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Computer program created in 1959
General Problem Solver (GPS) is a computer program created in 1957 by Herbert A. Simon, J. C. Shaw, and Allen Newell (RAND Corporation) intended to work
General_Problem_Solver
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
J. (1980). The complete problem solver. Philadelphia: The Franklin Institute Press. Huber, O. (1995). "Complex problem solving as multistage decision making"
Problem_solving
Software for a class of mathematical problems
spanning tree problems Combinatorial optimization Game solvers for problems in game theory Three-body problem The General Problem Solver (GPS) is a particular
Solver
Computer program for the Boolean satisfiability problem
science and formal methods, a SAT solver is a computer program which aims to solve the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT). On input a formula over Boolean
SAT_solver
Problem solving technique
Herbert A. Simon in 1957,[1] lateron, the idea of MEA led to the General Problem Solver, with J.C Shaw.[2] It is also a technique used at least since the
Means–ends_analysis
Computer scientist (1922-1991)
the Logic Theorist, and was one of the developers of General Problem Solver (universal problem solver machine) and Information Processing Language (a programming
Cliff_Shaw
American cognitive scientist
of the earliest AI programs, the Logic Theorist (1956) and the General Problem Solver (1957). He and Simon were awarded the ACM Turing Award in 1975 for
Allen_Newell
Thought experiment
In computing, the Two Generals' Problem (or Chinese Generals Problem) is a thought experiment meant to illustrate the pitfalls and design challenges of
Two_Generals'_Problem
5th episode of the 4th season of 30 Rock
"The Problem Solvers" is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, and the 63rd overall episode of the
The_Problem_Solvers
Unsolved problem in computer science
Unsolved problem in computer science If the solution to a problem can be checked in polynomial time, must the problem be solvable in polynomial time? More
P_versus_NP_problem
Bipartisan group of U.S. representatives
The Problem Solvers Caucus is a group in the United States House of Representatives that has included members equally divided between Democrats and Republicans
Problem_Solvers_Caucus
Set of objects whose state must satisfy limits
CSPs represent the entities in a problem as a homogeneous collection of finite constraints over variables, which is solved by constraint satisfaction methods
Constraint satisfaction problem
Constraint_satisfaction_problem
NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization
2005, the travelling salesman problem of visiting all 33,810 points in a circuit board was solved using Concorde TSP Solver: a tour of length 66,048,945
Travelling_salesman_problem
American academic and Nobel Laureate (1916–2001)
(1956) and the General Problem Solver (GPS) (1957) programs. GPS may possibly be the first method developed for separating problem solving strategy from
Herbert_A._Simon
Problem solving strategy
Symmetry in problem solving is one of the general methods used in mathematics and science to solve problems. Problem solving plays a large part in the
Symmetry_in_problem_solving
Symbolic AI and its influence on philosophy and psychology
co-written, such as Logic Theorist and the General Problem Solver, and his psychological research on human problem solving. AI research in the 1950s and 60s had
GOFAI
Best-first search Breadth-first search Depth-first search Expectiminimax General Problem Solver Hill climbing Iterative deepening A* Iterative deepening depth-first
List of artificial intelligence algorithms
List_of_artificial_intelligence_algorithms
Problem that is difficult or impossible to solve
In planning and policy, a wicked problem is a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements
Wicked_problem
The general group problem solving model (GGPS model) is a problem solving methodology, in which a group of individuals will define the desired outcome
General group problem solving model
General_group_problem_solving_model
Problem-solving tools
lit. 'theory of inventive problem solving') is a methodology which combines an organized, systematic method of problem-solving with analysis and forecasting
TRIZ
Field of artificial intelligence
computerized knowledge representation was focused on general problem-solvers such as the General Problem Solver (GPS) system developed by Allen Newell and Herbert
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning
Another significant problem lies within the mathematical framework of the Standard Model itself, which remains inconsistent with general relativity. This
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
Logical problem studied in computer science
the DPLL-based SAT solver which, in turn, interacts with a solver for theory T through a well-defined interface. The theory solver only needs to worry
Satisfiability modulo theories
Satisfiability_modulo_theories
Type of software system
system were general problem solvers. These were systems such as the General Problem Solver designed by Newell and Simon. General problem solvers attempted
Reasoning_system
Chess composition whose solution is a mate or other clear objective
chess problem, also called a chess composition, is a puzzle created by the composer using chess pieces on a chessboard, which presents the solver with
Chess_problem
Problem in physics and celestial mechanics
general, the problem is chaotic and can only be solved numerically. The n-body problem in general relativity is considerably more difficult to solve. Knowing
N-body_problem
1956 computer program written by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon and Cliff Shaw
