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An environmental gradient, or climate gradient, is a change in abiotic (non-living) factors through space (or time). Environmental gradients can be related
Environmental_gradient
Speciation within a population where subpopulations are reproductively isolated
in Speciation categorise these forms into three groups: clinal (environmental gradients), "stepping-stone" (discrete populations), and stasipatric speciation
Parapatric_speciation
Sampling method using gradient-directed transects to assess biodiversity
instead along deterministic environmental gradients. Ecologists have long been aware of the significance of environmental gradient based approaches to better
Gradsect
Group of communities in ecology
differently to environmental gradients: species with specialized oviposition habits exhibited structured, discrete community replacements across gradients, while
Metacommunity
Term used in ecology
according to the position of their realized ecological niche along an environmental gradient. Since 1997, the term has also been used to refer to Dufrêne & Legendre's
Indicator_value
Ecological pattern in which biodiversity changes with elevation
Elevational diversity gradient (EDG) is an ecological pattern where biodiversity changes with elevation. The EDG states that species richness tends to
Elevational diversity gradient
Elevational_diversity_gradient
complexity, designated for fitting unimodal species response curves on environmental gradient. A implementation of the model including extension for bimodal distributions
Huisman–Olff–Fresco_models
Sustainable energy from sea and river water
Osmotic power, salinity gradient power or blue energy is the energy available from the difference in the salt concentration between seawater and river
Osmotic_power
Non-penetrative symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant
mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp czerepanovii) along three environmental gradients: does life in harsh environments alter plant–fungal relationships
Ectomycorrhiza
Surface slope along a watercourse
Stream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream. It is measured by the ratio of drop in elevation and horizontal distance. It is
Stream_gradient
Ecological concept
contrast to ecosystems which change smoothly and continuously along an environmental gradient. Alternative stable state theory was first proposed by Richard Lewontin
Alternative_stable_state
Rate of temperature increase with depth in Earth's interior
Geothermal gradient is the rate of change in temperature with respect to increasing depth in Earth's interior. As a general rule, the crust temperature
Geothermal_gradient
Gradual variation of the characteristics of a species along its territory
In biology, a cline is a measurable gradient in a single characteristic (or biological trait) of a species across its geographical range. Clines usually
Cline_(biology)
Countergradient is a type of phenotypic plasticity
genetic components opposes the phenotypic variation caused by an environmental gradient. This can cause different populations of the same organism to display
Countergradient_variation
Glaciers in the southern Indian Ocean
decreased by 11% to 257 km2. The glaciers fall under the Antarctic Environmental Gradient, which spans 30 degrees of latitude and includes a range of macro-climatic
Heard_Island_glaciers
Species of mammal
subspecies, underwent slow, continuous genetic changes in relation to an environmental gradient. Based on these patterns, it is believed that savanna buffalo populations
African_buffalo
Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
(2011). "Species and community diversity of vascular flora along environmental gradient in Naran valley: a multivariate approach through Indicator Species
Naran_Valley
Connections between subspecies
that the clines are causally related (by natural selection) to environmental gradients. When contact between a geographically isolated subspecies is reestablished
Intergradation
Symbiotic penetrative association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant
septate endophytes. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi vary across many environmental gradients. Their tolerance to freezing and drying is known to shift between
Arbuscular_mycorrhiza
Jamaican mountain range
400 ft) over a short horizontal distance, creating a pronounced environmental gradient and a series of high-elevation habitats that are comparatively isolated
Blue_Mountains_(Jamaica)
Congo River waterfalls in Orientale Province, DRC
the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal". Journal of Limnology. 76. doi:10.4081/jlimnol
Boyoma_Falls
Vertical rate of change of temperature in atmosphere
circumstances. Lapse rate corresponds to the vertical component of the spatial gradient of temperature. Although this concept is most often applied to the Earth's
Lapse_rate
Hypothesis in ecology
common. The stress gradient hypothesis, in which ecological interactions shift in a positive direction with increasing environmental stress, is controversial
Stress_gradient_hypothesis
Volcano on Jeju Island, South Korea
vertically from the subtropical plants to the alpine plants due to the environmental gradient. Of the 4,000 species of vascular plants native to Korea, about
Hallasan
Situational decision
