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Roman emperor from 253 to 268
family, Gallienus was the son of Valerian and Mariniana. Valerian became Emperor in September 253 and had the Roman Senate elevate Gallienus to the rank
Gallienus
Roman emperor from 253 to 260
and Gallienus was threatened several times by usurpers. Nevertheless, Gallienus held the throne until his own assassination in 268 AD. Gallienus Licinius
Valerian_(emperor)
Roman usurpers during the reign of emperor Gallienus
The Gallienus usurpers were the usurpers who claimed imperial power during the reign of Gallienus (253–268, the first part of which he shared with his
Gallienus_usurpers
Roman emperor from 270 to 275
climbed up the ranks. He went on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in 268. Following that, Claudius Gothicus became
Aurelian
Roman emperor from 268 to 270
Gallienus and his men crossed the Alps, they defeated and besieged Postumus in an (unnamed) Gallic city. When victory appeared to be near, Gallienus made
Claudius_Gothicus
Gallic emperor from 260 to 269
while his son and co-emperor Gallienus was preoccupied with the situation on the Danubian frontier. Consequently, Gallienus left his son, Saloninus, and
Postumus
Ancient Roman arch, a landmark of Rome, Italy
The Arch of Gallienus is a name given to the Porta Esquilina, an ancient Roman arch in the Servian Wall of Rome. It was here that the ancient Roman roads
Arch_of_Gallienus
Coinage of Valerian and Gallienus, emperors of the Roman Empire
Sestertius The coinage of Valerian and Gallienus refers to all the coins issued by Rome during the reigns of Emperors Gallienus (253-268) and Valerian (253-260)
Coinage of Valerian and Gallienus
Coinage_of_Valerian_and_Gallienus
Breakaway state of the Roman Empire (260–274)
with a large part of the Roman field army in the east. This left his son Gallienus in very shaky control. Shortly thereafter, King Odaenathus gained control
Gallic_Empire
Roman politician
Quintus Egnatius Gallienus Perpetuus (c. 210 - after 250) was a Roman politician. He was the son of Quintus Egnatius Proculus and wife Maria Aureliana
Quintus Egnatius Gallienus Perpetuus
Quintus_Egnatius_Gallienus_Perpetuus
joint-reign of Valerian and Gallienus. Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus was the first recorded Protector appointed by Gallienus. The use of the title protector
Protectores_Augusti_Nostri
Calendar year
method in Europe for naming years. Emperor Gallienus crushes the Alemanni at Milan (approximate date). Gallienus repeals the edict of 258, which led to the
261
Son of Roman Emperor Gallienus (c. 249 – 268)
under Emperor Gallienus. He was related to the Egnatia gens and has been speculated to be the cousin, son or nephew of Emperor Gallienus. Marinianus and
Marinianus_(consul_268)
Roman empress from 253 to 268
Mediolanum) was an Augusta of the Roman Empire, married to Roman Emperor Gallienus and mother of Valerian II, Saloninus, and Marinianus. Salonina's origin
Cornelia_Salonina
Species of butterfly
part of the Republic of the Congo. Papilio gallienus is very similar to Papilio mechowi but males of gallienus have a distinct androconial patch and the
Papilio_gallienus
Roman emperor from 256 to 258
known as Valerian II (/vəˈlɪəriən/), was the eldest son of Roman Emperor Gallienus and Augusta Cornelia Salonina who was of Greek origin and grandson of
Valerian_II
Species of butterfly
Elwes & Edwards, 1893 Ypthima baldus ishigakina Fruhstorfer, 1908 Ypthima gallienus Fruhstorfer, 1911 Ypthima scota Fruhstorfer, 1911 Ypthima morus Fruhstorfer
Ypthima_baldus
3rd century Roman eques and general
315 John Jefferson Bray, Gallienus: A Study in Reformist and Sexual Politics (Wakefield Press, 1997), p. 147 Bray, Gallienus, pp. 333–334 Christian Körner
Aurelius_Theodotus
Roman emperor in 260
Valerian II, seems to have cured Gallienus of any ambition in this regard. Throughout the period of his sole reign, Gallienus made no effort to elevate his
