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Topics referred to by the same term
In mathematics Euler operators may refer to: Euler–Lagrange differential operators d/dx: see Lagrangian system Cauchy–Euler operators e.g. x·d/dx quantum
Euler_operator
mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783), who made many important discoveries and innovations. Many of these items named after Euler include their own unique
List of topics named after Leonhard Euler
List_of_topics_named_after_Leonhard_Euler
In mathematics, a Cauchy–Euler operator is a differential operator of the form p ( x ) ⋅ d d x {\displaystyle p(x)\cdot {d \over dx}} for a polynomial p
Cauchy–Euler_operator
In solid modeling and computer-aided design, the Euler operators modify the graph of connections to add or remove details of a mesh while preserving its
Euler operator (digital geometry)
Euler_operator_(digital_geometry)
Ordinary differential equation
In mathematics, an Euler–Cauchy equation, also known as a Cauchy–Euler equation, equidimensional equation, or Euler's equation, is a linear ordinary differential
Cauchy–Euler_equation
Complex exponential in terms of sine and cosine
Euler's formula, named after Leonhard Euler, is a mathematical formula in complex analysis that establishes the fundamental relationship between the trigonometric
Euler's_formula
Approach to finding numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations
In mathematics and computational science, the Euler method (also called the forward Euler method) is a first-order numerical procedure for solving ordinary
Euler_method
Class of partial differential equations
an inertia operator A : g → g ∗ {\displaystyle A:{\mathfrak {g}}\to {\mathfrak {g}}^{*}} which is positive-definite and symmetric. The Euler–Arnold equation
Euler–Arnold_equation
Pair in mathematics
bundle Y → X and a Lagrangian density L, which yields the Euler–Lagrange differential operator acting on sections of Y → X. In classical mechanics, many
Lagrangian_system
Set of quasilinear hyperbolic equations governing adiabatic and inviscid flow
dynamics, the Euler equations are a set of partial differential equations governing adiabatic and inviscid flow. They are named after Leonhard Euler. In particular
Euler equations (fluid dynamics)
Euler_equations_(fluid_dynamics)
Modern discipline
on differentiable manifolds. The Euler operator, which associates to each variational problem the corresponding Euler–Lagrange equation, is the analog
Secondary calculus and cohomological physics
Secondary_calculus_and_cohomological_physics
Polynomial sequence
coefficients. They are used for series expansion of functions, and with the Euler–MacLaurin formula. These polynomials occur in the study of many special
Bernoulli_polynomials
Iranian-American mathematician
with her first child, she successfully defended her dissertation, The Euler Operator in the Formal Calculus of Variations, in 1979, becoming the first Iranian
Chehrzad_Shakiban
Quasilinear first-order ordinary differential equation
In classical mechanics, Euler's rotation equations are a vectorial quasilinear first-order ordinary differential equation describing the rotation of a
Euler's equations (rigid body dynamics)
Euler's_equations_(rigid_body_dynamics)
The 18th-century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–1783) is among the most prolific and successful mathematicians in the history of the field.
