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Circulatory system of fetuses
the circulatory system is different before and after birth. The fetal circulation is composed of the placenta, umbilical blood vessels encapsulated
Fetal_circulation
Medical condition
fetal circulation is a condition caused by a failure in the systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation to convert from the antenatal circulation pattern
Persistent_fetal_circulation
Organ that connects the fetus to the uterine wall
separate maternal and fetal circulations, and is an important endocrine organ, producing hormones that regulate both maternal and fetal physiology during
Placenta
Vein running from the placenta to the fetus
rich blood derived from fetal-maternal blood exchange at the chorionic villi. More than two-thirds of fetal hepatic circulation is via the main portal
Umbilical_vein
Medical condition
Fetal-maternal haemorrhage is the loss of fetal blood cells into the maternal circulation. It takes place in normal pregnancies as well as when there
Fetal-maternal_haemorrhage
Oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus
Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin (also hemoglobin F, HbF, or α2γ2) is the main oxygen carrier protein in the human fetus. Hemoglobin F is found
Fetal_hemoglobin
Prenatal development of the heart
cordis forms part of the ventricles. The sinus venosus connects to the fetal circulation. The heart tube elongates on the right side, looping and becoming
Heart_development
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and the umbilical arteries in the fetal circulation that carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta. It consists of a multi-layered
Artery
Vein in the human fetus
preferentially shunting oxygenated blood to the fetal brain. It is a part of fetal circulation. The pathway of fetal umbilical venous flow is umbilical vein →
Ductus_venosus
Organ system for circulating blood in animals
during weeks 4 – 8 of embryogenesis. Fetal circulation begins within the 8th week of development. Fetal circulation does not include the lungs, which are
Circulatory_system
Fetal and neonatal alloimmune blood condition
in the fetal circulation, breaking down and destroying the cells. The fetus can develop reticulocytosis and anemia. The intensity of this fetal disease
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn
Part of the fetal circulation in humans
Arantius' ligament, is the fibrous remnant of the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation. Usually, it is attached to the left branch of the portal vein within
Ligamentum_venosum
Artery in the abdominal and pelvic regions
50075-8, ISBN 978-0-7216-9654-6, retrieved 2020-11-16 Fetal and maternal blood circulation systems From Online course in embryology for medicine students
Umbilical_artery
Fetal blood vessel bypassing the lungs
ductus arteriosus (by dilation of vascular smooth muscle) throughout the fetal period. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), produced by both the placenta and the DA
Ductus_arteriosus
Prenatal organism between the embryonic state and birth
animal that develops from an embryo. Following the embryonic stage, the fetal stage of development takes place. Prenatal development is a continuum, with
Fetus
Part of the vertebrate circulatory system
to dam up in the pulmonary circulation. The pulmonary circulation loop is virtually bypassed in fetal circulation. The fetal lungs are collapsed, and blood
Pulmonary_circulation
Maternal IgG antibodies
through the placenta to the fetal circulation where they can cause hemolysis of fetal red blood cells which can lead to fetal anemia and HDN. In contrast
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (ABO)
Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)
Part of the aorta
Aortic Isthmus: A Significant yet Underexplored Watershed of the Fetal Circulation". Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 40 (2): 81–93. doi:10.1159/000446942. PMID 27379710
Aortic_arch
Conduit between embryo/fetus and the placenta
of the umbilical cord around the fetal neck) but these conditions do not always cause obstruction of fetal circulation. Velamentous cord insertion Single
Umbilical_cord
Unborn pigs utilized in biology classes
body form. They also allow for the study of fetal circulation, which differs from that of an adult. Fetal pigs are easy to obtain at a relatively low
Fetal_pig
Amnion and chorion which surround and protect a developing fetus
The fetal membranes are the four extraembryonic membranes associated with the developing embryo and fetus in humans and other mammals. They are the amnion
Fetal_membranes
Group of conditions resulting from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) are a group of conditions that can occur in a person who is exposed to alcohol during gestation. FASDS affects
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder
Theory about fetal development
concentrations in maternal circulation are up to ten times higher than cortisol concentrations in fetal circulation. The maternal-to-fetal cortisol gradient is
Fetal_programming
Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart
are those of the pulmonary and fetal circulations which carry oxygenated blood to the heart. In the systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygenated blood
Vein
Largest artery in the human body
remains connected by the ligamentum arteriosum, a remnant of the fetal circulation that is obliterated a few days after birth. In addition to these blood
