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Mathematical program specifications
In computer science, formal methods are mathematically rigorous techniques for the specification, development, analysis, and verification of software and
Formal_methods
Proving or disproving the correctness of certain intended algorithms
using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification is a key incentive for formal specification of systems, and is at the core of formal methods. It
Formal_verification
Software research and information organisation
Formal Methods Europe (FME) is an organization whose aim is to encourage the research and application of formal methods for the improvement of software
Formal_Methods_Europe
Study of abstract structures described by formal systems
theoretical and empirical methods, the formal sciences use language tools concerned with characterizing abstract structures described by formal systems and the
Formal_science
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings whose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet". The alphabet of a formal language consists
Formal_language
Aspect of computer science
product design. Formal specifications are one such way to achieve this in software engineering reliability as once predicted. Other methods such as testing
Formal_specification
Processing of knowledge to accomplish organizational goals
There are various methods for knowledge protection and those methods are often divided into two categories by their formality: formal protection and informal
Knowledge_management
Study of computation
and programs that can be deductively reasoned through mathematical formal methods. Computer scientists Edsger W. Dijkstra and Tony Hoare regard instructions
Computer_science
Study of politics using formal methods
Formal theory, also known as positive political theory, is the subfield of political science that uses formal methods such as social choice theory, game
Formal theory (political science)
Formal_theory_(political_science)
Analysis of computer programs without executing them
vary from highlighting possible coding errors (e.g., the lint tool) to formal methods that mathematically prove properties about a given program (e.g., its
Static_program_analysis
Mathematical model for deduction or proof systems
A formal system (or deductive system) is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems
Formal_system
Stage of electronic circuit design verification
Formal equivalence checking process is a part of electronic design automation (EDA), commonly used during the development of digital integrated circuits
Formal_equivalence_checking
Mathematical study of the meaning of programming languages
variations in formal semantic systems arise from the choice of supporting mathematical formalism.[citation needed] Some variations of formal semantics include
Semantics (programming languages)
Semantics_(programming_languages)
Method of software development
The B-Method is a method of software development based on B, a tool-supported formal method based on an abstract machine notation, used in the development
B-Method
Higher-order logic (HOL) automated theorem prover
specific support for a variety of formal methods. It can be seen as an integrated development environment (IDE) for formal methods. In recent years, a substantial
Isabelle_(proof_assistant)
over-approximating a rigorous model, formal methods approach to static analysis (e.g., using static program assertions). Sound methods contain no false negatives
List of tools for static code analysis
List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis
Topics referred to by the same term
calculus Formal methods, mathematically based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems Formal specification
Formal
Department of the Oxford University Computing Laboratory
member of the PRG. The PRG was a centre of excellence in the field of formal methods, playing a leading role in the development of the Z notation (initiated
Programming_Research_Group
Theoretical study of knowledge
Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological
Formal_epistemology
Engineering WWDC - Worldwide Developers Conference Conferences on formal methods (including formal verification), logic, and automated reasoning: CAV – Computer
List of computer science conferences
List_of_computer_science_conferences
International aeronautics software standard
replacing some or all software testing activities with model simulation or formal methods. The release of DO-178C and the companion documents DO-278A (Ground
DO-178C
Academic fields of study or professions
engineering Formal methods (Formal verification) Game Development Theoretical computer science Theory of computation Automata theory (Formal languages)
Outline of academic disciplines
Outline_of_academic_disciplines
Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
