
are Made in CAD, 3D, VR and AR. Springer. p. 101. ISBN 978-1447149316. EDSAC 1 and after – a compilation of personal reminiscences, Retrieved 11 July
Computer_graphics
Earliest electronic computer design
with delay line memory for radar signal processing. Maurice Wilkes built EDSAC in 1947, which had a mercury delay-line memory that could store 32 words
Vacuum-tube_computer
British food and lodging conglomerate
University of Cambridge's Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) which was the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go into
J._Lyons_and_Co.
far. — British newspaper The Star in a June 1949 news article about the EDSAC computer, long before the era of the personal computers. In an 1886 letter
History_of_computing
early digital computers like Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC). For example, Josef Kates built Bertie the Brain in 1950, a tic-tac-toe
History_of_video_games
Media that are encoded in machine-readable formats
modern, programmable, digital computers, the Manchester Mark 1 and the EDSAC, were independently invented between 1948 and 1949. Though different in
Digital_media
Fixing defects in an engineered system
Retrieved 2019-12-17. S. Gill, The Diagnosis of Mistakes in Programmes on the EDSAC Archived 2020-03-06 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings of the Royal Society
Debugging
British computer scientist (1925–2019)
Computer Laboratory to work for Maurice Wilkes on software development for EDSAC. In October 1951 Brooker joined the Computing Machine Laboratory at Manchester
Tony_Brooker
She went to study the EDSAC at the University of Cambridge in 1949. She wrote the program that was run the first time EDSAC performed its first calculations
Women_in_computing
"History of the abacus". Accounting Historians Journal. 8 (2): 1–22. doi:10.2308/0148-4184.8.2.1. Retrieved 2026-05-20. Needham, Wang & Needham 2005, p
Timeline of computing before 1950
Timeline_of_computing_before_1950
CPU architecture
supported seven instructions. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC, University of Cambridge, England) was the first practical stored-program
Minimal instruction set computer
Minimal_instruction_set_computer
Early French computer manufacturer from 1947
since 1949, mainly based on John von Neumann's reports and the Cambridge EDSAC. The then ambitious technological choices made for CUBA lead to numerous
Société d'électronique et d'automatisme
Société_d'électronique_et_d'automatisme
Early computer
storing of the program in the same memory as the data. The British computers EDSAC at Cambridge and the Manchester Baby were the first working computers that
EDVAC
Electrical circuit component which amplifies the difference of two analog signals
computing, most notably the Pilot ACE model and descendants, Maurice Wilkes’ EDSAC, and probably others designed by people who worked with Blumlein or his
Differential_amplifier
Video game for a personal computer
had previously already existed. OXO, an adaptation of tic-tac-toe for the EDSAC, debuted in 1952. Another pioneer computer game was developed in 1961, when
PC_game
Canadian-American applied mathematician and computer scientist
assisted in programming the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) for atomic-structure calculations. She served on the mathematics faculty
Charlotte_Froese_Fischer
Early cybernetics circle
that I address whether computers might be made to learn. My nights on the EDSAC were often shared with John Kendrew ... Alan Turing and others became familiars
Ratio_Club
Aspect of computing history
Programmer's Guide to the X-6 Assembly System (PDF), U 1774.1 "Video & Audio: The EDSAC Film - Metadata". sms.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-06-21. Robert Patrick (January
History_of_operating_systems
British stored-program computer, 1949
notably the National Physical Laboratory's Pilot ACE, Cambridge University's EDSAC, and the US Army's EDVAC. The Baby and the Mark 1 differed primarily in
Manchester_Mark_1
British physicist and computer scientist
