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Domain of life whose cells have nuclei
The eukaryotes (/juːˈkærioʊts, -əts/) are the domain Eukaryota or Eukarya, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi
Eukaryote
Unicellular organism lacking a membrane-bound nucleus
Eukaryota, consists of organisms with cell nuclei. Prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes, and lack nuclei, mitochondria, and most of the other distinct organelles
Prokaryote
Taxonomic rank
cells do have a distinct nucleus (eukaryotes). In 1937 Édouard Chatton introduced the terms "prokaryote" and "eukaryote" to differentiate these organisms
Kingdom_(taxonomy)
Domain of organisms
[citation needed] as eukaryotes are known to have evolved from archaea. Even though the domain Archaea cladistically includes eukaryotes, the term archaea
Archaea
Kingdom of archaea
Archaea that contain eukaryotic signature proteins. It appears that the eukaryotes, the domain that contains the animals, plants, fungi and protists, emerged
Asgard_archaea
Basic unit of life forms
are grouped into prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are single-celled and include archaea and bacteria. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multicellular
Cell_(biology)
Eukaryotes other than animals, plants or fungi
group, or clade, but are a paraphyletic group encompassing the entire eukaryote tree of life, from which land plants, animals, and fungi evolved. They
Protist
Group of eukaryotes which includes animals and fungi, among other groups
posterior' and κοντός (kontós) 'pole, flagellum') are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms. The opisthokonts, previously
Opisthokont
Hypothesis for classification of life
three-domain system has been contested by scientists who believe that eukaryotes do not form a separate domain of life, but instead represent a clade alongside
Three-domain_system
Clade of eukaryotes containing land plants and some algae
kingdom Plantae sensu lato ("in a broad sense"), are a large group of eukaryotes comprising the major clades Viridiplantae (green algae and land plants)
Archaeplastida
This list of "sequenced" eukaryotic genomes contains all the eukaryotes known to have publicly available complete nuclear and organelle genome sequences
List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes
List_of_sequenced_eukaryotic_genomes
Process of forming the first eukaryotic cell
eukaryotic cell and lineage, is a milestone in the evolution of life, since eukaryotes include all complex cells and almost all multicellular organisms. The
Eukaryogenesis
Obsolete grouping of single-celled organisms
phylogenomic analyses, the group was shown to contain three widely separated eukaryote groups, the discobids, metamonads, and malawimonads. A current view of
Excavata
Third planet from the Sun
within larger ones resulted in the development of complex cells called eukaryotes. True multicellular organisms formed as cells within colonies became increasingly
Earth
Eukaryotic supergroup that comprises stramenopiles, alveolates and rhizarians
SAR is a highly diverse clade of eukaryotes, often considered a supergroup, that includes stramenopiles (heterokonts), alveolates, and rhizarians. It is
SAR_supergroup
Group of single-celled organisms
Susan C.; Brown, Matthew W.; Roger, Andrew J. (2014). "On the Age of Eukaryotes: Evaluating Evidence from Fossils and Molecular Clocks". Cold Spring Harbor
Obazoa
Evolutionary theory
proto-eukaryote engulfed a protomitochondrion, and this endosymbiont became an organelle, a major step in eukaryogenesis, the creation of the eukaryotes. Mitochondria
Symbiogenesis
Group including fungi, animals and various protozoa
Malawimonadida or being a paraphyletic group external to all other eukaryotes. Eukaryotes are thought to have emerged within the archaeal phylum Promethearchaeota
Amorphea
Species of single-celled organism
Haemoproteus columbae is a species of parasitic eukaryote that infects bee-eaters. Mohammad, Mohammad K.; AlNeaim, Taha M. (2000). "Blood parasites of
Haemoproteus_meropis
Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA
characteristic elongation rates in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are about 10–100 nts/sec. In eukaryotes, however, nucleosomes act as major barriers to transcribing
Transcription_(biology)
Taxonomic rank
and other membrane-bound organelles are included in Eukarya and called eukaryotes. Non-cellular life, most notably the viruses, is not included in this
Domain_(taxonomy)
Extinct genus of indeterminate eukaryote
Prototaxites is an extinct genus of large macroscopic eukaryote dating from the Late Silurian until the Late Devonian periods. Prototaxites formed large
Prototaxites
Group of eukaryotic organisms
Chromalveolata was a eukaryote supergroup present in a major classification of 2005, then regarded as one of the six major groups within the eukaryotes. It was a
Chromalveolata
Phylum of photosynthesising prokaryotes
endosymbiosis between anaerobes and aerobes, and hence the evolution of eukaryotes during the Paleoproterozoic. Cyanobacteria use photosynthetic pigments
Cyanobacteria
Order of flagellates
group of microorganisms with a basal position in the evolutionary tree of eukaryotes, containing only three recognized species. They are considered part of
Malawimonad
Proposed superkingdom
of eukaryotes (living organisms with a cell nucleus), is a superkingdom suggested by Thomas Cavalier-Smith to encompass the following two eukaryote supergroups:[citation
