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Type of microphone design
electret microphone is a microphone whose diaphragm forms a capacitor (historically-termed a condenser) that incorporates an electret. The electret's
Electret_microphone
Object with trapped electrical charge
excess charge or polarisation for many years. An electret microphone is a type of condenser microphone that eliminates the need for a polarisation voltage
Electret
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
used for a conventional condenser microphone is replaced by a permanent charge in an electret material. An electret is a ferroelectric material that has
Microphone
American inventor and acoustician (born 1931)
S. patents for the production and design of microphones and techniques for creating polymer foil electrets. West was born on February 10, 1931, in Farmville
James_West_(inventor)
DC power through microphone cables
Technologies Inc, 2003 Powering microphones – a collection of information and circuits for powering electret microphone capsules Microphone Design and Operation
Phantom_power
German inventor and scientist
electret microphone at Bell Laboratories in 1962. Together with Dietmar Hohm, he invented the MEMS microphone, also known as the silicon microphone in
Gerhard_M._Sessler
Background operating conditions for electronics
volts to operate the backplate of a traditional condenser microphone. Electret microphone bias is sometimes supplied on a separate conductor. Idling
Biasing
Family of connectors typically used for analog signals
self-powered microphone: usually a condenser microphone with an internal battery-powered amplifier. Devices that use a plug-in powered microphone: an electret microphone
Phone_connector_(audio)
invented in 1962 by Nick Holonyak Jr. 1962 Electret microphone An electret microphone is a type of condenser microphone, which eliminates the need for a power
Timeline of United States inventions (1946–1991)
Timeline_of_United_States_inventions_(1946–1991)
Research and scientific development company
operating at an unprecedented accuracy and color purity. In 1962, the electret microphone was invented by Gerhard M. Sessler and James E. West. Also in 1962
Bell_Labs
Dynamic microphone model
MV7 White, Paul (July 1996). "Shure Beta Series: Dynamic & Back-electret Microphones". Sound on Sound. "1996 TEC Awards: Nominees and Winners". TEC Foundation
Shure_Beta_58A
Electronic amplifier that converts weak signal into strong signal
also be stand-alone devices. The integrated preamplifier in a foil electret microphone The first stage of an instrument amplifier, the output of which is
Preamplifier
Austrian microphone and headphone manufacturing company
C4000B – a dual‑diaphragm multi‑pattern electret microphone SolidTube – (discontinued) A large-diaphragm microphone, cardioid polar pattern, dating from
AKG_(company)
Device put on or in the ears that plays sound
case of fault. An electret driver functions along the same electromechanical means as an electrostatic driver. However, the electret driver has a permanent
Headphones
Audio earpiece commonly used in live music and television
to electrostatic drivers, electret drivers are permanently charged, eliminating the need for an external amplifier. Electret drivers are commonly used
In-ear_monitor
Town in Virginia, United States
rapper/recording artist/actress James West, co-inventor of the electret microphone Lieutenant General Samuel V. Wilson, "General Sam," 5th director
Farmville,_Virginia
American honorary association founded in 1987
Labs Henry Orenstein 2006 various toys Topper Toys James West 2008 electret microphone Bell Labs Eugene I. Gordon 2008 fiber optics innovations Bell Labs
New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame
New_Jersey_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame
Electrically insulating substance able to be polarised by an applied electric field
equivalent to magnets. Electrets have numerous practical applications in the home and industry, for instance in the Electret microphone found in telephones
Dielectric
small diaphragm electret condenser microphone. In 2010, the company introduced the ECM-58, their first hand-held dynamic microphone. The ECM58 was discontinued
Gauge_Precision_Instruments
Portable device capable of storing and playing digital media
video files into a compatible format. Many players have a built-in electret microphone which allows recording. Usually recording quality is poor, suitable
Portable_media_player
telescopes Gerhard Sessler (born 1931), Germany – foil electret microphone, silicon microphone Guy Severin (1926–2008), Russia – extra-vehicular activity
List_of_inventors
African American inventor (born 1955)
decades, where his mentors included James West, co-inventor of the electret microphone. Around 2000, he moved to Disney where he is currently a Disney Research
Lanny_Smoot
City in Union County, New Jersey, US
football player James West (born 1931), co-inventor of the foil electret microphone and member of the National Inventors Hall of Fame Kevin White (born
Plainfield,_New_Jersey
Land mobile radio system
transmitted audio Electret microphone: Uses an electrostatic method to convert sound to electrical signals Noise-canceling microphone: Uses two elements
Citizens_band_radio
Electronics company