influential artificial intelligence programs and ideas, including the General Problem Solver, Soar, and their unified theory of cognition. The Logic Theorist
Logic_Theorist
Problem discovery
problem solving Cyc Deductive reasoning Divergent thinking Educational psychology Executive function Facilitation (business) General Problem Solver Inductive
Problem_finding
heuristic function is used General Problem Solver: a seminal theorem-proving algorithm intended to work as a universal problem solver machine. Iterative deepening
List_of_algorithms
Scientific software
describes the problem to be solved. It does not show the entire functionality of ElmerSolver in GUI. ElmerSolver – The numerical solver which performs
Elmer_FEM_solver
Ability of artificial intelligence to play different games
described a General Problem Solver, which they called "General Problem Solving Program I" (GPS), in 1958. The goal of their project was to solve problems, which
General_game_playing
Interdisciplinary scientific study of cognitive processes
and symbolic representations. One approach is to solve this "Binding problem" (that is, the problem of dynamically representing conjunctions of informational
Cognitive_science
Exploration of possible solutions
analysis or general morphological analysis is a method for exploring possible solutions to a multi-dimensional, non-quantified complex problem. It was developed
Morphological analysis (problem-solving)
Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)
American film director and producer (1894–1979)
Walter Lantz. At Universal, Dave was a Special Effects Technical and general problem-solver, working on films such as Francis, The Birds, and Thoroughly Modern
Dave_Fleischer
Fault in a computer system that presents different symptoms to different observers
has failed. The term takes its name from an allegory, the "Byzantine generals problem", developed to describe a situation in which, to avoid catastrophic
Byzantine_fault
Problem in computer science
in 1937 that the halting problem is undecidable, meaning that no general algorithm exists that can correctly solve the problem for all possible program–input
Halting_problem
Cognitive-behavioral process of adapting to everyday problems
Social problem-solving, in its most basic form, is defined as problem solving as it occurs in the natural environment. More specifically, it refers to
Social_problem-solving
Newell and Simon tried to capture a general version of this algorithm in a program called the "General Problem Solver". Other "searching" programs accomplished
History of artificial intelligence
History_of_artificial_intelligence
Book by George Pólya
How to Solve It (1945) is a small volume by mathematician George Pólya, describing methods of problem solving. This book has remained in print continually
How_to_Solve_It
Methods in artificial intelligence research
this work to create a domain-independent problem solver, GPS (General Problem Solver). GPS solved problems represented with formal operators via state-space
Symbolic artificial intelligence
Symbolic_artificial_intelligence
Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer
List of unsolved problems in mathematics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_mathematics
Type of computer software
A problem solving environment (PSE) is a completed, integrated and specialised computer software for solving one class of problems, combining automated
Problem_solving_environment
red.anthropic.com. Retrieved 11 May 2026. "An amateur just solved a 60-year-old math problem—by asking AI | SCIAM". www.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved
Timeline of artificial intelligence
Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence
example, Herbert A. Simon, following the success of his program General Problem Solver (1957), predicted that by 1967: A computer would be world champion
Hubert Dreyfus's views on artificial intelligence
Hubert_Dreyfus's_views_on_artificial_intelligence
Data structure with nodes pointing to the next node
intelligence programs, including the Logic Theory Machine, the General Problem Solver, and a computer chess program. Reports on their work appeared in
Linked_list
Period of reduced funding and interest in AI research
Following the success of programs such as the Logic Theorist and the General Problem Solver, algorithms for manipulating symbols seemed more promising at the
AI_winter
Problem-Solving Group (PSG) is a team of problem management and technical support staff that is formed to investigate and diagnose a recurring IT problem
Problem-Solving_Group
Psychology concept
evolutionary time the mind has gained adaptive advantage from being a general problem solver. The mind, as described by Donald, includes module-like "central"
Modularity_of_mind
Problem-solving technique and algorithmic paradigm
exhaustive search, also known as generate and test, is a very general problem-solving technique and algorithmic paradigm that consists of systematically
Brute-force_search
Topics referred to by the same term
sharing, an algorithm to fairly share computer processing time General Problem Solver, a 1959 computer program Crossroads GPS (Grassroots Policy Strategies)
GPS_(disambiguation)
Seven mathematical problems with a US$1 million prize for each solution
these seven problems are officially called the Millennium Problems. As of 2026[update], the only Millennium Prize problem to have been solved is the Poincaré
Millennium_Prize_Problems
Cryptanalytic method for unauthorized users to access data
Brute-force attacks are an application of brute-force search, the general problem-solving technique of enumerating all candidates and checking each one.
