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Type of altitude above mean sea level
Geopotential height, also known as geopotential altitude or geopotential elevation, is a vertical coordinate (with dimension of length) representing the
Geopotential_height
Energy related to Earth's gravity
Geopotential (symbol W) is the potential of the Earth's gravity field. It has SI units of square metre per square seconds (m2/s2). For convenience it is
Geopotential
Atmospheric model
with an assumed linear distribution of absolute temperature T against geopotential altitude h. The other two values (pressure P and density ρ) are computed
International Standard Atmosphere
International_Standard_Atmosphere
Geopotential descriptions used by the US DoD
The Earth Gravitational Models (EGM) are a series of geopotential models of the Earth published by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). They
Earth_Gravitational_Model
Position along a vertical direction above or below a given vertical datum
geopotential numbers have units of m2/s2. Normalization by a constant nominal gravity value (units of m/s2) yields units of metre, as in geopotential
Vertical_position
Theoretical description of Earth's gravimetric shape
geodesy, a geopotential model is the theoretical analysis of measuring and calculating the effects of Earth's gravitational field (the geopotential). The Earth
Geopotential spherical harmonic model
Geopotential_spherical_harmonic_model
Ocean shape without winds and tides
orthometric heights, geopotential heights, and dynamic heights (see Geodesy). All points on a geoid surface have the same geopotential (the sum of gravitational
Geoid
Static atmospheric model
with an assumed linear distribution of absolute temperature T against geopotential altitude h. The other two values (pressure P and density ρ) are computed
U.S._Standard_Atmosphere
Formula used to model how air pressure varies with altitude
convention); H {\displaystyle H} = geopotential height at which pressure is calculated (m); H b {\displaystyle H_{b}} = geopotential height of reference level
Barometric_formula
Large-scale weather pattern with two modes
identified by anomalously low geopotential heights south of the Aleutian Islands and over Southeastern U.S. straddling high geopotential heights over the North
Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern
Pacific–North_American_teleconnection_pattern
It can be computed (in SI units of metre) by dividing the location's geopotential number (symbol C, in square metre per square second) by the normal gravity
Dynamic_height
Unit of length
frequently than other units of length. One practical use is for altitude of geopotential heights in meteorology. The volumetric form cubic decametre is convenient
Decametre
Vertical datum for orthometric heights
set to be replaced in 2025 with a new geometric reference frame and geopotential datum, based on GPS and gravimetric geoid models. NAVD 88 was established
North American Vertical Datum of 1988
North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988
Region of space gravitationally dominated by a given body
A sphere of influence (SOI) in astrodynamics and astronomy is the oblate spheroid-shaped region where a particular celestial body exerts the main gravitational
Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)
Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)
Study of the physical properties of the Earth's gravity field
physical properties of Earth's gravity and its potential field (the geopotential), with a view to their application in geodesy. Traditional geodetic instruments
Physical_geodesy
Height of a geographic location above a fixed reference point
used when referring to points on the Earth's surface, while altitude or geopotential height is used for points above the surface, such as an aircraft in flight
Elevation
transformation from real geometric altitude z to an abstraction called "geopotential altitude" h, defined: h = r e z r e + z {\displaystyle h={\frac {r_{e}z}{r_{e}+z}}}
Reference_atmospheric_model
NAD 83 & NAVD 88 based National Geodetic Coordinate System
is based on the datums NAD 83 and NAVD 88. The North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022 (NAPGD2022) is a geodetic datum set produced by the U.S
National Spatial Reference System
National_Spatial_Reference_System
Unit of pressure equal to 100,000 Pa
sea water with respect to the gravity variation, the latitude and the geopotential anomaly the pressure can be converted into metres' depth according to
Bar_(unit)
and shape used to model the Earth for geodesy Geopotential – Energy related to Earth's gravity Geopotential model – Theoretical description of Earth's gravimetric
Gravity_of_Earth
Reference frame for geodesy on the continent
in 2026 with the Datum of 2022, a new geometric reference frame and geopotential datum based on GPS and gravimetric geoid model. In 1901 the United States
North_American_Datum
Map of future weather forecast
An automated prognostic chart of the 96-hour forecast of 850 mbar geopotential height and temperature from the Global Forecast System
Prognostic_chart
Application of science and technology
An example of 500 mbar geopotential height and absolute vorticity prediction from a numerical weather prediction model
Weather_forecasting
Surface formed by rotating an ellipse
referring to truncated spherical harmonic expansions of the Earth's gravity geopotential model). The equation of a tri-axial ellipsoid centred at the origin with
Spheroid
Vector difference of geostrophic wind movement at high and low altitudes
geostrophic wind at a given pressure level flows along geopotential height contours on a map, and the geopotential thickness of a pressure layer is proportional
Thermal_wind
Science of measuring the shape, orientation, and gravity of Earth
surface. Height systems in use are: Orthometric heights Dynamic heights Geopotential heights Normal heights Each system has its advantages and disadvantages
Geodesy
Aspect of meteorological history
vorticity equation over a single layer of the atmosphere, by computing the geopotential height of the atmosphere's 500 millibars (15 inHg) pressure surface.