leading to a compensation that allows the species to persist along an environmental gradient. Contrasting trends in life cycle components may arise through tradeoffs
Trade-off
Climate interval
S. (1 May 2008). "Mammalian Communities Document a Latitudinal Environmental Gradient during the Miocene Climatic Optimum in Western Europe". PALAIOS
Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum
Middle_Miocene_Climatic_Optimum
Study of organisms and their environment
(1769–1859) recognized ecological gradients, where species are replaced or altered in form along environmental gradients. Humboldt drew inspiration from
Ecology
Species of insectivorous plant
that the density of these respective glands can be correlated to environmental gradients. For example, capture gland density was found to be highest where
Pinguicula_moranensis
Type of wetland fed by mineral-rich ground or surface water
S2CID 98764979. Zoltai, S. C.; Vitt, D. H. (1995). "Canadian wetlands: Environmental gradients and classification". In C. Max Finlayson; A. G. van der Valk (eds
Fen
environmental gradient, therefore providing information on how an animal behaves on average and how their behaviour changes across an environmental gradient
Personality_in_animals
Highest mountain in Yunnan, China
range. Coincident with this extreme topographic gradient is a similarly steep environmental gradient. Compressed within this short distance are subtropical
Kawagarbo
ethics Environmental factor Environmental finance Environmental geography Environmental geology Environmental gradient Environmental hazard Environmental health
Index of environmental articles
Index_of_environmental_articles
washing clothes, and cleaning their homes. Characterization of environmental gradients using physicochemical measurements and diatom densities in Nairobi
List_of_most_polluted_rivers
kilometres or 99 square miles. The glaciers fall under the Antarctic Environmental Gradient, which spans 30 degrees of latitude and includes a range of macro-climatic
Geography of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Geography_of_Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands
Peruvian biologist and professor
ecohydrological responses of forests to climate change along an environmental gradient to bridge observational gaps in the western Amazon". AGU - Agu24
Norma_Salinas_Revilla
Species of mammal
"Distribution and Morphological Variation of Microcebus spp. Along an Environmental Gradient in Southeastern Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology
Madame_Berthe's_mouse_lemur
American ecologist (1920–1980)
development of "gradient analysis". This concept provided convincing evidence that plant communities vary continuously along seamless environmental spectra,
Robert_Whittaker_(ecologist)
Variation of the redox potential with distance (or depth)
A redox gradient is a series of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions sorted according to redox potential. The redox ladder displays the order in which
Redox_gradient
Branch of ecology
species. It studies the relationships between genetic variation and environmental gradients within a species. Genecology is often referred to as ecological
Genecology
the central Congo River shaped by combined effects of barriers, environmental gradients, and species dispersal" (PDF). Journal of Limnology. 76. doi:10
List of waterfalls by flow rate
List_of_waterfalls_by_flow_rate
Species of livebearer fish
vivipara Block & Schneider (Teleostei; Poeciliidae) inhabiting an environmental gradient". Journal of Fish Biology. 71 (6): 1799–1809. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649
Poecilia_vivipara
Ecological model of population distribution
ISBN 978-0-08-057472-1. Keddy PA (January 1982). "Population ecology on an environmental gradient: Cakile edentula on a sand dune". Oecologia. 52 (3): 348–355. Bibcode:1982Oecol
Source–sink_dynamics
Species of spider
assemblage composition of Australian grasslands across a 900 km environmental gradient, and found a strong positive relationship between A. protensa and
Argiope_protensa
Dead plant material that has fallen to the ground
litterfall quantities, and hence its role in nutrient cycling across an environmental gradient of climate (moisture and temperature) and soil conditions. Ecologists
Plant_litter
Ecological plant role
amelioration by a complete guild of nurse plants across a long environmental gradient". Plant and Soil. 408 (1–2): 31–41. Bibcode:2016PlSoi.408...31M
Nurse_plant
Species of stick insect
Jarčuška, Benjamín (2019). "Assemblages of orthopteroid insects along environmental gradients in central and southern Madagascar". Journal of Orthoptera Research
Antongilia_laciniata
Study of genetics in natural populations
sequence the genomes of many individuals of a plant species across an environmental gradient to find gene variants associated with climate adaptation (a genomic
Ecological_genetics
Ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body
regulation of bacterioplankton respiratory quotient across freshwater environmental gradients". The ISME Journal. 6 (5): 984–993. Bibcode:2012ISMEJ...6..984B
Respiratory_quotient
Population with low external genetic mixing
differentiation in growth of multiple non-native plant species along a steep environmental gradient". Oecologia. 170 (1): 89–99. Bibcode:2012Oecol.170...89H. doi:10
Genetic_isolate
River in Queensland, Australia