from the singular hypothesis-testing method to a broader conception of scientific methods. These scientific methods, which are rooted in scientific practices
Scientific_method
Israeli computer scientist
science Professor at Bar-Ilan University. His research interests include formal methods, model checking, program synthesis and runtime verification. With Edmund
Doron_A._Peled
Logic used to describe behaviours of concurrent systems
specification language using a Python-like syntax (Starlark) designed to bring formal methods for mainstream software engineers working on distributed systems. While
Temporal_logic_of_actions
Subfield of computer science and mathematics
(2001-08-06). "What is Formal Methods?". Retrieved 2006-11-16. C. Michael Holloway. "Why Engineers Should Consider Formal Methods" (PDF). 16th Digital Avionics
Theoretical_computer_science
Integration of software development and operations
world, which informally dates to the 1990s and formally to 2001. Agile development teams using methods such as extreme programming couldn't "satisfy the
DevOps
Object-oriented programming principle
their methods (encapsulation). Because subtypes may introduce methods that are not present in the supertype, the introduction of these methods may allow
Liskov_substitution_principle
Structure of a formal language
A formal grammar is a set of symbols and the production rules for rewriting some of them into every possible string of a formal language over an alphabet
Formal_grammar
Terms used to differentiate between abstract and concrete concepts in certain topics
instructions. In formal methods, a high-level formal specification can be related to a low-level executable implementation (e.g., formally by mathematical
High-_and_low-level
British computer scientist
era programming language. He pioneered the industrial application of formal methods in microprocessor design, and is particularly well known for his work
David May (computer scientist)
David_May_(computer_scientist)
2025. The verification of agent behaviour can be conducted by formal or informal methods. Informal verification requires less mathematical skill. But when
Agent_verification
Software engineering methodology
developing software. Behavior-driven development Design by contract Formal methods Model-driven engineering Test-driven development Liu, Shaoying; Li,
Specification-driven development
Specification-driven_development
Process in software project management, software testing, and software engineering
requirements for both as well as formal procedures or protocols for determining compliance. Ideally, formal methods provide a mathematical guarantee that
Software verification and validation
Software_verification_and_validation
Computation model defining an abstract machine
which the machine can perform read and write operations. In the context of formal language theory, a Turing machine (automaton) is capable of enumerating
Turing_machine
German professor of computer science
Helmholtz Center for Information Security. He is known for his work on formal methods, cryptography and privacy-enhancing technologies. Born in Germany, he
Michael_Backes
Formally verified capability-based microkernel
L4 microkernel lineage but is implemented using high-assurance methods. seL4 uses formal mathematical verification to prove the system's confidentiality
SeL4
Formal specification language
TLA+ is a formal specification language developed by Leslie Lamport. It is used for designing, modelling, documentation, and verification of programs,
TLA+
Method of computer program specification
Predicative programming is the original name of a formal method for program specification and refinement, more recently called a Practical Theory of Programming
Predicative_programming
Process to create executable computer programs
development is known as software engineering, especially when it employs formal methods or follows an engineering design process. Programmable devices have
Computer_programming
Branch of computer science
compiler using formal methods and using rigorous testing (often called compiler validation) on an existing compiler. Two main formal verification approaches
Compiler_correctness
(SMT) solver which is SMTLIB2-compliant, such as the Z3 Theorem Prover. Formal verification Vazou, Niki (2016). Liquid Haskell: Haskell as a theorem prover
Liquid_Haskell
Computer programming testing tool
for Model-Based Testing". Formal Methods and Software Engineering, 11th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2009. Rio de Janeiro
Fastest
American computer scientist (born 1956)
fundamental contributions to formal methods, programming languages, and programming methodology, and for promoting the use of formal methods in software development"
Jeannette_Wing
Austrian computer scientist and professor