History of numerical weather prediction
History_of_numerical_weather_prediction
Global meteorological forecasting mathematical model
An example of a forecast product from the GFS, in this case a 96-hour forecast of 850 mb geopotential height and temperature
Global_Forecast_System
Altitude above quasigeoid or mean sea level
height of a point is defined as the quotient of a point's geopotential number C (i.e. its geopotential difference with that of sea level), by the vertically
Normal_height
Atmospheric and ocean flow equations
\Phi \over \partial y}} (1b) where Φ {\displaystyle {\Phi }} is the geopotential. The geostrophic vorticity ζ g = k ^ ⋅ ∇ × V g {\displaystyle {\zeta
Quasi-geostrophic_equations
Specialized agency of the United Nations
for visibility. Metres (m) for cloud height. Standard geopotential metre (m') for geopotential height. Kilograms per square metre (kg/m2) for snow water
World Meteorological Organization
World_Meteorological_Organization
Periodic disturbance in atmospheres
disturbance in the fields of atmospheric variables (like surface pressure or geopotential height, temperature, or wind velocity) which may either propagate (traveling
Atmospheric_wave
Soviet geodesist
work (since 1932) was on the geoid and its exterior gravity field or geopotential. His aim was to develop hypothesis-free methods for determining both
Mikhail_Molodenskii
Type of map that visualizes data
Isarithmic map of geopotential height.
Thematic_map
Joint American-German space mission to map Earth's gravitational field
observations and ancillary data downloaded from GRACE to produce monthly geopotential models of Earth. These models are distributed as spherical harmonic coefficients
GRACE_and_GRACE-FO
Fast-flowing atmospheric air current
process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients. As these gradients are the reason that cause west to
Jet_stream
Fundamental study of potential theory
polynomials in physics Standard gravitational parameter (GM) Geoid Geopotential Geopotential model Solivérez, C.E. (2016). Electrostatics and magnetostatics
Gravitational_potential
Rotation of a satellite as it orbits
{\displaystyle {\tilde {J_{2}}}=-{\frac {J_{2}}{GM_{E}R_{E}^{2}}}} from the geopotential model or gravity field model for the body. Axial precession, or "precession
Nodal_precession
Term in geophysics
on a computer for the first time, using an observed field of 500 hPa geopotential height for the first timestep. This was one of the first successful instances
Barotropic_vorticity_equation
Vertical datum used in Germany
St. Alexander at Wallenhorst in the German state of Lower Saxony. The geopotential height of this point was calculated in 1986 as part of the United European
Normalhöhennull
Distance an aircraft can fly between takeoff and landing
{W}}_{1}}{{\widehat {W}}_{2}}}} where Z f {\displaystyle Z_{f}} is the geopotential energy height of the fuel (km) a M Z f g c ^ T {\displaystyle {\frac
Range_(aeronautics)
Weather prediction using mathematical models of the atmosphere and oceans
{\displaystyle z} coordinate with a pressure coordinate system, in which the geopotential heights of constant-pressure surfaces become dependent variables, greatly
Numerical_weather_prediction
Geographical reference point from which various heights are measured
depths displayed on a nautical chart are measured Extreme points of Earth Geopotential height – Type of altitude above mean sea level Height above average terrain –
Sea_level
Region in space where every point is at the same potential
centrifugal potential owing to Earth's rotation), the corresponding geopotential isosurface (the equigeopotential) that best fits mean sea level is called
Equipotential
Weather prediction model
An example geopotential height and relative humidity forecast by the NGM
Nested_Grid_Model
Large-scale patterns in the atmospheric pressure field that are nearly stationary
Arctic oscillation. Omega blocks are so named because the isobars or geopotential height contours with which they are associated in the Northern Hemisphere
Block_(meteorology)
contrasts play no role in its formation. Given a grid point field of geopotential height, storm tracks can be visualized by contouring its average standard