Aorta
Hypertension occurring during pregnancy
placental lesion, such as hypoxia, allows increased fetal material into the maternal circulation, which in turn leads to an immune response and endothelial
Pre-eclampsia
Blood disease of the fetus and newborn
placenta and enter fetal circulation. These antibodies are directed against the Rhesus (Rh) factor, a protein found on the surface of the fetal RBCs. The antibody-coated
Rh_disease
Failure of the placenta to deliver sufficient nutrients to the fetus during pregnancy
Nicolaides, K (Jan 1, 1995). "Assessment of fetal compromise by Doppler ultrasound investigation of the fetal circulation. Arterial, intracardiac, and venous
Placental_insufficiency
Uterine contractions during pregnancy before labor
physiological stress, in order to help provide more oxygenated blood to the fetal circulation. The determination of Braxton Hicks contractions is dependent on the
Braxton_Hicks_contractions
Medical condition
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), or fetal growth restriction, is the poor growth of a fetus while in the womb during pregnancy. IUGR is defined
Intrauterine growth restriction
Intrauterine_growth_restriction
Death of a fetus at or after 20–28 weeks of pregnancy
reproductive technology, and first pregnancy. Stillbirth may be suspected when no fetal movement is felt. Confirmation is by ultrasound. Worldwide prevention of
Stillbirth
Feature of the right atrium in the human heart
clot travels into a coronary artery it can cause a heart attack. Fetal circulation Hara, H; Virmani, R; Ladich, E; Mackey-Bojack, S; Titus, J; Reisman
Fossa_ovalis_(heart)
Sampling of amniotic fluid done mainly to detect fetal chromosomal abnormalities
conditions. It has other uses such as in the assessment of infection and fetal lung maturity. Prenatal diagnostic testing, which includes amniocentesis
Amniocentesis
Human disease affecting newborns
the result is less than 2:1, the fetal lungs may be deficient in surfactant. The presence of PG usually indicates fetal lung maturity. For the S/A ratio
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome
Pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of arteries
pregnancy, it is the fetal heart and not the mother's heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive blood through the fetal circulation. The blood pressure
Blood_pressure
Types of pregnancy imaging techniques
iodinated radiocontrast agents can cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation, but animal studies have reported no teratogenic or mutagenic effects
Medical_imaging_in_pregnancy
Fetal DNA in the maternal bloodstream
from placental trophoblasts. Fetal DNA is fragmented when placental microparticles are shed into the maternal blood circulation. cffDNA fragments are approximately
Cell-free_fetal_DNA
Anatomical structure
left atrium and away from the right ventricle. Before birth, the fetal circulation directs oxygen-rich blood returning from the placenta to mix with
Valve_of_inferior_vena_cava
Viral disease affecting humans
pregnancy, antibodies to measles are able to cross the placenta into fetal circulation, providing passive immunity to the newborn. This immunity wanes over
Measles
Accumulation of fluid in at least two fetal compartments
fetus characterized by an accumulation of fluid, or edema, in at least two fetal compartments. By comparison, hydrops allantois or hydrops amnion is an accumulation
Hydrops_fetalis
Villi that sprout from the chorion
maternal and fetal circulations. Maternal blood flows through the intervillous space and directly bathes the external surface of the villi, while fetal blood
Chorionic_villi
Neonatal adaptations
cardiovascular system changes result in the adaptation from fetal circulation patterns to an adult circulation pattern. During this transition, some types of congenital
Adaptation to extrauterine life
Adaptation_to_extrauterine_life
Organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates
development, and insulin and glucagon can be detected in the human fetal circulation by the fourth or fifth month of development. The pancreas is involved
Pancreas
Medical condition
Henry Howell indicated that certain red blood cells found both in fetal circulation and bone marrow (of a cat) had unusual granulation. These granules
Polychromasia
Presence of cells originating from another individual
common form is fetomaternal microchimerism (also known as fetal cell microchimerism or fetal chimerism) whereby cells from a fetus pass through the placenta
Microchimerism
Disease that affects babies
subtype and therefore capable of crossing the placenta and entering the fetal circulation.[citation needed] Unlike hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Neonatal_alloimmune_thrombocytopenia
Process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation
fertilization, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development until birth. The term "prenate" is used to describe an unborn
Prenatal_development
Human hormones produced during pregnancy
continuing until the end of the pregnancy. Prolactin levels in the human fetal circulation see a gradual increase from around 30 weeks of gestation until birth
Pregnancy_hormones
Potentially fatal complication of pregnancy
leaked into the maternal circulation can be measured as it has high sensitivity for detecting breach in the maternal-fetal circulation. C3 and C4 levels-significantly
Amniotic_fluid_embolism
Organ located at the aortic bifurcation