Corticata
directly from an egg without need for fertilization. It occurs in many eukaryote taxa. Apomixis appears to occur in Phytophthora, an oomycete. Oospores
List of taxa that use parthenogenesis
List_of_taxa_that_use_parthenogenesis
Biological classification system
organisms in the tree of life into two domains: Archaea, which includes eukaryotes in this classification, and Bacteria. It emerged from development of knowledge
Two-domain_system
Specialized subunit within a cell
considered universal to eukaryotes. The several plastids including chloroplasts are distributed among some but not all eukaryotes. There are also occasional
Organelle
Microscopic living organism
adult form are eukaryotes, including humans. However, many eukaryotes are also microorganisms. Unlike bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes contain organelles
Microorganism
Phylum of microbes in Provora
Nibbleridia is a phylum of predatory microbial eukaryotes in the supergroup Provora. Known as nibblerids, the group contains the class Nibbleridea, order
Nibblerid
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes from bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes (in the three-domain system) resemble each other to a remarkable degree
Ribosome
Large molecular machine for synthesizing proteins from messenger RNA
share a highly conserved catalytic center. However, the ribosomes of eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, and large number unicellular organisms all with
Eukaryotic_ribosome
Study of living things in soil
algae) Eukaryote Alveolata (clade) Ciliophora Eukaryote Amoebozoa (clade) Eukaryote Plantae Chlorophyta (green algae) Chlorophyceae Eukaryote Animalia
Soil_biology
cells evolved a nucleus but lacked mitochondria, the latter arising as a eukaryote engulfed a primitive bacterium that eventually became the mitochondrion
Hydrogen_hypothesis
Clade of eukaryotes
for these organisms, as they include almost all of the photosynthetic eukaryotes. He later called them corticates due to the presence of cortical alveoli
Diaphoretickes
to the Great Oxygenation Event around 2.4 Ga. The earliest evidence of eukaryotes (complex cells with organelles) dates from 1.85 Ga, likely due to symbiogenesis
History_of_life
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
Protein synthesis is a very similar process for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but there are some distinct differences. Protein synthesis can be divided
Protein_biosynthesis
Genus of flagellate intestinal eukaryotes parasitic in various vertebrates
assemblages remains to be established. Giardia is an early diverging eukaryote. This is supported by several features: their lack of ATP-synthesizing
Giardia
First era of the Proterozoic Eon
eukaryotic organisms. By the end of the Paleoproterozoic, the oldest known Eukaryote, Tappania plana, would be discovered in India and China. The Palaeoproterozoic
Paleoproterozoic
Phylum of protozoans
well as several other clades comprising some 300 species of unicellular eukaryotes. Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta are sometimes grouped together in a high-level
Amoebozoa
Clade containing animals and some protists
some other groups, Holozoa is part of the Opisthokonta, a supergroup of eukaryotes. Choanofila was previously used as the name for a group similar in composition
Holozoa
Overview of and topical guide to life forms
several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably the enzymes involved in transcription and translation. Many archaea
Outline_of_life_forms
Infectious agent that replicates in cells
with larger genomes may encode much of this machinery themselves. In eukaryotes, the viral genome must cross the cell's nuclear membrane to access this
Virus
Proposed eukaryotic kingdom
features in their photosynthetic organelles (plastids). It includes all eukaryotes whose plastids contain chlorophyll c and are surrounded by four membranes
Chromista
Monotypic genus of protist
Kentomonas is a monotypic genus of protist in the order Trypanosomatida. The only described species in the genus is Kentomonas sorsogonicus. Like all species
Kentomonas
Genus of single-celled organisms
Schizochytrium is a genus of unicellular eukaryote, which are found in coastal marine habitats. They are assigned to the Stramenopiles (heterokonts),
Schizochytrium
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
mitochondrion (pl. mitochondria) is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi. Mitochondria have a double membrane
Mitochondria
Phylum of single-celled organisms
Telonemia is a phylum of microscopic eukaryotes commonly known as telonemids. They are unicellular free-living flagellates with a unique combination of
Telonemid
Cellular process
the cytoplasm with the transcription of many ribosome gene operons. In eukaryotes, it takes place both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleolus. It involves
Ribosome_biogenesis
Living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei
A plasmodium is a unicellular organism, a living structure of cytoplasm that contains many nuclei, rather than being divided into individual cells each
Plasmodium_(life_cycle)
Clade of protists
two clades together with the Rhizaria (originally one of the six major eukaryote groups) form a clade dubbed the SAR supergroup. A phylogenomic analysis