Contributions of Leonhard Euler to mathematics
Contributions_of_Leonhard_Euler_to_mathematics
Analytic function in mathematics
The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function, denoted by the lowercase Greek letter ζ (zeta), is a mathematical function of a complex variable
Riemann_zeta_function
Euler is a programming language created by Niklaus Wirth and Helmut Weber, conceived as an extension and generalization of ALGOL 60. The designers' goals
Euler_(programming_language)
Linear operator acting on modular forms
Hecke operators. Each of these basic forms possesses an Euler product. More precisely, its Mellin transform is the Dirichlet series that has Euler products
Hecke_operator
Vector differential operator
Del, or nabla, is an operator used in mathematics (particularly in vector calculus) as a vector differential operator, usually represented by ∇ (the nabla
Del
Approaches for approximating solutions to differential equations
the forward Euler and backward Euler methods (see numerical ordinary differential equations) and compare the obtained schemes. Forward Euler method The
Explicit_and_implicit_methods
Mathematical strategy
Spatial rotations in three dimensions can be parametrized using both Euler angles and unit quaternions. This article explains how to convert between the
Conversion between quaternions and Euler angles
Conversion_between_quaternions_and_Euler_angles
Transformation of a mathematical sequence
sequence) that computes its forward differences. It is closely related to the Euler transform, which is the result of applying the binomial transform to the
Binomial_transform
Typically linear operator defined in terms of differentiation of functions
functions. (Euler's homogeneous function theorem) In writing, following common mathematical convention, the argument of a differential operator is usually
Differential_operator
Differential operator in mathematics
In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function on Euclidean
Laplace_operator
Operator encoding information about iterated map
In mathematics, the transfer operator encodes information about an iterated map and is frequently used to study the behavior of dynamical systems, statistical
Transfer_operator
Circulation density in a vector field
In vector calculus, the curl, also known as rotor, is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal circulation of a vector field in three-dimensional
Curl_(mathematics)
Open convex self-dual cones
fields ∂i and g 0 {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{0}} must contain the Euler operator H = Σ xi⋅∂i as a central element. Requiring the existence of an involution
Symmetric_cone
Mathematical function, in linear algebra
of an operator is precisely the Euler characteristic of the 2-term complex 0 → V → W → 0. In operator theory, the index of Fredholm operators is an object
Linear_map
Mathematical result in differential geometry
topological index is the integral of the Euler class over the manifold. The index formula for this operator yields the Chern–Gauss–Bonnet theorem. The
Atiyah–Singer_index_theorem
defined as a differential operator whose kernel contains a range of the Euler–Lagrange operator of L. Any Euler–Lagrange operator obeys Noether identities
Noether_identities
Movement with a fixed point is rotation
In geometry, Euler's rotation theorem states that, in three-dimensional space, any displacement of a rigid body such that a point on the body remains
Euler's_rotation_theorem
'elementary shape operators'. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated, e.g., in the field of procedural mesh generation, with Euler operators as complete and
Generative_Modelling_Language
Integral transform
possibility of fractional calculus in 1832. The operator agrees with the Euler transform, after Leonhard Euler, when applied to analytic functions. It was
Riemann–Liouville_integral
Function with a multiplicative scaling behaviour
and every complex vector space can be considered as real vector spaces. Euler's homogeneous function theorem is a characterization of positively homogeneous
Homogeneous_function
Ways to represent 3D rotations
actually observed rotation from a previous placement in space. According to Euler's rotation theorem, the rotation of a rigid body (or three-dimensional coordinate
Rotation formulations in three dimensions
Rotation_formulations_in_three_dimensions
Methods used to find numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations
Euler method (or forward Euler method, in contrast with the backward Euler method, to be described below). The method is named after Leonhard Euler who