homeostatic regulator of blood pressure, secreting catecholamines into the fetal circulation. The organ itself regresses in the late third trimester and following
Organ_of_Zuckerkandl
Study of developmental anomalies
placenta and fetal blood-brain barrier. Because cocaine is able to pass through the placenta and enter the fetus, the fetus' circulation can be negatively
Teratology
Medical condition
occurs when maternal anti-Ro/SSA and anti-La/SSB antibodies enter fetal circulation and affect neonatal organs by crossing the placenta using FcRn receptors
Neonatal_lupus_erythematosus
Laboratory diagnosis of high hemoglobin content in blood
the baby can cause the residual blood in the cord/placenta to enter fetal circulation, which can increase blood volume. The recipient twin in a pregnancy
Polycythemia
Polypeptide placental hormone in humans
noted in patients with multiple gestation. Little hPL enters the fetal circulation. Its biological half-life is 15 minutes. Some women with higher BMI
Human_placental_lactogen
Milk secreted from the breasts of some newborn human infants of either sex
functional hyperprolactinemia. When estrogen levels rise in the placental-fetal circulation, breast enlargement in breastfed infants occurs temporarily but also
Witch's_milk
Level of lead in blood
from mother to child; maternal and fetal blood lead levels are virtually identical. Once in the fetal circulation, lead readily enters the developing
Blood_lead_level
Blood test used to measure the amount of fetal hemoglobin
hemoglobin, but not fetal hemoglobin, from the red blood cells. Subsequent staining, using Shepard's method, makes fetal cells (containing fetal hemoglobin) appear
Kleihauer–Betke_test
Medical condition
smaller and weaker the heart. Preterm fetuses switch from fetal circulation to postnatal circulation before the left ventricle is completed, resulting in an
Health outcomes for adults born prematurely
Health_outcomes_for_adults_born_prematurely
Device for artificial gestation
exclusively by the fetal heart, combined with a very low resistance oxygenator to most closely mimic the normal fetal/placental circulation. The closed sterile
Artificial_womb
Chemical compound
52: Development of the thorax. Section: Changes in the Fetal Circulation and Occlusion of Fetal Vessels after Birth". Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis
Bradykinin
Substance to enhance X-ray imaging
iodinated radiocontrast agents can cross the placenta and enter the fetal circulation, but animal studies have reported no teratogenic or mutagenic effects
Iodinated_contrast
Blood vessels in fetoplacental circulation
also fetal surface vessels are blood vessels, including both arteries and veins, that carry blood through the chorion in the fetoplacental circulation. Chorionic
Chorionic_vessels
Protein family
epithelial cell and also in transfer of iron between maternal and fetal circulation. Mediates iron efflux in the presence of a ferroxidase (hephaestin
Major_facilitator_superfamily
Testing for diseases or conditions in a fetus
Wilkins-Haug L, Bianchi DW (February 2014). "Review: cell-free fetal DNA in the maternal circulation as an indication of placental health and disease". Placenta
Prenatal_testing
Examination of the heart's electrical activity
Standards for Electrocardiographic Monitoring in Hospital Settings". Circulation. 110 (17): 2721–2746. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000145144.56673.59. PMID 15505110
Electrocardiography
Moral or legal rights of the human fetus
Fetal rights or foetal rights (alternatively prenatal rights) are the moral rights or legal rights of the human embryo or fetus under natural and civil
Fetal_rights
Main artery of the pelvis
ramify in the placenta.[citation needed] At birth, when the placental circulation ceases, the pelvic portion only of the umbilical artery remains patent
Internal_iliac_artery
cerebrovascular system 747.82 Spinal vessel anomaly 747.83 Persistent fetal circulation 747.9 Unspecified congenital anomaly of circulatory system 748 Congenital
List of ICD-9 codes 740–759: congenital anomalies
List_of_ICD-9_codes_740–759:_congenital_anomalies
retrieved 5 July 2026 Marty, Makenna; Lui, Forshing (2026), "Embryology, Fetal Circulation", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30725834
Foramen_secundum
The following is a partial list of the "C" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM)
List_of_MeSH_codes_(C16)
Structure in the heart
Atrioventricular canal Details System Fetal circulation Location Developing heart Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]
Atrioventricular_canal
American obstetrician (1792–1869)
"Professor Charles D Meigs (1792-1869) of Philadelphia and persistent fetal circulation" (PDF). Archives of Disease in Childhood. 70 (2): F155–F156. doi:10
Charles_Delucena_Meigs
Measurement of blood pumped by the heart
right and left sides of the heart. It is a useful measurement in fetal circulation, where cardiac outputs from both sides of the heart work partly in
Cardiac_output
Medical condition
produce IgG anti-Rhc antibodies, which can cross the placenta into the fetal circulation. If the fetus is Rhc-positive, alloimmune hemolysis may result, producing
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (anti-Rhc)
Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Rhc)
Passageway between the atria of the human heart
In the fetal heart, the foramen ovale (/fəˈreɪmən oʊˈvæli, -mɛn-, -ˈvɑː-, -ˈveɪ-/), also foramen Botalli or the ostium secundum of Born, allows blood
Foramen_ovale_(heart)