Williams, H.; Lough, J.M.; Matson, E.G. (2012). "An assessment of an environmental gradient using coral geochemical records, Whitsunday Islands, Great Barrier
Proserpine_River
Species of bird
the breeding distribution of wader species across climatic and environmental gradients". Wildlife Biology (6) e01493. Bibcode:2025WildB202501493M. doi:10
Eurasian_oystercatcher
with altitude to become a component of the alpine shrubbery. This environmental gradient allows for the subtle sorting of species into communities without
Alpine_vegetation_of_Tasmania
River in Nairobi, Kenya
washing clothes, and cleaning their homes. Characterization of environmental gradients using physicochemical measurements and diatom densities in Nairobi
Nairobi_River
Place in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
the_central_Congo_River_shaped_by_combined_effects_of_barriers_environmental_gradients_and_species_dispersal https://www.facebook
Wagenya
Study of environmental issues, nature and culture
in particular environmental literature, environmental philosophy, environmental history, science and technology studies, environmental anthropology, conservation
Environmental_humanities
Mountain range in South America
Altiplano and the glaciated summits of the southern Andes. These sharp environmental gradients have strongly influenced human settlement and the development of
Andes
Associated populations of species in a given area
gradually along complex environmental gradients. Each species changes independently in relation to other species present along the gradient. Association of species
Community_(ecology)
Species of flowering plant
C.; Shore, J. (1997-02-01). "Population Structure Along a Steep Environmental Gradient: Consequences of Flowering Time and Habitat Variation in the Snow
Ranunculus_adoneus
Intentional transport of species to a different habitat
populations. This is known as composite provenancing. However, if the environmental gradient is well known, such as predictable changes in elevation or aridity
Assisted_migration
Species of gastropod
"Morphological differentiation and genetic cohesiveness over a micro-environmental gradient in the marine snail Littorina saxatilis". Evolution 47: 1770–1787
Littorina_saxatilis
Species of carpenter ant
2016-01-30. Curtis, B. A.; Seely, M. K. (1987-11-01). "Effect of an environmental gradient upon the distribution and abundance of the dune ant, Camponotus
Namib_Desert_dune_ant
Biological rule stating that larger size organisms are found in colder environments
D.J.; Tregenza, T. (2008). "The evolution of body size under environmental gradients in ectotherms: why should Bergmann's rule apply to lizards?". BMC
Bergmann's_rule
Field of machine learning
The two approaches available are gradient-based and gradient-free methods. Gradient-based methods (policy gradient methods) start with a mapping from
Reinforcement_learning
Species of small freshwater animal
4081/jlimnol.2009.37. J. H. Pantel; T. E. Juenger; M. A. Leibold (2011). "Environmental gradients structure Daphnia pulex × pulicaria clonal distribution". Journal
Daphnia_pulex
Relative area covered by different plant species in a small plot
hypotheses on plant abundance, and in gradient studies, where the effects of different environmental gradients on the abundance of specific plant species
Plant_cover
Genus of flowering plants
Cakile maritima Scop. Keddy, P.A. 1982. Population ecology on an environmental gradient: Cakile edentula on a sand dune. Oecologia 52: 348-355. "Cakile
Cakile
Species of beetle
to local environmental conditions. Populations in the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains show genetic differences along a latitudinal gradient that may reflect
Chrysomela_aeneicollis
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively plant material
community composition and ecosystem functioning. Seasonal changes and environmental gradients such as elevation and latitude often affect the palatability of
Herbivore
Global increase in species richness from polar regions to tropics
direct environmental or evolutionary influences on species richness, they have been claimed to be null models. On this view, if latitudinal gradients of species
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity
Species of bird
Haran, R.; Dor, R. (2019). "Signals of local adaptation across an environmental gradient among highly connected populations of the Dead Sea Sparrow Passer
Dead_Sea_sparrow
Chemical reactions which turn into modern metabolism
capable of supporting growth and division while still depending on environmental gradients. The heterotrophic hypothesis, also known as the Oparin–Haldane
Proto-metabolism
Methodology for the study of ancient temperatures
climatic gradients, such as from hot to cold climates, or high to low precipitation. This variation between sites along environmental gradients reflects
Paleothermometer
Lake that is strongly alkaline
T.; Fiore, Marli F. (April 2023). "Bacterial Communities Along Environmental Gradients in Tropical Soda Lakes". Microbial Ecology. 85 (3): 892–903. Bibcode:2023MicEc
Soda_lake
Species of bird
the breeding distribution of wader species across climatic and environmental gradients". Wildlife Biology (6) e01493. Bibcode:2025WildB202501493M. doi:10
Common_ringed_plover
Species of plant
(2011). "Species And Community Diversity Of Vascular Flora Along Environmental Gradient In Naran Valley: A Multivariate Approach Through Indicator Species
Iris_hookeriana
Obsolete definitions of racial groups