to an emeritus position in July 2001. From 1994, he was chairman of Formal Methods Europe (FME) and corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Peter Lucas (computer scientist)
Peter_Lucas_(computer_scientist)
Branch of mathematics that studies sets
model. Forcing is also one of two methods for proving relative consistency by finitistic methods, the other method being Boolean-valued models. A cardinal
Set_theory
Academic computer science journal
associated with the BCS-FACS Specialist Group on Formal Aspects of Computing Science and Formal Methods Europe. A comment from Christopher Strachey inspired
Formal_Aspects_of_Computing
Computer science professor
Proofs in a Program Verifier International Symposium on Formal Methods, pp. 382-398. Formal Systems Laboratory | Circ Prover. https://fsl.cs.illinois
Grigore_Roșu
Structured visual modeling technique
NASA Langley Formal Methods Workshop (LFM 2000), 2000, pp. 187–196. Rushby, J. Automated Formal Methods 2006 AFM-2006, Automated Formal Methods 2006, Seattle
Behavior_tree
Formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems
Tools (CZT) project Other formal methods (and languages using formal specifications): VDM-SL, the main alternative to Z B-Method, developed by Jean-Raymond
Z_notation
at its syntactic rather than semantic level. Syntactic methods are often used when formal methods are not an option, and are often a simpler and, more importantly
Syntactic_methods
View that mathematics does not necessarily represent reality, but is more akin to a game
program to establish the consistency of mathematics through purely formal methods. The early mathematical formalists attempted "to block, avoid, or sidestep
Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)
Formalism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)
Production Cell: Software Development Case Study, ASM model Railcrossing: Formal Methods for Real-Time Computing, ASM model Light Control: Requirements Engineering
Abstract_state_machine
In formal language theory, a picture language is a set of pictures, where a picture is a 2D array of characters over some alphabet. For example, the language
Picture_language
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
Y. (2001). "Bounded Model Checking Using Satisfiability Solving". Formal Methods in System Design. 19: 7–34. doi:10.1023/A:1011276507260. S2CID 2484208
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Theory of trace monoids
analogous to the way that the free monoid provides the underpinning for formal languages. The power of trace theory stems from the fact that the algebra
Trace_theory
Processing of natural language by a computer
drawback of statistical methods is that they require elaborate feature engineering. Since 2015, neural network–based methods have increasingly replaced
Natural_language_processing
Arne Sølvberg – information modelling Ib Holm Sørensen – formal methods, Z notation, B-Method Brian Cantwell Smith – reflective programming, 3lisp David
List_of_computer_scientists
Dutch computer scientist (born 1974)
cryptography, ISO standards, automated verification of security protocols, and formal methods. His thesis was entitled "Scyther - Semantics and Verification of Security
Cas_Cremers
Huisman, M. (2002). Formal Specification and Static Checking of Gemplus' Electronic Purse Using ESC/Java. FME 2002:Formal Methods—Getting IT Right. Lecture
ESC/Java
Umbrella term for certain approaches to software development
system development methods, or agile methods specifically, by the book, often choosing to omit or tailor some of the practices of a method in order to create
Agile_software_development
Computer program for the Boolean satisfiability problem
In computer science and formal methods, a SAT solver is a computer program which aims to solve the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT). On input a formula
SAT_solver
Formal method for the development of computer-based systems
The Vienna Development Method (VDM) is one of the longest-established formal methods for the development of computer-based systems. Originating in work
Vienna_Development_Method
Software design methodology
reliability. The central principles are software development based on formal methods, incremental implementation under statistical quality control, and statistically
Cleanroom software engineering
Cleanroom_software_engineering
Tool used for project and business process management
Retrieved 18 May 2023. Tiziana Margaria: Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification, and Validation: 4th International Symposium on Leveraging
Responsibility assignment matrix
Responsibility_assignment_matrix
Instructions a computer can execute
functionality, so developers often focus on the most critical functionality. Formal methods are used in some safety-critical systems to prove the correctness of
Software
Spanish computer scientist (born 1950)