Saloninus
Calendar year
Valerian"). Gallienus becomes the sole emperor of Rome; during his reign the Pannonian governor Ingenuus revolts on the Danube. Gallienus evacuates the
260
Barbarian invasions against the Roman Empire in the 3rd century
suffered a bitter defeat at the hands of Gallienus, who had rushed to the occasion. The story goes that Gallienus managed to beat back the hordes of barbarians
Barbarian invasions into the Roman Empire of the 3rd century
Barbarian_invasions_into_the_Roman_Empire_of_the_3rd_century
Wife of Roman Emperor Valerian
was probably the wife of Roman Emperor Valerian and mother of Emperor Gallienus. She died before Valerian's ascension to the throne in 253. After Valerian
Egnatia_Mariniana
Calendar year
Gaul. Gallienus gives the order to fortify Milan and Verona. Gallienus repels the invasion of the Goths in the Balkans. A general of Gallienus' army,
265
Calendar year
Naissus: Emperor Gallienus, aided by Aurelian, defeats a Gothic coalition (50,000 warriors) near Naissus (Niš, modern Serbia). Gallienus is killed by his
268
circular or octagonal domed rotunda for imperial mausolea began with Emperor Gallienus in the 260s and the type would be used throughout the late-antique period
3rd-century_Roman_domes
Usurper of the Roman Empire (died 261)
Fulvius Junius Quietus (died 261) was a Roman usurper against Roman Emperor Gallienus. Quietus was the son of Fulvius Macrianus and a noblewoman, possibly named
Quietus
Head of the Catholic Church from 259 to 268
the transition from Valerian's persecutions to the toleration issued by Gallienus in 260. During this period, he reorganized the Roman church, assigning
Pope_Dionysius
Roman consul and praetorian prefect (died c.286)
co-Augusti Valerian and Gallienus. However, this item in the record of Volusianus's cursus seems to indicate that Coh. III was with Gallienus in the West at this
Lucius Petronius Taurus Volusianus
Lucius_Petronius_Taurus_Volusianus
Late Roman collection of biographies
remote interest to misrepresent the character of Gallienus." Modern scholars now believe that Gallienus' reputation was posthumously maligned, that he was
Historia_Augusta
Ancient Roman amphitheater in Verona, Italy
project confirms that by 69 AD, the amphitheatre was already built. Emperor Gallienus faced prolonged conflicts to repel the 3rd-century barbarian invasions
Verona_Arena
Biblical figures
celebration of the great secular games by the Emperor Philip to the death of Gallienus (in AD 268) as the 20 years of shame and misfortune, of confusion and
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse
Roman general and Praetorian Prefect (died 268)
Heraclianus is to be found in John Bray's biography of Gallienus: Bray, John (1997). Gallienus - A study in Reformist and Sexual Politics. Adelaide: Wakefield
Aurelius_Heraclianus
King of Palmyra from 260 to 267
Augustan History, Gallienus minted a coin in honour of Odaenathus where he was depicted taking the Persians captive; a coin of Gallienus minted in Antioch
Odaenathus
Square in Rome, Italy
Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk
Piazza_del_Campidoglio
Late Roman army cavalry class
formed the core of Gallienus’ truncated empire. They possibly originated as detachments of alae and cohortes equitatae available to Gallienus in these provinces
Equites_Dalmatae
3rd-century Greek historian, orator, rhetorician and sophist
and friend to Roman Emperor Gallienus (253-268) and Queen of the Palmyrene Empire, Zenobia. During the reign of Gallienus and his father Valerian, Callinicus
Callinicus_(sophist)
Ancient Roman city in present day Milan, Italy
imperial mausoleum. In 259, Roman legions under the command of Emperor Gallienus soundly defeated the Alemanni in the Battle of Mediolanum. In 286, Diocletian
Mediolanum
Roman rebel who tried to overthrow emperor Gallienus