Brute-force_attack
Problem of determining if a Boolean formula could be made true
and optimization problems, are at most as difficult to solve as SAT. There is no known algorithm that efficiently solves each SAT problem (where "efficiently"
Boolean satisfiability problem
Boolean_satisfiability_problem
Simplified example problem used for research or exposition
complicated, instances of the problem, or as a way to explain a particular, more general, problem solving technique. A toy problem is useful to test and demonstrate
Toy_problem
Physics problem related to laws of motion and gravity
solver for the three-body problem, trained using a numerical integrator. In September 2023, several possible solutions have been found to the problem
Three-body_problem
Algebraic modeling language
programming AMPL invokes a solver in a separate process which has these advantages: User can interrupt the solution process at any time Solver errors do not affect
AMPL
Set of managerial and production principles
suppliers discover and fix problems to become more robust, better suppliers. The final principles embrace a philosophy of problem-solving that emphasizes thorough
The_Toyota_Way
Complexity class
computational complexity theory, a computational problem H is called NP-hard if, for every problem L which can be solved in non-deterministic polynomial-time, there
NP-hardness
Subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic
complexity Computer algebra system Program analysis (computer science) General Problem Solver Metamath language for formalized mathematics De Bruijn factor Frege
Automated_theorem_proving
Theory
problem solving attempts to explain why and how an individual communicates during a problematic situation. The situational theory of problem solving (STOPS)
Situational theory of problem solving
Situational_theory_of_problem_solving
Programming paradigm focused on difficult search problems
Competition Third ASP Competition Fourth ASP Competition Platypus A variety of answer set solvers packaged for Debian / Ubuntu Clasp Answer Set Solver
Answer_set_programming
Symbolic cognitive architecture
Shaw's Logic Theorist, first presented in 1955 and as the General Problem Solver in 1957. The Problem Space Hypothesis contends that all goal-oriented behavior
Soar_(cognitive_architecture)
Problem in theoretical computer science
state of the art solver for moderately-sized, hard instances is the Glasgow Subgraph Solver (McCreesh, Prosser & Trimble (2020)). This solver adopts a constraint
Subgraph_isomorphism_problem
Numerical method for solving physical or engineering problems
achieved and are often required to solve the largest and most complex problems. FEM is a general numerical method for solving partial differential equations
Finite_element_method
Method to solve optimization problems
linear programming. However, for specific types of LP problems, it may be that one type of solver is better than another (sometimes much better), and that
Linear_programming
Complexity class used to classify decision problems
solution to the problem. The complexity class P (all problems solvable, deterministically, in polynomial time) is contained in NP (problems where solutions
NP_(complexity)
Edge case where the signalling of failure is ambiguous
Option type Sentinel value Tagged union Norvig, Peter (1992). "The General Problem Solver". Paradigms of artificial intelligence programming: case studies
Semipredicate_problem
of two bodies as described by the field equations of general relativity. Solving the Kepler problem is essential to calculate the bending of light by gravity
Two-body problem in general relativity
Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity
1992 book by Peter Norvig
programs, including General Problem Solver (GPS) from 1959, ELIZA: Dialog with a Machine, from 1966, and STUDENT: Solving Algebra Word Problems, from 1964. The
Paradigms_of_AI_Programming
23 mathematical problems stated in 1900
certain numbers. Problems of prime numbers. Proof of the most general law of reciprocity in any number field. Determination of the solvability of a Diophantine
Hilbert's_problems
Suddenly understanding a problem or concept
The second way that people attempt to solve these puzzles is the representational change theory. The problem solver initially has a low probability for
Eureka_effect
Mario Tokoro, ed. (2010). "9". e: From Understanding Principles to Solving Problems. IOS Press. pp. 223–224. ISBN 978-1-60750-468-9. Cristopher Moore;
List of pioneers in computer science
List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science
Patterns of personal characteristics that foster consistent leader effectiveness
skills, oral communication, written communication, management skills, problem solving skills, and decision making were also strongly correlated with leader
Trait_leadership
Problem that can be possibly solved via mathematics
mathematical problem is a problem that can be represented, analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics. This can be a real-world problem, such