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
Numerical_methods_for_ordinary_differential_equations
(4): 665–675, doi:10.1016/0362-546X(80)90067-X Olver, P. J. (1979), "Euler operators and conservation laws of the BBM equation", Mathematical Proceedings
Benjamin–Bona–Mahony_equation
Computational fluid dynamics tools
Eulerian specifications are named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange and Leonhard Euler, respectively. These specifications are reflected in computational fluid
Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field
Lagrangian_and_Eulerian_specification_of_the_flow_field
Method for solving continuous operator problems (such as differential equations)
Galerkin methods are a family of methods for converting a continuous operator problem, such as a differential equation, commonly in a weak formulation
Galerkin_method
Differential equation that is linear with respect to the unknown function
linear operator with constant coefficients. The study of these differential equations with constant coefficients dates back to Leonhard Euler, who introduced
Linear_differential_equation
Ties Euler characteristic of a closed even-dimensional Riemannian manifold to curvature
Chern, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Pierre Ossian Bonnet) states that the Euler–Poincaré characteristic (a topological invariant defined as the alternating
Chern–Gauss–Bonnet_theorem
Motion of a certain space that preserves at least one point
rotation can be specified in a number of ways. The most usual methods are: Euler angles (pictured at the left). Any rotation about the origin can be represented
Rotation_(mathematics)
Branch of elementary mathematics
Napier. In the 18th and 19th centuries, mathematicians such as Leonhard Euler and Carl Friedrich Gauss laid the foundations of modern number theory. Another
Arithmetic
Exterior algebraic map taking tensors from p forms to n-p forms
In mathematics, the Hodge star operator or Hodge star is a linear map defined on the exterior algebra of a finite-dimensional oriented vector space endowed
Hodge_star_operator
Class of ordinary differential equations
correspond to the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a Hermitian differential operator in an appropriate Hilbert space of functions with inner product defined
Sturm–Liouville_theory
Engel expansion Erdélyi Artúr: Erdelyi–Kober operator Leonhard Euler: Euler polynomial, Eulerian integral, Euler hypergeometric integral V. N. Faddeeva: Faddeeva
List of eponyms of special functions
List_of_eponyms_of_special_functions
Vector operator in vector calculus
In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that operates on a vector field, producing a scalar field giving the rate that the vector field alters
Divergence
Multivariate derivative (mathematics)
upside-down triangle and pronounced "del", denotes the vector differential operator. When a coordinate system is used in which the basis vectors are not functions
Gradient
Number, approximately 3.14
"Estimating π" (PDF). How Euler Did It. Reprinted in How Euler Did Even More. Mathematical Association of America. 2014. pp. 109–118. Euler, Leonhard (1755).
Pi
Inverse of a finite difference
(or antidifference operator), denoted by ∑ x {\textstyle \sum _{x}} or Δ − 1 {\displaystyle \Delta ^{-1}} , is the linear operator that inverts the forward
Indefinite_sum
Convex polyhedron made from hexagons and pentagons
polyhedron is a dual polyhedron of a geodesic polyhedron. A consequence of Euler's polyhedron formula is that a Goldberg polyhedron always has exactly 12
Goldberg_polyhedron
Mathematical expression with disputed status
branch of log z defined at z = 0, let alone in a neighborhood of 0. In 1752, Euler in Introductio in analysin infinitorum wrote that a0 = 1 and explicitly
Zero_to_the_power_of_zero
Existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems
topology) Integrability conditions for differential systems Newton's method Euler method Trapezoidal rule Coddington & Levinson (1955), Theorem I.3.1 Murray
Picard–Lindelöf_theorem
Conjecture on zeros of the zeta function
{1}{n^{s}}}={\frac {1}{1^{s}}}+{\frac {1}{2^{s}}}+{\frac {1}{3^{s}}}+\cdots } Leonhard Euler considered this series in the 1730s for real values of s {\displaystyle
Riemann_hypothesis
Tensor operator generalizes the notion of operators which are scalars and vectors
a tensor operator generalizes the notion of operators which are scalars and vectors. A special class of these are spherical tensor operators which apply