one of the Thirty Tyrants who supposedly tried to overthrow the emperor Gallienus. Cyriades is listed first in the catalogue of usurpers that comprise the
Cyriades
3rd century Roman senator and proconsul
Cyprian to death for not obeying the dictates of emperors Valerian and Gallienus and refusing to make public sacrifices. He also condemned the Massa Candida
Galerius_Maximus
Ancient Roman gate in Verona, northern Italy
preexisting gate from the 1st century BC. An inscription from Emperor Gallienus' reign reports another reconstruction in 265 AD. The Via Postumia (became
Porta_Borsari,_Verona
Battle between the Goths and the Romans under Emperor Gallienus (268/269)
was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor Claudius II Gothicus) and the future Emperor Aurelian near
Battle_of_Naissus
Decade
Valerian"). Gallienus becomes the sole emperor of Rome; during his reign the Pannonian governor Ingenuus revolts on the Danube. Gallienus evacuates the
260s
Ancient city in northwest Asia Minor
church has been found on the acropolis. Towards the end of the reign of Gallienus, probably in 267, Ilium was sacked by the Goths returning from the sack
Troy
Set of gardens in ancient Rome
Eugenio La Rocca, ed. (Rome), 1998. Historia Augusta, "Gallienus", 17. Historia Augusta, "Gallienus", 18, in summo Esquiliarum monte. "LacusCurtius | Gardens
Horti_Liciniani
Possible wife of Roman emperor Valerian
related to empress Cornelia Salonina, who was the wife of Valerian's son Gallienus. However, the inscription from Bulzi is striking in its published form
Cornelia_Gallonia
Usurper of throne of Roman Empire (died 261/262)
reign of Gallienus. The sources for this emperor include Eusebius, Ecclesiae Historia 7.11; Epitome de Caesaribus, 32.4; Historia Augusta, "Gallienus" 4.1–2
Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus
Battle during the Roman-Germanic wars (259)
between the Alemanni and the Roman legions under the command of Emperor Gallienus. 45°28′00″N 9°10′00″E / 45.466667°N 9.166667°E / 45.466667; 9.166667
Battle_of_Mediolanum
Roman government crisis (235–285)
succeeded Gallienus. Valerian II Publius Licinius Cornelius Valerianus 256–258 (caesar under Valerian and Gallienus) Son and heir of Gallienus. Died in
Crisis_of_the_Third_Century
Roman province (106–271/275)
emperor Gallienus (253–268) and the fracturing of the western half of the empire between himself and Postumus in Gaul after 260 meant that Gallienus' attention
Roman_Dacia
Lucius Mussius Aemilianus Memor Aurelius Theodotus Revolt suppressed Gallienus Lucius Mussius Aemilianus ? Palmyrene invasion of Egypt (270 CE) Roman
List_of_wars_involving_Egypt
Ancient Roman road
Temple of Hercules Berrettia di Prete (tomb and later church) Mausoleum of Gallienus Tres Tabernae Villa of Publius Clodius Pulcher (in the Villa Santa Caterina
Appian_Way
Usurper of the Roman Empire (died 268)
commander during the reign of Emperor Gallienus before he attempted to usurp the Roman Empire. After turning against Gallienus, Aureolus was killed during the
Aureolus
Usurper of throne of Roman Empire (died 260)
to the throne of the emperor Gallienus when he led a brief and unsuccessful revolt in the year 260. Appointed by Gallienus himself, Ingenuus served him
Ingenuus
3rd century Roman general
hierarchy. The evidence suggests that he earned the trust of the Emperors Gallienus and Claudius II and, possibly, Marcus Aurelius Probus among their successors
Lucius_Aurelius_Marcianus
High-ranking Roman military officer
sword). The senatorial legatus legionis was removed from the Roman army by Gallienus, who preferred to entrust the command of a legionary unit to a leader
Legate_(ancient_Rome)
Defensive fortification in Verona, Italy
and enlargement of the city walls took place at the urging of Emperor Gallienus. In the early 6th century, Theodoric the Great had the Roman city defenses
Roman_walls_of_Verona
Roman emperor from 251 to 253