Mathematical_problem
Solving an optimization problem with a quadratic objective function
Quadratic programming (QP) is the process of solving certain mathematical optimization problems involving quadratic functions. Specifically, one seeks
Quadratic_programming
Team of specialists
team of specialists assembled to work on a specific goal, or to solve a particular problem. A 1964 paper entitled Program Management in Design and Development
Tiger_team
Development of a mechanized state of mind
state of mind. Often called a problem solving set, Einstellung refers to a person's predisposition to solve a given problem in a specific manner even though
Einstellung_effect
Traditional Hawaiian practice of reconciliation and forgiveness
realities of the modern day. For this she extended it both to a general problem solving process outside the family and to a psycho-spiritual self-help
Hoʻoponopono
Early programming language for lists
programs, also by the same authors: the Logic Theorist (1956), the General Problem Solver (1957), and their computer chess program NSS (1958). Several versions
Information Processing Language
Information_Processing_Language
Selective enrollment school in Chicago, Illinois, United States
curriculum focus is on critical thinking, logical reasoning and general problem solving skills. Admission to Edison and other RGCs is based on testing
Edison_Regional_Gifted_Center
Problem-solving method
heuristic or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that
Heuristic
Inherent difficulty of computational problems
computational problems according to their resource usage, and explores the relationships between these classifications. A computational problem is a task solved by
Computational complexity theory
Computational_complexity_theory
18 mathematical problems stated in 1998
S2CID 16212782. Tucker, Warwick (2002). "A Rigorous ODE Solver and Smale's 14th Problem" (PDF). Foundations of Computational Mathematics. 2 (1): 53–117
Smale's_problems
solvable in polynomial time if the graph has all undirected or all directed edges. Variants include the rural postman problem. Clique cover problem Clique
List_of_NP-complete_problems
Mathematics textbook
Problem Solving Through Recreational Mathematics is a textbook in mathematics on problem solving techniques and their application to problems in recreational
Problem Solving Through Recreational Mathematics
Problem_Solving_Through_Recreational_Mathematics
Machine-learned bot project using the video game Dota 2
and continuity seen in the real world, thus constructing more general problem-solving systems. The algorithms and code used by OpenAI Five were eventually
OpenAI_Five
theorem prover Computer-assisted proof – Computer algebra General Problem Solver Expert system – Decision support system – Clinical decision support system
Outline of artificial intelligence
Outline_of_artificial_intelligence
Mathematical connection between field theory and group theory
asserts that a general polynomial of degree at least five cannot be solved by radicals. Galois theory has been used to solve classic problems including showing
Galois_theory
Optimization problem in mathematics
requiring around 30-60 iterations to converge. Solving the general non-convex case is an NP-hard problem. To see this, note that the two constraints x1(x1
Quadratically constrained quadratic program
Quadratically_constrained_quadratic_program
American organization
non-profit U.S. membership organization dedicated to creativity and problem solving, founded in Buffalo, New York, in 1954. The organization was established
Creative_Education_Foundation
Term describing difficult problems in AI
hypothesized to require artificial general intelligence to solve are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard. Calling a problem AI-complete reflects the belief
AI-complete
Problem or enigma that tests a person's ingenuity
A puzzle is a game, problem, or toy that tests a person's ingenuity or knowledge. In a puzzle, the solver is expected to put pieces together (or take
Puzzle
Yes/no problem in computer science
decision problem is a computational problem that can be posed as a yes–no question on a set of input values. An example of a decision problem is deciding
Decision_problem
Unsolved problem in computational complexity theory
Unsolved problem in computer science Can the graph isomorphism problem be solved in polynomial time? More unsolved problems in computer science The graph
Graph_isomorphism_problem
inference. Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver (STRIPS) is a language to express automated planning problem instances. It expresses an initial state
List of programming languages for artificial intelligence
List_of_programming_languages_for_artificial_intelligence
Educational concept
individual connection to the learner) provides better results than general problem solving, results from adaptive fading showed even better learner knowledge
Expertise_reversal_effect
Class of computational problems