Tensor_operator
Notation of differential calculus
named after Joseph Louis Lagrange, although it was in fact invented by Euler and popularized by the former. In Lagrange's notation, a prime mark denotes
Notation_for_differentiation
Mathematics of smooth surfaces
This is well illustrated by the non-linear Euler–Lagrange equations in the calculus of variations: although Euler developed the one variable equations to
Differential geometry of surfaces
Differential_geometry_of_surfaces
Model of rotating physical systems
top. To orient such an object in space requires three angles, known as Euler angles (ψ, θ, φ). A special rigid rotor is the linear rotor requiring only
Rigid_rotor
Type of differential equation
fluid at subsonic speeds can be approximated with elliptic PDEs, and the Euler–Tricomi equation is elliptic where x < 0. By a change of variables, the
Partial_differential_equation
Partial differential equation with nonlinear terms
first integrals, which help to study it. Systems of PDEs often arise as the Euler–Lagrange equations for a variational problem. Systems of this form can sometimes
Nonlinear partial differential equation
Nonlinear_partial_differential_equation
Representation of mechanical stress at every point within a deformed 3D object
eigenvalues of the stress tensor, which are called the principal stresses. The Euler–Cauchy stress principle states that upon any surface that divides the body
Cauchy_stress_tensor
Mathematical theorem
a long history. The list of unsuccessful proposed proofs started with Euler's, published in 1740, although already in 1721 Bernoulli had implicitly assumed
Symmetry of second derivatives
Symmetry_of_second_derivatives
Type of functional equation (mathematics)
Leonhard Euler, Daniel Bernoulli, and Joseph-Louis Lagrange. In 1746, d’Alembert discovered the one-dimensional wave equation, and within ten years Euler discovered
Differential_equation
Programming paradigm
EulerCalc← cos + 0j1 × sin ⍝ 0j1 is what's usually written as i EulerDirect← *0J1×⊢ ⍝ Same as ¯12○⊢ ⍝ Do the 2 methods produce the same result? EulerCheck←
Tacit_programming
d'Alembert's paradox d'Alembert's principle d'Alembert's theorem d'Alembert–Euler condition "Le rêve de D'Alembert" ("D'Alembert's Dream"), by Denis Diderot
List of things named after Jean d'Alembert
List_of_things_named_after_Jean_d'Alembert
Number divisible only by 1 and itself
the sum of two primes, in a 1742 letter to Euler. Euler proved Alhazen's conjecture (now the Euclid–Euler theorem) that all even perfect numbers can be
Prime_number
Family of implicit and explicit iterative methods
a family of implicit and explicit iterative methods, which include the Euler method, used in temporal discretization for the approximate solutions of
Runge–Kutta_methods
Branch of ordinary differential equations
{\displaystyle E} corresponds to the energy levels of the Schrödinger operator L = − d 2 d x 2 + V ( x ) {\displaystyle L=-{\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}+V(x)}
Floquet_theory
Physics theorem for symmetries of action
_{|I|=0}^{r}(-1)^{|I|}d_{I}{\frac {\partial L}{\partial u_{I}^{\sigma }}}} are the Euler-Lagrange expressions of the Lagrangian, and the coefficients P σ I {\textstyle
Noether's_second_theorem
Type of constraint on solutions to differential equations
^{2}y+y=0,} where ∇ 2 {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}} denotes the Laplace operator, the Dirichlet boundary conditions on a domain Ω ⊂ Rn take the form y (
Dirichlet_boundary_condition
American mathematician (born 1952)
hdl:1853/32559. PMID 9101329. S2CID 6492817. Olver, Peter J. (January 1979). "Euler operators and conservation laws of the BBM equation". Mathematical Proceedings
Peter_J._Olver
Topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space
topological example of an intrinsic property of a manifold is its Euler characteristic. Leonhard Euler showed that for a convex polytope in the three-dimensional
Manifold
Integral of the Gaussian function, equal to sqrt(π)
The Gaussian integral, also known as the Euler–Poisson integral, is the integral of the Gaussian function f ( x ) = e − x 2 {\displaystyle f(x)=e^{-x^{2}}}
Gaussian_integral
Modified partition function
the supersymmetric sigma model on a manifold is given by the manifold's Euler characteristic. Tr [ ( − 1 ) F e − β H ] = ∑ p ∈ Z ( − 1 ) p b p = χ ( M
Witten_index
Type of ordinary differential equation
delta function Solution methods Inspection Method of characteristics Ansatz Euler Exponential response formula Finite difference Crank–Nicolson Finite element