compatible with depictions of other bearded emperors such as Philip the Arab, Gallienus, Claudius II or Aurelian. Kienast, Dietmar; Werner Eck & Matthäus Heil
Trebonianus_Gallus
Roman emperor or usurper (died 260/261)
actually beneficial to Gallienus, as it provided the invading Roxolani with a new focus for opposition and allowed Gallienus time to deal with the immediate
Regalian
Capital and largest city of Italy
Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk
Rome
Roman emperor in 276
Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus
Florianus
Edict issued by Roman Emperor Caracalla (212)
Antoninus), including several emperors: seven of the eleven emperors between Gallienus and Diocletian (Claudius Gothicus, Quintillus, Probus, Carus, Carinus
Constitutio_Antoniniana
260. Coinage issued after his death lack any title; probably because Gallienus did not want to advertise the death of a second emperor in one year. It
List_of_Roman_emperors
Roman title
had characterised the Roman army of the High Empire. From the time of Gallienus onwards for more than a century they were invariably Viri Perfectissimi
Dux
Roman legion
the XIV Gemina supported usurper Regalianus against Emperor Gallienus (260), then Gallienus against Postumus of the Gallic Empire (earning the title VI
Legio_XIV_Gemina
Ornamental headband worn by monarchs and others as a badge of royalty
"Oriental" kings, but later emperors gradually adopted it beginning with Gallienus. Gold diadem. Greek, probably made in Alexandria, Egypt, and belonging
Diadem
Church in Rome, Italy
Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk
Santa_Maria_in_Trastevere
Ancient Roman sculpture of Augustus
Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk
Augustus_of_Prima_Porta
Roman legion
these titles from Gallienus is uncertain. Other things being equal one would have thought that Valerian, father and co-regent with Gallienus, would have wanted
Legio_II_Parthica
Roman emperor from 27 BC to AD 14
Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus
Augustus
Landscape garden in Rome, Italy
Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk
Villa_Borghese_gardens
Battle during the Imperial Crisis and the Roman–Germanic wars (268/269)
murder of Emperor Gallienus and the resulting confrontation between Aureolus and Claudius, who had been nominated as emperor by Gallienus on his death bed
Battle_of_Lake_Benacus
Ancient Roman religious monument in Rome, Italy
Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk
Ara_Pacis
Chariot racing factions
Caracalla 198–217 Blues Geta 209–211 Greens Elagabalus 218–222 Greens Gallienus 253–268 Blues Claudius Gothicus 268–270 Greens Probus 276–282 Greens Carinus
Demes_in_the_Byzantine_Empire
Roman emperor from 249 to 251
edicts were renewed under Valerian in 253 and repealed under his son, Gallienus, in 260–261. The barbarian incursions into the Empire were becoming more
Decius
Roman province from 198 to end of 4th century
occurred during the years 252-256, during the reigns of Valerian and Gallienus. During this period, several usurpers were elected by the Syrian legions
Coele_Syria_(Roman_province)
Archaeological site in Rome, Italy
Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk
Catacomb_of_Priscilla
Calendar year
calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gallienus and Saturninus (or, less frequently, year 1017 Ab urbe condita). The denomination
264
Topics referred to by the same term
of Mursa (c. 258/260 CE), between Gallienus and the usurper Ingenuus. Ingenuus' troops were defeated, as Gallienus' general Aureolus adequately used the
Battle_of_Mursa
Roman emperor from 310 to 313
Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus
Maximinus_Daza
reorganization and expansion of Roman cavalry forces initiated during the reign of Gallienus (r. 260–268 AD). These new cavalry vexillationes typically shared the
Equites_stablesiani
Roman civilisation from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD
helped ensure the long-term success of Roman military forces. The Emperor Gallienus (253–268 AD) began a reorganisation that created the last military structure
Ancient_Rome
Ancient Persian heavy cavalry adopted by various subsequent states
the late Roman army during the late 3rd and 4th centuries. The Emperor Gallienus (r. 253–268 AD) and his general and putative usurper Aureolus (died 268)
Cataphract
Indo-European people in Ancient Southeast Europe
new era for the province of Dacia (July 20, 246). Later both Decius and Gallienus assumed the titles Dacicus Maximus. In 272, Aurelian assumed the same
Dacians
Ancient gate in the Servian Wall, Rome
Esquiline Gate) was a gate in the Servian Wall, of which the Arch of Gallienus is extant today. Tradition dates it back to the 6th century BC, when the
Porta_Esquilina
Byzantine emperor (1185–1195; 1203–1204)
Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus
Isaac_II_Angelos
Stoic philosopher, Roman emperor from 161 to 180
Gallus (w. Hostilian & Volusianus) Aemilianus Silbannacus (?) Valerian Gallienus (w. Saloninus) Claudius II Quintillus Aurelian Tacitus Florianus Probus
Marcus_Aurelius
Empress of Palmyra in 272
acknowledged that it was written to criticize the emperor Gallienus. According to the Augustan History, Gallienus was weak because he allowed a woman to rule part
Zenobia
Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk
List_of_fountains_in_Rome
3rd-century Roman imperial usurper
Valerian's son, Gallienus, who had ruled jointly with him, suddenly found himself sole ruler of a fractured empire. With Gallienus forced to defend the
Valens_Thessalonicus
Italian Catholic bishop and saint
the Emperor Gallienus, although Zeno probably did not live during the reign of Gallienus. The story relates that the grateful Gallienus allowed Zeno
Zeno_of_Verona
projectile hurled by Glaber's men after Glaber attacks Spartacus as his turn. Gallienus (Timothy Raby) - The new magistrate of Capua in the wake of the death
List of Spartacus (TV series) characters
List_of_Spartacus_(TV_series)_characters
during the Battle of Edessa of the Roman–Persian Wars. Under his successor Gallienus (r. 253–268), whose reign was marred by rapidly escalating military conflicts
Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire
Provincial naval fleet of Ancient Rome
needed by the Romans in that region. The situation was so serious that Gallienus was forced to rush along the Danubian borders to reorganize his forces
Classis_Pontica
Breakaway state from Roman Empire (270–273)
son Gallienus and usurped the imperial power in Syria. The Palmyrene leader Odaenathus was declared king, and remained nominally loyal to Gallienus, forming
Palmyrene_Empire
Group of Roman emperors
was facilitated by a major shift in imperial policy from the time of Gallienus (253–268) on, when higher military appointments ceased to be exclusively
Illyrian_emperors
Ancient Roman coin
purity by 200 AD, and plummeted to 5% purity by 300 AD. By the reign of Gallienus, the antoninianus was a copper coin with a thin silver wash. In the final
Denarius
Roman coin hoard from 274 found in England in 2018
Valerian/Gallienus (joint reign) 253-60 4 Central Salonina (joint) 253-60 18 Central Saloninus 258-60 1 Central Divus Valerian II 3 Central Gallienus 260-8
Muddy_hoard
Ancient religious monument in Rome, Italy
Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk
Temple_of_Vesta
Imperial title in the Roman and Byzantine Empires
namely Maximinus Thrax, Philip the Arab, Decius, Trebonianus Gallus, Gallienus and Carus. With the exception of Verus Maximus and Valerian II all of
Caesar_(title)
Exclusion of a person from official records and accounts
Herennius Etruscus 251 Decius' son Hostilian 251 Decius' son Aemilianus 253 Gallienus 253–268 Aurelian 270–275 Briefly Probus 276–282 Carus 282–283 Carinus
Damnatio_memoriae
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