solution on a computer. Haselgrove herself used the Cambridge computer, EDSAC, to study ray propagation in the Earth's ionosphere in the late 1950s. Historically
Jenifer_Haselgrove
Early British computer
org. Sequence Control. Retrieved 20 May 2018. "First generation – WITCH & EDSAC". The National Museum of Computing. Archived from the original on 26 April
Harwell_computer
Branch of chemistry
configuration interaction calculations were performed in Cambridge on the EDSAC computer in the 1950s using Gaussian orbitals by Boys and coworkers. By
Computational_chemistry
ALGOL, IFIP WG 2.1 member Mary Allen Wilkes – LINC developer, assembler-linker designer Maurice Vincent Wilkes – microprogramming, EDSAC Yorick Wilks –
List_of_computer_scientists
Former British radar research organization
Treloar, rheologist and expert on rubber, and Maurice Wilkes, creator of the EDSAC computer and inventor of microprogramming, worked at TRE briefly during
Telecommunications Research Establishment
Telecommunications_Research_Establishment
(Foreword)". The Electrochemical Society Interface. 16 (3): 29. doi:10.1149/2.F02073IF. ISSN 1064-8208. US2802760A, Lincoln, Derick & Frosch, Carl J., "Oxidation
Timeline of computing 1950–1979
Timeline_of_computing_1950–1979
Day of the year
Prague Offensive, the last major battle of the Eastern Front, begins. 1949 – EDSAC, the first practical electronic digital stored-program computer, runs its
May_6
First published description of a stored-program computer
effect and Stigler's law.) Electronic delay storage automatic calculator (EDSAC), an early British computer inspired by First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC
First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC
Data Interchange EDO—Extended Data Out EDR—Endpoint detection and response EDSAC—Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator EDVAC—Electronic Discrete
List of computing and IT abbreviations
List_of_computing_and_IT_abbreviations
Novel computer memory type
are a still-earlier form of similar technology, as used in the UNIVAC and EDSAC computers. Like bubble memory, racetrack memory uses electrical currents
Racetrack_memory
American physicist and computer scientist (1907–1980)
on to develop computers, such as Maurice Wilkes, of Cambridge, who built EDSAC. In 1947 Eckert and Mauchly formed the first computer company, the Eckert–Mauchly
John_Mauchly
Former computer museum in Boston, Massachusetts
Apollo Guidance Computer Prototype, a CDC 6600, a CRAY-1, PDP-1, PDP-8, EDSAC Storage Tube, Colossus pulley, and components of the Ferranti Atlas, and
The_Computer_Museum,_Boston
British mathematician and computer scientist
November 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2020. Hartley, David, ed. (21 July 1999). "EDSAC 1 and after". Computer Laboratory. University of Cambridge. Wheeler, David;
Michael_Guy
English designer
with fellow designers Dick Barnes and Gurney Thomas. All three visited the EDSAC computer in Cambridge during the design stage. In 1951, Cooke-Yarborough
Ted_Cooke-Yarborough
Early Canadian computer
of completing the EDSAC. Worsley wrote the program that generated a table of squares, the first program to successfully run on EDSAC. Another two graduate
UTEC
Early Swiss-built computer
(Princeton University) and to the University of Cambridge, which operated the EDSAC. In 1950, Stiefel rented for five years the only existing digital computer
ERMETH
British computer designer (1919–1997)
approached Wilkes in Cambridge, who suggested that they construct a copy of the EDSAC machine, and introduced them to Pinkerton whom they recruited as chief engineer
John Pinkerton (computer designer)
John_Pinkerton_(computer_designer)
programs, analyzing orbits and developing computer procedures. On 6 May, the EDSAC performs its first calculations using a program written by Beatrice Worsely
Timeline of women in computing
Timeline_of_women_in_computing
English meteorologist (1929–2009)
computing machines began to be developed in the US (ENIAC) and the UK (EDSAC and LEO), NWP grew in reliability and prevalence. In 1954, at a meeting
Mavis_Hinds
EDSAC 2
EDSAC 2
EDSAC 2
EDSAC 2
EDSAC 2
EDSAC 2
EDSAC 2
EDSAC 2
EDSAC 2