Bernoulli differential equation
Bernoulli_differential_equation
Differential operator acting on vector bundles
symmetries of a Lagrangian and the Noether identities which the Euler–Lagrange operator satisfies. Consequently, gauge symmetries characterize the degeneracy
Gauge_symmetry_(mathematics)
Class of numerical techniques
equation u ′ ( x ) = 3 u ( x ) + 2. {\displaystyle u'(x)=3u(x)+2.} The Euler method for solving this equation uses the finite difference quotient u (
Finite_difference_method
Infinite series summing alternating 1 and -1 terms
Euler characteristic for such a space that turns out to be 1/2. One approach comes from combinatorial geometry. The open interval (0, 1) has an Euler
Grandi's_series
\prod _{0<i<j<n}j-i} . 2. Denotes an infinite product. For example, the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function is ζ ( z ) = ∏ n = 1 ∞ 1 1
Glossary of mathematical symbols
Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols
Type of ordinary differential equation
inhomogeneous. A linear differential equation can be represented as a linear operator acting on y(x) where x is usually the independent variable and y is the
Homogeneous differential equation
Homogeneous_differential_equation
equation Hénon–Heiles system Equation of motion Euler's rotation equations in rigid body dynamics Euler–Lagrange equation Beltrami identity Hamilton's
List of named differential equations
List_of_named_differential_equations
Concept in classical mechanics
the Coriolis force, and, for non-uniformly rotating reference frames, the Euler force. Scientists in a rotating box can measure the rotation speed and axis
Rotating_reference_frame
and physics are named after the French mathematician Joseph Liouville. Euler–Liouville equation Liouville–Arnold theorem Liouville–Bratu–Gelfand equation
List of things named after Joseph Liouville
List_of_things_named_after_Joseph_Liouville
The Euler D.I was a German single-seat fighter based on the French Nieuport 11. After seeing the success of the French Nieuport 11 at the front, German
Euler_D.I
Divergent series
a meaning" to the series. Other authors have credited Euler with the sum, suggesting that Euler would have extended the relationship between the zeta
1_+_2_+_3_+_4_+_⋯
Limiting form of small transformation
infinitesimal transformation that may have been recognised as such was in Euler's theorem on homogeneous functions. Here it is stated that a function F of
Infinitesimal_transformation
Mathematical constant in number theory
cubic roots and quartic roots Natural logarithms, e.g. ln(2) and ln(3) The Euler-Mascheroni constant γ Apéry's constant ζ(3) The Feigenbaum constants δ and
Khinchin's_constant
Integral transform useful in probability theory, physics, and engineering
(in French), vol. II (published 1839), pp. 77–88 1881 edition Euler 1744, Euler 1753, Euler 1769 Lagrange 1773 Grattan-Guinness 1997, p. 260 Grattan-Guinness
Laplace_transform
Type of boundary condition in mathematics
modelling a Stern layer. Gustafson, K., (1998). Domain Decomposition, Operator Trigonometry, Robin Condition, Contemporary Mathematics, 218. 432–437.
Robin_boundary_condition
Differential equations involving stochastic processes
Numerical methods for solving stochastic differential equations include the Euler–Maruyama method, Milstein method, Runge–Kutta method (SDE), Rosenbrock method
Stochastic differential equation
Stochastic_differential_equation
Human male external reproductive organ
Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Bleske-Rechek, A. L.; Euler, H. A.; LeBlanc, G. J.; Shackelford, T. K.; Weekes-Shackelford, V. A. (2002)
Human_penis
Initial estimate or framework to the solution of a mathematical problem
delta function Solution methods Inspection Method of characteristics Ansatz Euler Exponential response formula Finite difference Crank–Nicolson Finite element
Ansatz
Mathematical operator
functions. (Euler's homogeneous function theorem) Difference operator Delta operator Elliptic operator Fractional calculus Invariant differential operator Differential
Theta_operator
Alternate way to define a function in APL
cos← 2∘○ Euler← {(*j ⍵) = (cos ⍵) j (sin ⍵)} Euler (¯0.5+?10⍴0) j (¯0.5+?10⍴0) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 The last expression illustrates Euler's formula on
Direct_function
Type of calculus problem
integral can be considered an operator which maps one function into another, such that the solution is a fixed point of the operator. The Banach fixed point
Initial_value_problem