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He leads the university's Formal Methods and Declarative Languages Laboratory. José Meseguer obtained his PhD
Jose_Meseguer
American scientist (1927–2011)
and ALGOL 68. Around 1959, he invented so-called "garbage collection" methods, a kind of automatic memory management, to solve problems in Lisp. During
John McCarthy (computer scientist)
John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)
Indian computer scientist
theoretical and practical aspects of formal methods and automated reasoning. Specifically, he has worked on formal verification of software and hardware
Supratik_Chakraborty
Logic for proving computer program correctness
language Operational semantics — in terms of the state of the computation Formal semantics of programming languages — overview Predicate transformer semantics
Axiomatic_semantics
Extraction of information from a running system to verify certain properties
equality, while "=" is assignment. Some methods (e.g., update() in the UnsafeEnumExample) are dummy methods, which are not part of the Java API, that
Runtime_verification
luigi participates in LARSI. Formal methods in security, privacy and governance including: Formal specification, formal design, validation, verification
Luigi_Logrippo
Programming language
context of automated theorem proving, and is used in static analysis and formal methods software. Beyond these areas, it has found use in systems programming
OCaml
Analysis and interpretation of systems
through structured programming, code inspections, and early formal verification methods. The widespread adoption of open-source components, complex software
Software_understanding
International conference series
Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM) is an international academic conference in the field of software engineering with a specialization in formal methods. Until
International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods
International_Conference_on_Software_Engineering_and_Formal_Methods
Danish software research and development centre
involving formal methods, in software design and development. Three major projects dominated much of the centre's existence. The first concerned the formal specification
Dansk_Datamatik_Center
Formal methods terminology
"Smalltalk Blocks And Closures". C2.com. 2009-10-15. Retrieved 2010-10-09. Formal Methods Europe, Frequently Asked Questions, part 13 Archived 2005-03-12 at the
Reification (computer science)
Reification_(computer_science)
European collaborative research project
ending in 1997. The projects aimed to connect computer-based systems in a formal manner at different levels of abstraction, including requirements, specifications
ProCoS
Computer science field
Y. (2001). "Bounded Model Checking Using Satisfiability Solving". Formal Methods in System Design. 19: 7–34. doi:10.1023/A:1011276507260. S2CID 2484208
Model_checking
enable their formal verification. In formal methods, program refinement is the verifiable transformation of an abstract (high-level) formal specification
Refinement_(computing)
Norwegian computer scientist
his career advanced, Dahl grew increasingly interested in the use of formal methods, to rigorously reason about object-orientation for example. His expertise
Ole-Johan_Dahl
French computer scientist (1938–2025)
2025) was a French computer scientist and originator of the Z and B formal methods. Abrial was born on 6 November 1938. He was a student at the École Polytechnique
Jean-Raymond_Abrial
Modelling in Event-B
Stefan Hallerstede (2007). The Rodin formal modelling tool (PDF). FACS 2007 Christmas Workshop: Formal Methods in Industry. pp. 1–5.{{cite conference}}:
Rodin_tool
English computer scientist
2010. Schneider is an expert in formal methods, including Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) and the B-Method, and computer security. Schneider
Steve Schneider (computer scientist)
Steve_Schneider_(computer_scientist)
American computer scientist (1942–2013)
formal methods, digital rights management and computer/network security. A major contribution was his involvement with the Larch approach to formal specification
Jim_Horning
British software company
distinguishing feature of the former Praxis office's is its extensive use of formal methods such as the Z notation and the SPARK toolset (acquired through the takeover
Altran_Praxis
Establishment of a theorem using inference from the axioms
sentence in a formal proof is called a theorem of the formal system. The notion of theorem is generally effective, but there may be no method by which we
Formal_proof
Dutch computer scientist
software engineering, especially on formal methods for system design. He is best known as an expert on algebraic methods for the specification of data and
Jan_Bergstra
the series. Many of the books in the series have been in the area of formal methods in particular. The following books were published in the series: R.