Halvaria
Kingdom of organisms
flattened thallus in Precambrian rocks suggest that multicellular freshwater eukaryotes existed over 1000 million years ago. Primitive land plants began to diversify
Plant
Theoretical clade in the Eukaryota taxonomical domain
The Scotokaryotes is a proposed basal eukaryote clade sister to Diaphoretickes. Likely Scotokaryote groupings include the Metamonads, the Malawimonas
Scotokaryotes
Genome resulting from the mating of closely related species
Eukaryote hybrid genomes result from interspecific hybridization, where closely related species mate and produce offspring with admixed genomes. The advent
Eukaryote_hybrid_genome
Physiological damage to organisms
in humans, in other animals, in plants, in fungi, or in single-celled eukaryotes such as choanoflagellates, is substantially shared, implying that the
Injury
Proposed clade containing the Amorphea
the free dictionary. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan
Podiata
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an essential metabolic pathway present in eukaryotes, archaea, and some bacteria. The pathway produces two five-carbon building
Mevalonate_pathway
RNA component of the ribosome, essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms
ribosomal proteins, though this ratio differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Although the primary structure of rRNA sequences can vary across organisms
Ribosomal_RNA
Historically, a biological kingdom
Protogenes — such as Protogenes primordialis, an unidentified amoeba (eukaryote) and not a bacterium Protamaeba— an incorrectly described/fabricated species
Monera
Network of filamentous proteins that forms the internal framework of cells
the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is composed
Cytoskeleton
All genetic material of an organism
substantial fraction of junk DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also
Genome
Special nuclei in certain plastids
vestiges of red and green algal nuclei that were engulfed by a larger eukaryote. Because the nucleomorph lies between two sets of membranes, nucleomorphs
Nucleomorph
Genus of flagellated amoebae
Breviata anathema is a single-celled flagellate amoeboid eukaryote, previously studied under the name Mastigamoeba invertens. The cell lacks mitochondria
Breviata
French biologist (1883–1947)
description of the dinoflagellate protists. He first coined the terms "eukaryote" and "prokaryote" in a 1925 paper, but did not elaborate on the concept;
Édouard_Chatton
Multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development
Multicellular diploid eukaryote in its earliest stage of development
Embryo
Group of protists
cells contain multiple MROs with cristae. Breviatea is a clade of basal eukaryotes. They are closely related to the apusomonads and the Opisthokonta supergroup
Breviatea
Geologic formation in China
Paleoproterozoic. It is the first formation to preserve definitive macroscopic eukaryotes, at 1.64 billion years old. After Miao et al, 2024, Liu et al, 2023 and
Chuanlinggou_Formation
Hypothesis in evolutionary biology
The eocyte hypothesis in evolutionary biology proposes that the eukaryotes originated from a group of prokaryotes called eocytes (later classified as Thermoproteota
Eocyte_hypothesis
Model plant species in the family Brassicaceae
model organism in plant biology and genetics. For a complex multicellular eukaryote, A. thaliana has a relatively small genome of around 135 megabase pairs
Arabidopsis_thaliana
Proteins functioning in translation
elongation factors in prokaryotes are EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G. Bacteria and eukaryotes use elongation factors that are largely homologous to each other, but
Elongation_factor
Group of protists with at least one whip-like appendage
construction (or level of organization) characteristic of many prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their means of motion. The term presently does not imply any specific
Flagellate
Extinct genus of single-celled organisms
Corinna is an extinct genus of diatoms of uncertain placement within Bacillariophyceae (incertae sedis). C. elegans is from the Cretaceous of Canada. Conspectus
Corinna_(diatom)
Species of microbe
Abeoforma whisleri is a single-celled eukaryote that belongs to the Ichthyosporea, a group of protists closely related to animals. The generic name Abeoforma
Abeoforma
Genus of single-celled organisms
(formerly Erythropsis) is a genus of dinoflagellates (a type of unicellular eukaryote) of the family Warnowiaceae. Erythropsidinium cells are a relatively large
Erythropsidinium
Taxonomic rank
five- or six-kingdom model, where it can be defined as containing all eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi. Protista is a paraphyletic taxon
Phylum
Candidatus genus of archaea
Heimdall, one of the sons of Odin, it is considered the closest relative of eukaryotes. The first specimens were discovered by a team of microbiologists at the
Heimdallarchaeum
Unique single-celled organism of uncertain taxonomy
specimen, described in 2012. It has features of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes but is apparently distinct from either group, making it unique among all
Parakaryon
Genus of flagellates
Picophagus is a genus of marine heterotrophic flagellates described in 1999. It evolved from photosynthetic algae that lost their chloroplasts. It is classified
Picophagus