Algebraic object with geometric applications
basis is represented by a multidimensional array. For example, a linear operator is represented in a basis as a two-dimensional square n × n array. The
Tensor
Proofs of Fermat's little theorem Fermat quotient Euler's totient function Noncototient Nontotient Euler's theorem Wilson's theorem Primitive root modulo
List_of_number_theory_topics
Application of differential geometry
Equation (Euler-general) is the Euler-equation when diffeomorphic shape momentum is a generalized function. This equation has been called EPDiff, Euler–Poincare
Riemannian metric and Lie bracket in computational anatomy
Riemannian_metric_and_Lie_bracket_in_computational_anatomy
difference operator ( δ f ) ( x ) = f ( x + Δ t ) − f ( x ) Δ t , {\displaystyle {(\delta f)(x)={{f(x+\Delta t)-f(x)} \over {\Delta t}}},} the Euler approximation
Delta_operator
Number of subsets of a given size
H_{k}} is the k-th harmonic number and γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the Euler–Mascheroni constant.) Further, the asymptotic formula ( z + k j ) ( k j
Binomial_coefficient
EULER OPERATOR
EULER OPERATOR
Boy/Male
Muslim
Ruler
Boy/Male
American, Australian, Danish, German
Powerful Ruler; Dominant Ruler
Boy/Male
Christian, German, Norse, Polish, Scandinavian, Swedish
Peaceful Ruler; Forever; Alone; Ruler; All-ruler
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Royal Ruler; King's Ruler
Boy/Male
Indian
Ruler
Boy/Male
German, Swedish
Ever Ruler; Island Ruler
Boy/Male
American, Czech, Danish, French, German, Scandinavian, Swedish
Honourable Ruler; Peaceful Ruler; All Ruler; Ever Ruler
Boy/Male
American, Chinese, Christian, Danish, French, German, Norse, Scandinavian, Swedish
Ruler; Ruler of the People; Peaceful Ruler; All-ruler; Forever; Alone; Ever Ruler
Boy/Male
Christian, German, Teutonic
Hard Working Ruler; Industrious Ruler; Home Ruler
Boy/Male
German, Teutonic
Hardworking Ruler; Home Ruler
Boy/Male
Indian
Ruler
Boy/Male
Muslim
Ruler
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, Christian, English, German
Wealthy Ruler; Rich Ruler
Boy/Male
British, English
Wheel Ruler; Circle Ruler
Boy/Male
French, German, Irish
Dominant Ruler; Powerful Ruler
Boy/Male
German
Powerful Ruler; Army Ruler
Boy/Male
Australian, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Latin, Swiss
Powerful Ruler; Dominant Ruler
Boy/Male
Danish, German, Swedish
Island Ruler; Ever Ruler
Boy/Male
French, German
Wise Ruler; Old Ruler; Long Term Ruler
Boy/Male
Indian
Ruler
EULER OPERATOR
EULER OPERATOR
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
One Absorbed in God
Girl/Female
French
Divine. Mythological ancient Roman divinity Diana was noted for beauty and swiftness; often...
Girl/Female
Christian & English(British/American/Australian)
Form of Dennis
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu
Well Starred; God's Child; Lord Muruga
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Punjabi, Sikh, Traditional
A Brave Godly Person
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Great
Boy/Male
African, Arabic
Loved
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Vishnu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Pashtun
Respectable
Boy/Male
Gaelic
Small champion.
EULER OPERATOR
EULER OPERATOR
EULER OPERATOR
EULER OPERATOR
EULER OPERATOR
n.
One who pules; one who whines or complains; a weak person.
a.
The office of ruler; rule; authority; government.
n.
A long, flexble piece of wood sometimes used as a ruler.
n.
A ruler of one division of a heptarchy.
n.
A chief or ruler of a deme or district in Greece.
n.
A ruler or governor.
n.
A petty king; a ruler of little power or consequence.
n.
A chief ruler; a potentate. [Obs.] Wyclif.
n.
A Mohammedan title for a ruler; a judge.
n.
One who rules; one who exercises sway or authority; a governor.
a.
A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler).
a.
Pertaining to Euler, a German mathematician of the 18th century.
n.
A ruler or ruling power.
n.
The mother and ruler of a family or of her descendants; a ruler by maternal right.
a.
One who rules or reigns; a governor; a ruler.
n.
A sole or supreme ruler; a sovereign; the highest ruler; an emperor, king, queen, prince, or chief.
n.
A ruler, or sovereign, of a Mohammedan state; specifically, the ruler of the Turks; the Padishah, or Grand Seignior; -- officially so called.
n.
A joint regent or ruler.
n.
A straight or curved strip of wood, metal, etc., with a smooth edge, used for guiding a pen or pencil in drawing lines. Cf. Rule, n., 7 (a).
n.
A ruler; a governor; a prince.