– an in-car 8-track player 37-104 – electret microphone 37-113 – dynamic microphone 37-124 – dynamic microphone 2500 – clock radio 2501 – clock radio
Weltron
than 250 U.S. and foreign patents. One important patent is foil electret microphone with Gerhard M. Sessler. Jeffrey Ullman Advanced compiler theory
List_of_Bell_Labs_alumni
Retrieved January 4, 2020. "NIHF Inductee Emile Berliner Invented the Microphone and Gramophone". www.invent.org. April 6, 2024. Archived from the original
List of National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees
List_of_National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame_inductees
German foundation
design of electret transducers, the invention of the foil electret microphone (together with James West) and of the silicon condenser microphone (with D
Eduard_Rhein_Foundation
Laptop computer
3G Quadband WCDMA/GSM + SIM card slot 1×USB 2.0 mini HDMI connector 3.5 mm stereo out Electret microphone Power 7 hours battery life Weight 870 gramms
Toshiba_AC100
External digital-to-analog audio converter
95) variant that plugs into Atari joystick port and contains an electret microphone for recording sounds for playback or recognition and a speaker. Also
Covox_Speech_Thing
Technology award given by the US President
2006 James West "For co-inventing the electret microphone in 1962. Ninety percent of the two billion microphones produced annually and used in everyday
National Medal of Technology and Innovation
National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation
West, James E. 1931– Acoustician, inventor Co-developed the foil electret microphone White, Lisa Paleontologist Geologist and Director of Education and
List of African-American inventors and scientists
List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists
American electrical engineer (1926–2012
managed and supported work such as James E. West's invention of the electret microphone, Bishnu S. Atal's work on speech coding, David Berkley and Gary Elko's
James_L._Flanagan
Circuit within a circuit
Condenser microphones have impedance converter (current amplifier) circuitry that requires powering; in addition, the capsule of any non-electret, non-RF
Phantom_circuit
the four-microphone W-X/Y design. The built-in high-fidelity electret condenser microphone capsules are arranged to allow stereo recording and have user-selectable
Zoom_H2_Handy_Recorder
Award
insulators Eugene Mele topological insulators 2018 James West foil electret microphone Bjarne Stroustrup c++ computer programming language 2017 Ruzena Bajcsy
John_Scott_Medal
Branch of physics involving mechanical waves
off pressure waves. Electret microphones and condenser microphones employ electrostatics—as the sound wave strikes the microphone's diaphragm, it moves
Acoustics
Topics referred to by the same term
West (inventor) (born 1931), American engineer, co-inventor of the electret microphone James West (antiquary) (1703–1772), English politician and antiquary
James_West
specialises in producing accurately calibrated low-cost omnidirectional electret microphones, as well as a low noise preamp and a selection of camera interfaces
Lindos_Electronics
American mechanical engineer and academic administrator
in Engineering Acoustics in 2001 for her work in developing novel electret microphones and of precision micro-electro-mechanical sensors and positioners
Ilene_Busch-Vishniac
University unit in Darmstadt, Germany
developer of the foil electret microphone, was appointed to the Chair of Electroacoustics. He developed the silicon microphone at the department in 1983
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology of TU Darmstadt
Department_of_Electrical_Engineering_and_Information_Technology_of_TU_Darmstadt
British UHF transmitter-receiver
training and range practice use when not in combat. The microphone is a noise cancelling electret type housed in a black glass filled nylon case made from
Personal_Role_Radio
Public university in Darmstadt, Germany
Ernst Schröder, mathematician Gerhard M. Sessler, inventor of the electret microphone Thomas Sieverts, architect and urban planner Rudolf Wille, mathematician
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Technische_Universität_Darmstadt
Chemistry and Drug Discovery 1999 James E. West (Bell Labs/Lucent) Foil Electret Microphone 2000 Harry W. Coover (Eastman Chemical) Cyanoacrylate Adhesives 2001
IRI_Achievement_Award
Polish physicist (1936–2025)
co-authored specialist monographs on electrets and related materials in Polish. She held a patent related to electret microphone diaphragms and co-authored a
Bożena_Hilczer
Captures vibrations produced by musical instruments
pickups, but use different underlying technology, for instance electret or condenser microphone technology. There are basically four principles used to convert
Pickup_(music_technology)
German studio condenser microphone manufacturer
and was founded in 1948. All microphones made by Schoeps employ traditional (i.e. externally polarized, not electret) condenser transducers, and use
Schoeps
Analysis. 2001 – Ilene Busch-Vishniac – for development of novel electret microphones and of micro-electro-mechanical sensors and positioners. 2004 – John
ASA_Silver_Medal
Japanese audio equipment manufacturer
high-end-audio equipment. Stax is best known for their electrostatic and electret headphones, which they call “earspeakers.” Electrostatic headphones work
Stax_Ltd.