Otherwise the problem can be formulated as a more conventional linear program or similar and solved using a general purpose optimization solver. Ahuja, Ravindra
Network_flow_problem
Factors of general intelligence
psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence (g) is subdivided into gf and gc. Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel reasoning problems. It is correlated
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Fluid_and_crystallized_intelligence
Constraint programming setting
commercial solver developed by LEDAS and currently owned by Bricsys, integrated in Cimatron E and BricsCAD; C3D Solver, a commercially available solver which
Geometric_constraint_solving
Motion problem in classical mechanics
gravitational ones, the general version of the two-body problem can be reduced to a pair of one-body problems, allowing it to be solved completely, and giving
Two-body_problem
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVER
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVER
Girl/Female
Italian
meaning white wave, of the race of women, fair and yielding.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Priceless
Female
Welsh
Medieval Welsh name, probably GENERYS means "white lady."Â
Boy/Male
Arabic, Indian, Muslim
Problem Solver
Female
English
Pet form of French Geneviève, probably GENEVA means "race of women."
Boy/Male
Muslim
Problem solver
Girl/Female
Bengali, Indian
Eternity; Problem Solver
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Problem
Girl/Female
Christian, Gujarati, Indian
Lustrous; Wealthy; Diamond; Rain
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Away from all Problems
Girl/Female
Biblical
A wall.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. It may be a variant of a medieval name, Preville, a habitational name from a Norman place named with the elements pré ‘meadow’ + ville ‘settlement’. However, this theory is not supported by evidence of early forms.
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Destroyer of Problems
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Brave
Boy/Male
English French
Surnames derived from place name Deverel.
Girl/Female
French American German
Of the race of women. Juniper.
Girl/Female
Shakespearean
Tragedy of King Lear' Daughter to King Lear.
Girl/Female
Australian, French, Italian
Italian Form of Genevieve; White Wave; Of the Race of Women; Fair and Yielding; Juniper Tree
Boy/Male
American, British, English, French
Riverbank; Surnames Derived from Place Name Deverel
Female
Italian
Variant spelling of Italian Ginevra, probably GENEVRA means "race of women."
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVER
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVER
Female
Egyptian
, a royal lady of the IIIrd or IVth dynasty.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Panchajanya | பஂசஜநà¯à®¯
Five eyed, Lord Shiva, Couch of Krishna
Boy/Male
Hindu
Icon of meditation and concentration
Female
English
Pet form of English Katherine, KATHY means "pure."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Dunnock, a nickname from Old English dunnoc ‘hedge sparrow’.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Shiva
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Pilgrim
Boy/Male
Indian, Marathi
God of All
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Sunshine
Girl/Female
Tamil
Cultured lady
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVER
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVER
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVER
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVER
GENERAL PROBLEM-SOLVER
a.
Having a relation to all; common to the whole; as, Adam, our general sire.
n.
The venereal disease; syphilis.
n.
Same as Proleg.
n.
Prowler; thief.
a.
Comprehending many species or individuals; not special or particular; including all particulars; as, a general inference or conclusion.
pl.
of Postmaster-general
a.
Alt. of Generical
v. i.
Anything which is neither animal nor vegetable, as in the most general classification of things into three kingdoms (animal, vegetable, and mineral).
adv.
In general; commonly; extensively, though not universally; most frequently.
a.
Not restrained or limited to a precise import; not specific; vague; indefinite; lax in signification; as, a loose and general expression.
imp. & p. p.
of Probe
a.
acting as a generant.
a.
Adapted to the cure of venereal diseases; as, venereal medicines.
a.
The roll of the drum which calls the troops together; as, to beat the general.
a.
Relating to a genus or kind; pertaining to a whole class or order; as, a general law of animal or vegetable economy.
adv.
In a general way, or in general relation; in the main; upon the whole; comprehensively.
a.
Usual; common, on most occasions; as, his general habit or method.
n. pl.
Generalities; general terms.
a.
Common to many, or the greatest number; widely spread; prevalent; extensive, though not universal; as, a general opinion; a general custom.