DNA region replicating from a single origin
whole bacterial chromosome is a replicon. The chromosomes of archaea and eukaryotes can have multiple origins of replication, and so their chromosomes may
Replicon_(genetics)
Eukaryote clade consisting of most protists
The neokaryotes are a proposed eukaryote clade consisting of the unikonts and the bikonts as sister of for instance the Jakobea. It arises because the
Neokaryotes
Species of fungus
grows on dung or compost (rotten organics). It is notable for being a eukaryote with a high temperature tolerance (60 °C). Its optimal growth temperature
Chaetomium_thermophilum
Genus of problematic fossil
paleosol from South Africa, and significant as one of the oldest likely eukaryotes and some of the earliest evidence for life on land. Diskagma buttonii
Diskagma
Clade of protists
CRuMs is a clade of microbial eukaryotes, whose name is an acronym of the following constituent groups: Diphylleids, rigifilids, and mantamonads as sister
CRuMs
Group of fossilized microorganisms
protosterol-producing bacteria and ancient deep-branching stem-group eukaryotes from 1.6 to 0.8 billion years ago. They were present in large numbers
Protosterol_biota
Non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion
α cleavage Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes NAD+ and NADP+ Niacin (B3) ADP Electrons Bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxine (B6)
Cofactor_(biochemistry)
Class of tetracyclic compounds derived from steroids
biomarkers for the presence of eukaryotes in past ecosystems because steroids are nearly exclusively produced by eukaryotes. In particular, cholestanes are
Sterane
Clade of excavate protists
metamonads are a large group of flagellate amitochondriate microscopic eukaryotes. They include the retortamonads, diplomonads, parabasalids, oxymonads
Metamonad
History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago
"Carbonaceous biosignatures of the earliest putative macroscopic multicellular eukaryotes from 1630 Ma Tuanshanzi Formation, north China". Precambrian Research
Precambrian
Protein complex
highly minimized compared to their larger bacterial homologues. Most eukaryotes use 5S mitoribosomal RNA, animals, fungi, alveolates and euglenozoans
Mitochondrial_ribosome
Taxonomic group of slime molds
protostelids, was maintained in the 2005 cladistic classification of eukaryotes, where the name was synonymized with Mycetozoa. Amoebozoa Lühe, 1913,
Eumycetozoa
Sexual reproduction form involving gametes of the same size
(indistinguishable in shape and size), and is found in most unicellular eukaryotes. Because both gametes look alike, they generally cannot be classified
Isogamy
Genus of Filasterea
Ministeria is a genus of Filasterea. The species can be found in the North Atlantic Ocean and in British waters. Heterotrophic flagellates and other protists
Ministeria
Possible Palaeoproterozoic multicellular fossils from Gabon
authors to be evidence of the earliest form of multicellular life, and of eukaryotes. They were discovered by an international team led by Moroccan geologist
Francevillian_biota
Phylum of marine unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes
piliphytes are protists of a phylum of marine unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes with a size of less than about 3 micrometers. They were formerly treated
Picozoa
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
Reproduction Death Response to environment Groups of life Archaea Bacteria Eukaryotes (Animals, Fungi, Land plants, Protists) Branches Abiogenesis Aerobiology
Homeostasis
Organism that consists of only one cell
prokaryotes are unicellular and are classified into bacteria and archaea. Many eukaryotes are multicellular, but some are unicellular such as protozoa, unicellular
Unicellular_organism
Species of protist
species is within Tetradimorpha and the genus is incertae sedis within eukaryotes. Mikrjukov, Kirill A. (2000). "Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Heliozoa. I.
Tetradimorpha_pterbica
within these unicellular organisms but did not evolve into multicellular eukaryotes. The ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena is a useful research model for studying
Nuclear_dimorphism
Type of nucleic acid sequence
other eukaryotes. In essence, short interspersed nuclear elements are genetic parasites which have evolved very early in the history of eukaryotes to utilize
Short interspersed nuclear element
Short_interspersed_nuclear_element
EUKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
Boy/Male
Indian
Green, Fresh, Wet, Ever-green
Girl/Female
Biblical
Strength, a rapid torrent.
Girl/Female
Sikh
Absorbed in gods Love
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Talent; Ever Moving
Surname or Lastname
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name for a rope maker, from an agent derivative of German Seil ‘rope’, Middle High German seil.English : variant of Saylor.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Insight
Girl/Female
Assamese, Bengali, Indian, Kannada
Leader
Boy/Male
Hindu
Sri Maha Vishnu
Male
Hindi/Indian
(চনà§à¦¦à¦¨) Hindi name CHANDAN means "sandalwood."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a person who worked in a clay pit or one who prepared clay for use in brick making. See Clay.Americanized form of German and Jewish Kleimann (see Kleiman).
EUKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE
EUKARYOTE