Medical condition
and trachea because of the persistence of a ductal ligament (from fetal circulation) that may connect between the aorta on the front and the left subclavian
Vascular_ring
Type of homicide
Definitions differ between legal and medical applications. In law, feticide (or fetal homicide) frequently refers to a criminal offense. In medicine, the term
Foeticide
Circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures
internal carotid artery supplies the posterior cerebrum; this is known as a fetal posterior communicating cerebral artery. In another variation the anterior
Circle_of_Willis
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
ductus fall. This closes the ductus thereby establishing normal post-fetal circulation of blood through the lungs. Based on studies using EP receptor agonists
Prostaglandin_EP4_receptor
French surgeon and anatomist (1645–1722)
to the structures of the heart in a human foetus and claimed that fetal circulation differed from that in adult humans as pointed out by William Harvey
Jean_Méry
Malignant trophoblastic tumour arising from gestation
trophoblasts which spread throughout the chorion villi to support maternal-fetal circulation. Malignant cellular transformation of all of these three trophoblastic
Gestational_choriocarcinoma
Human blood group system
does not cross the placenta into the fetal circulation. In addition, the expression of Vel is very weak on fetal red blood cells – particularly in children
Vel_blood_group
Protein found in humans
placenta, and then again on the fetal circulation side when delivering vitamin A from the placenta to developing fetal tissues, most notably the developing
Retinol_binding_protein_4
Complication of obstetrics
In vasa praevia, blood vessels from the fetoplacental circulation lie unprotected on the fetal membranes across or near (within 2 cm) the internal cervical
Vasa_praevia
American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet) is a voluntary association of medical centers in the United States and Canada with established expertise in fetal surgery
North American Fetal Therapy Network
North_American_Fetal_Therapy_Network
Ultrasound imaging of the movement of tissues and body fluids using the Doppler effect
Doppler auscultation. The Doppler fetal monitor is commonly referred to simply as a Doppler or fetal Doppler. Doppler fetal monitors provide information about
Doppler_ultrasonography
British physiologist (1918–1996)
initial research was conducted into the distribution and control of fetal circulation, mostly in unborn lamb fetus. He studied chemoreceptors, the biological
Geoffrey_S._Dawes
Neonatal incubator
uterus stimulated the fetal respiratory center, possibly by "the alternate forcing and drawing of blood from the fetal circulation by compressing the placenta
Bloxsom_air_lock
069.542 – middle lobe syndrome MeSH C08.381.423.694 – persistent fetal circulation syndrome MeSH C08.381.472.090 – aspergillosis, allergic bronchopulmonary
List_of_MeSH_codes_(C08)
Estrogen medication
in the fetal circulation than in the maternal circulation (which is a consequence of the fact that estetrol is produced exclusively in the fetal liver)
Estetrol_(medication)
Fetal proteins are high levels of proteins present during the fetal stage of development. Often related proteins assume similar roles after birth or in
Fetal_protein
Structure in the developing heart of the human embryo
atrium. Kiserud, Torvid (2005-12-01). "Physiology of the fetal circulation". Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 10 (6): 493–503. doi:10.1016/j.siny
Crista_dividens
Part of the human heart
the two chambers, which is essential for fetal blood circulation. At birth, when the first breath is taken fetal blood flow is reversed to travel through
Atrium_(heart)
Congenital disorder caused by maternal warfarin administration
Fetal warfarin syndrome is a disorder of the embryo which occurs in a child whose mother took the medication warfarin (brand name: Coumadin) during pregnancy
Fetal_warfarin_syndrome
different proteic products which are secreted in the maternal and fetal circulations. This interaction starts in the 6th week of pregnancy and it has an
HGH-hPL
American pathologist
cells after they enter the mother's circulation. The maternal antibody could then cross into the fetal circulation and cause an antigen-antibody reaction
Ruth_Darrow
Medical condition
pulmonary artery instead of the aortic sinus. In fetal life, the high pressure in the pulmonic artery and the fetal shunts enable oxygen-rich blood to flow in
Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery
Anomalous_left_coronary_artery_from_the_pulmonary_artery
Arteries at the base of the brain that form part of the circle of Willis
CN III). The development of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) in the fetal brain occurs relatively late and arises from the fusion of several embryonic
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior_communicating_artery
Outermost fetal membrane around the embryo in amniotes
The chorion is the outermost fetal membrane around the embryo in mammals, birds and reptiles (amniotes). It is also present around the embryo of other
Chorion
System of blood vessels
the hypophyseal portal system fully develops by week 11.5 of the human fetal gestation period. This was determined by injecting a silicone rubber compound
Hypophyseal_portal_system
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FETAL CIRCULATION
FETAL CIRCULATION
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