Prentice Hall International Series in Computer Science
Prentice_Hall_International_Series_in_Computer_Science
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
developments have been important, in turn, for supporting the development of formal methods for logic-based program verification and program transformation. The
Logic_programming
Recursive function for formal verification case testing
These papers represented early developments towards the application of formal methods to program verification. The 91 function was chosen for being nested-recursive
McCarthy_91_function
British computer scientist (born 1956)
at London South Bank University. His main contribution has been in formal methods, especially the Z notation. In addition, he has worked in the area of
Jonathan_Bowen
Irish computer scientist
(at St John's College) for his PhD. Hinchey has been a promulgator of formal methods throughout his career, especially CSP and the Z notation. He was Director
Michael_Hinchey
Brazilian computer scientist
Sampaio (born 1964) is a Brazilian computer scientist who works with formal methods and language semantics. Augusto Sampaio is from Recife, Pernambuco,
Augusto_Sampaio
Type of logical system
predicate logic, predicate calculus, or quantificational logic, is a type of formal system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science
First-order_logic
Dutch theoretical computer scientist
RWTH Aachen University. Furthermore, he is part-time associated to the Formal Methods & Tools group at the University of Twente. Katoen received his master's
Joost-Pieter_Katoen
Dutch computer scientist (1930–2002)
Brechtje Cornelia Kluijver (1900–1994) was a mathematician but never had a formal job. Dijkstra had considered a career in law and had hoped to represent
Edsger_W._Dijkstra
Methodology of programming
based on the formal semantics of program statements. A combined programming and specification language, connected to a powerful formal proof system,
Invariant-based_programming
Concept in computer science
the fundamental concept in Guarded Command Language, a language in formal methods. Guards can be used to augment pattern matching with the possibility
Guard_(computer_science)
Italian software engineer
computer scientist and software engineer whose research topics include formal methods and model-driven engineering. Educated in Italy, she has worked in Italy
Tiziana_Margaria
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
Boy/Male
Irish
It seems to come from fearghal “â€brave, courageous, valorous.â€â€ Fergal Mac Maolduin was an eighth-century High King renowned for his efforts in battle.
Surname or Lastname
English (Yorkshire)
English (Yorkshire) : habitational name from Wormald in West Yorkshire or Wormhill in Derbyshire, which is named from an Old English personal name Wyra + hyll ‘hill’.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Forman 1 and 2.
Boy/Male
Indian
Order, Decree
Male
Scottish
Scottish form of Irish Gaelic Cormac, CORMAG means "son of defilement."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from the place on Merseyside, so named from Old Norse forn ‘old’ (or perhaps a byname Forni with this meaning) + býr ‘farm’, ‘settlement’.
Surname or Lastname
Polish, Czech, Slovak, Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic), and Slovenian
Polish, Czech, Slovak, Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic), and Slovenian : occupational name for a carter or drayman, the driver of a horse-drawn delivery vehicle, from Polish, Yiddish, and Slovenian furman, a loanword from German (see Fuhrmann).English : variant of Firmin.Americanized spelling of German Fuhrmann.
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Greek Ieremias (Hebrew Yirmeyahu), JORMA means "Jehovah casts forth" or "Jehovah hurls."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Forman 1 and 2.Respelling of North German Formann, a variant of Fuhrmann.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Fearghal, FERGAL means "man of valor."
Surname or Lastname
English, Irish (Ulster), Scottish, and Dutch
English, Irish (Ulster), Scottish, and Dutch : name applied either to a Scandinavian or to someone from Normandy in northern France. The Scandinavian adventurers of the Dark Ages called themselves norðmenn ‘men from the North’. Before 1066, Scandinavian settlers in England were already fairly readily absorbed, and Northman and Normann came to be used as bynames and later as personal names, even among the Saxon inhabitants. The term gained a new use from 1066 onwards, when England was settled by invaders from Normandy, who were likewise of Scandinavian origin but by now largely integrated with the native population and speaking a Romance language, retaining only their original Germanic name.French : regional name for someone from Normandy.Dutch : ethnic name for a Norwegian.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Nordman.Jewish : Americanized form of some like-sounding Ashkenazic name.Swedish : from norr ‘north’ + man ‘man’.Albert Andriessen Bradt, a settler in Rensselaerswijck on the upper Hudson River in NY, was originally from Norway and was known as de Norrman (‘the Norwegian’). The waterway south of Albany which powered his mills became known as the Normanskill (‘the Norman’s Waterway’), by which name it is still known today.