composed of a charged polymer coated with two conductive layers, making it an electret. It was invented and first made by Finnish inventor Kari Kirjavainen. Its
Electromechanical_film
Vibrations with frequencies lower than 20 hertz
comprises an electret condenser microphone PCB Model 377M06, having a 3-inch membrane diameter, and a small, compact windscreen. Electret-based technology
Infrasound
American company specializing in audio equipment
pre-Koss use of headphones, Koss produces communications headsets with microphone. Michael J. Koss (2026-06-20). "ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR
Koss_Corporation
stamps, templates, laser cutting, etc. Thermo-forming of layer systems from electret films led to thermally more stable ferroelectrets. Mellinger, Axel; Wegener
Ferroelectret
Electric charge generated in certain solids due to mechanical stress
shaping, with the added advantage of electrical tunability. Charge amplifier Electret Electronic component Electrostriction Flexoelectricity Magnetostriction
Piezoelectricity
Object that has a magnetic field
the force between two magnetic dipoles. Dipole magnet Earnshaw's theorem Electret Electromagnetic field Electromagnetism Halbach array Magnetic nanoparticles
Magnet
Weather phenomenon involving electrostatic discharge
Francis, G. W., "Electrostatic Experiments" Oleg D. Jefimenko, Editor, Electret Scientific Company, Star City, 2005 Aplin, K. L.; Harrison, R. G. (September
Lightning
Japanese manufacturer of electronic musical instruments
speakers AD-171 Dynamic Microphone AE-181 Electret Condencer Microphone AD-191 Dynamic Microphone AD-201 Dynamic Microphone Mic Adapter MP-1 (2ch Mic
Ace_Tone
Respirator with a rubber face seal
water, destroy traditional disposable electret filters by removing the electret charge. Launderable, reusable electret filters were being developed during
Elastomeric_respirator
Edge detection Edison effect Edison Pioneer Eigenvalues and eigenvectors Electret Electric arc Electric charge Electric circuit Electric current Electric
Index of electrical engineering articles
Index_of_electrical_engineering_articles
Electrical or optical connectors for carrying audio and video signals
TRS plugs. The tip is for the MIC and the ring is for power (to power an electret-condenser style MIC). There are exceptions to the above: Hosa cables use
Audio and video interfaces and connectors
Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors
2015 Gerhard M. Sessler "For the development of electret and silicon-based micromachined microphones". 2016 Whitlow W.L. Au "For contributions to understanding
ASA_Gold_Medal
Electrical action produced by a non-electrical source
"transformer emf". For converting sound waves into voltage signals: a microphone generates an emf from a moving diaphragm. a magnetic pickup generates
Electromotive_force
Thermionic emission is the fundamental mechanism underlying the vacuum tube. electret A dielectric material that quasi-permanently retains an impressed electrical
Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering
Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering
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ELECTRET MICROPHONE
ELECTRET MICROPHONE
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ELECTRET MICROPHONE
ELECTRET MICROPHONE
ELECTRET MICROPHONE
ELECTRET MICROPHONE
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