proximity. Lastly, some loci reflect selection in response to environmental gradients. Therefore, some argue, human racial groups do not appear to be
Historical_race_concepts
diversity (2009). Mammalian Communities Document a Latitudinal Environmental Gradient during the Miocene Climatic Optimum in Western Europe (2008) LNWS
Serge_Legendre
Distinct layer of temperature change in a body of water
water, as in an ocean or lake; or air, e.g. an atmosphere) with a high gradient of distinct temperature differences associated with depth. In the ocean
Thermocline
Species of fish
Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Oxudercidae) in Two Habitats with Different Environmental Gradients". Journal of Ichthyology. doi:10.1134/S0032945224700619. ISSN 1555-6425
Giant_mudskipper
Wildlife sanctuary
of vegetation, including plants of medicinal values, across the environmental gradient and habitat types. Fifteen rare and endangered medicinal plant species
Karakoram_Wildlife_Sanctuary
Study in a controlled natural environment
dioxide or pH levels. The advantage of mesocosm studies is that environmental gradients of interest (e.g., warming temperatures) can be controlled or combined
Mesocosm
Protected area in Latvia
Engure", p. 64. Timo Conradi, Arne Friedmann Plant communities and environmental gradients in mires of the Ammergauer Alps (Bavaria, Germany) Tuexenia Vol
Lake_Engure_Nature_Park
Genus of bacteria
Partitioning among Prochlorococcus Ecotypes along Ocean-Scale Environmental Gradients". Science. 311 (5768): 1737–40. Bibcode:2006Sci...311.1737J. doi:10
Prochlorococcus
or any other clearly defined area, or to a single habitat type. environmental gradient epigenetics epistasis The collective action of multiple genes interacting
Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology
Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology
Military training area in Queensland, Australia
much of the Shoalwater Bay Training Area, together with its steep environmental gradients, make Shoalwater Bay a significant benchmark area for scientific
Shoalwater Bay Military Training Area
Shoalwater_Bay_Military_Training_Area
Area of land where plant growth may be limited
Lundholm, J. T. (2008). "Species richness, abundance, rarity and environmental gradients in coastal barren vegetation". Biodiversity and Conservation. 18
Barren_vegetation
Angle to the horizontal plane
The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line is either the
Grade_(slope)
Mountain range in Kenya
priorities and distribution patterns of vascular plant species along environmental gradients in Aberdare ranges forest". PhytoKeys (131): 91–113. Bibcode:2019PhytK
Aberdare_Range
Species of bird
the breeding distribution of wader species across climatic and environmental gradients". Wildlife Biology (6) e01493. doi:10.1002/wlb3.01493. ISSN 1903-220X
European_golden_plover
Family of dinoflagellates (algae)
of coral-associated Symbiodiniaceae differs across fine-scale environmental gradients in Kāne'ohe Bay". Royal Society Open Science. 9 (9) 212042. Bibcode:2022RSOS
Symbiodiniaceae
Ecological concept
2022-04-01. Yang, Xifu; Zhao, Kunming; Zhang, Zhibin (2025-12-01). "Environmental gradients drive context-dependent seed fate: Synergistic roles of forest
Edge_effects
Study of the effect of environmental sound on organisms
sound is likely to be generated by environmental gradients in altitude, latitude, or habitat disturbance. These gradients may alter the relative contributions
Soundscape_ecology
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
proportional to the particle's concentration gradient. Fick's second law: Prediction of change in concentration gradient with time due to diffusion. A diffusion
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
Energy-producing metabolic pathway
electron transport chain to create an electrochemical gradient of ions. It is this electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP via coupling with
Electron_transport_chain
Species of gastropod
Invaders in suspension-feeding systems: variations along the regional environmental gradient and similarities between large basins. Pp. 221-237 in R. Dame and
Valvata_piscinalis
Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded
Assembly in a Typical Estuarine Marsh with Multiple Environmental Gradients". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 85 (6) e02602-18. Bibcode:2019ApEnM
Salt_marsh
Species of bird
the breeding distribution of wader species across climatic and environmental gradients". Wildlife Biology (6) e01493. Bibcode:2025WildB202501493M. doi:10
Eurasian_whimbrel
American geographer and landscape ecologist
mapping: geographic modeling of biospatial patterns in relation to environmental gradients, is considered a foundational work of modern, remote sensing-based
Janet_Franklin
Species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments
Kalyani; He, Yaodong; Xie, Yunxuan; Wang, Guangyi (2019). "Impact of environmental gradients on the abundance and diversity of planktonic fungi across coastal
Marine_fungi
Species of fish
changes in the trophic ecology of extremophile fish along replicated environmental gradients". Freshwater Biology. 60 (4): 768–780. doi:10.1111/fwb.12530. ISSN 0046-5070
Sulphur_molly
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ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT
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