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Mac Gormáin and Ó Gormáin ‘son (or descendant) of Gormán’, a personal name from a diminutive of gorm ‘dark blue’, ‘noble’. Compare O’Gorman.English : from the Middle English personal name Gormund, Old English GÄrmund, composed of the elements gÄr ‘spear’ + mund ‘protection’.English : topographic name for someone who lived by or on a triangular patch of land (see Gore).German (Görmann) : variant of Gehrmann.German (Görmann) : of Slavic origin, occupational name for a miner, from Slavic góra ‘mountain’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Firmin.Muslim : variant of Farman.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a keeper of swine, Middle English foreman, from Old English fÅr ‘hog’, ‘pig’ + mann ‘man’.English : status name for a leader or spokesman for a group, from Old English fore ‘before’, ‘in front’ + mann ‘man’. The word is attested in this sense from the 15th century, but is not used specifically for the leader of a gang of workers before the late 16th century.Czech and Jewish (from Bohemia, Moravia) : occupational name for a carter, Czech forman, a loanword from German.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old English personal name Dēormann, composed of Old English dēor (see Dear) + mann ‘man’. This surname became established in Ireland in the 17th century; sometimes it is found as a variant of Dornan.German (Dormann) : occupational name for a doorkeeper or gatekeeper or topographic name for someone who lived by the gate of a town or city. Compare Dorer, Dorwart.Hungarian (Dormán) : from the old secular personal name Dormán.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : unexplained.
Female
English
English name derived from the gem name, from Latin corallium, probably ultimately from Hebrew goral, CORAL means "small pebble."
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from an Old Norse personal name, Farmaðr, denoting a seafarer or traveling merchant.English : occupational name for a peddler or itinerant merchant, Middle English far(e)man, from an Old Norse word meaning ‘traveling man’ (see 1).Muslim : from the Arabic personal name based on faraman ‘command’, ‘order’, ‘decree’. It is also found in compound names such as Faraman-ullah ‘order of Allah’.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Form of Jamal
Male
English
English form of Teutonic Nordemann, NORMAN means "northman."
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
Male
Finnish
Finnish form of Latin Rodbertus, ROOPERTTI means "bright fame."
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Just Upright
Girl/Female
Arabic, Persian
Excellence Seeker or Spiritual Haven
Boy/Male
Hindu
Moon
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
One who Resides in the Elixir of Lord's Name
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Goddess Lakshmi
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Tamil
(Father of draupad)
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Light of the Era
Boy/Male
Greek
Winner of Atalanta.
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
FORMAL METHODS
a.
Sound; normal.
a.
Containing, or belonging to, a flower; as, a floral bud; a floral leaf; floral characters.
n.
A univalent radical, H.C:O, regarded as the essential residue of formic acid and aldehyde.
a.
Belonging to the constitution of a thing, as distinguished from the matter composing it; having the power of making a thing what it is; constituent; essential; pertaining to or depending on the forms, so called, of the human intellect.
a.
Devoted to, or done in accordance with, forms or rules; punctilious; regular; orderly; methodical; of a prescribed form; exact; prim; stiff; ceremonious; as, a man formal in his dress, his gait, his conversation.
n.
See Mormal.
a.
Dependent in form; conventional.
a.
Denoting that series of hydrocarbons in which no carbon atom is united with more than two other carbon atoms; as, normal pentane, hexane, etc. Cf. Iso-.
a.
According to a square or rule; perpendicular; forming a right angle. Specifically: Of or pertaining to a normal.
n.
See Wormil.
n.
A written confession of faith; a formal statement of foctrines.
a.
Not in the regular, usual, or established form; not according to official, conventional, prescribed, or customary forms or rules; irregular; hence, without ceremony; as, an informal writting, proceeding, or visit.
adv.
In a formal manner; essentially; characteristically; expressly; regularly; ceremoniously; precisely.
a.
Human; belonging to man, who is mortal; as, mortal wit or knowledge; mortal power.
n.
See Wormil.
n.
A salt of formic acid.
a.
Having the form or appearance without the substance or essence; external; as, formal duty; formal worship; formal courtesy, etc.
a.
Denoting certain hypothetical compounds, as acids from which the real acids are obtained by dehydration; thus, normal sulphuric acid and normal nitric acid are respectively S(OH)6, and N(OH)5.
a.
Belonging to the form, shape, frame, external appearance, or organization of a thing.
a.
Done in due form, or with solemnity; according to regular method; not incidental, sudden or irregular; express; as, he gave his formal consent.