Storm_track
Concept in atmospheric science
P}{\partial y}}:=+{\frac {\;g\;}{\;c\;}}b\end{aligned}}} with z the geopotential height of the constant pressure surface, satisfying d P = ∂ P ∂ x d x
Geostrophic_wind
U.S. federal surveying and mapping agency
have their own respective geodetic datums. The North American-Pacific Geopotential Datum of 2022 (NAPGD2022) will separately define the height system of
U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey
Space rate of variation of pressure in a given direction
transitory disturbances. Adverse pressure gradient Force density Isobar Geopotential height Geostrophic wind Primitive equations Temperature gradient Conner
Pressure_gradient
Elongated region of low atmospheric pressure
currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds. Asiatic low Geopotential height Surface weather analysis The Hong Kong Observatory, Weather Map
Trough_(meteorology)
Orbit in which natural drifting has been minimized
\Delta {\hat {z}}\,} from the J 2 {\displaystyle J_{2}\,} term of the geopotential model is shown to be which can be expressed in terms of orbital elements
Frozen_orbit
Parameters that define a specific orbit
asteroids that share similar proper orbital elements Beta angle Ephemeris Geopotential model Orbital inclination Orbital state vectors Proper orbital elements
Orbital_elements
Tornado outbreak in Ivanovo and Yaroslavl Oblasts, RSFSR
intensity of the trough in the region on June 8–9, with a 500-millibar geopotential height measured at about 2.7 standard deviations below normal, also favored
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak
1984_Soviet_Union_tornado_outbreak
as high as 20–40 knots (37–74 km/h; 23–46 mph). general circulation geopotential height A measure of the vertical distance or altitude above mean sea
Glossary_of_meteorology
Part of the Southern Ocean between Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula
layer. Circulation in the Weddell Sea has proven difficult to quantify. Geopotential surface heights above the 1000 dB level, computed using historical data
Weddell_Sea
Climatic cycle over Earth's North Pole
Arctic oscillation index is defined using the daily or monthly 1000 hPa geopotential height anomalies from latitudes 20° N to 90° N. The anomalies are projected
Arctic_oscillation
Tropical atmospheric circulation feature
winter hemisphere's cell is associated with a steepening of gradients in geopotential height, leading to an acceleration of trade winds and stronger meridional
Hadley_cell
Rise of land masses after glacial period
(1993). "Present-day secular variations in zonal harmonics of the Earth's geopotential". Journal of Geophysical Research. 98 (B3): 4509–4526. Bibcode:1993JGR
Post-glacial_rebound
Concept in celestial mechanics
the central body, is called the heliocentric gravitational constant or geopotential of the Sun and equals (1.32712440042±0.0000000001)×1020 m3⋅s−2. The relative
Standard gravitational parameter
Standard_gravitational_parameter
Surveying technique
covering regions or continents it is not. Instead of height differences, geopotential differences do close around loops: ∑ i = 0 n Δ h i g i , {\displaystyle
Levelling
Persistent cold-core low-pressure area that circles one of the poles
periods, one January, and one in March. Zonal mean temperature, wind, and geopotential height exert varying deviations from their normal values before and after
Polar_vortex
5-day heat wave leading to over 700 heat-related deaths
2-meter temperature (colors) and 500 hPa geopotential heights (contours) for the United States on 1995-07-13 20:00 UTC in the MERRA-2 reanalysis
1995_Chicago_heat_wave
Mathematical model of atmospheric motions
atmosphere can be simulated using the 500 mb (15 inHg) and 1,000 mb (30 inHg) geopotential height surfaces and the average thermal wind between them. Barotropic
Atmospheric_model
Change in the statistical distribution of climate elements for an extended period
the AO/NAM. They are defined as the first EOF of sea level pressure or geopotential height from 20°N to 90°N (NAM) or 20°S to 90°S (SAM). Dansgaard–Oeschger
Climate variability and change
Climate_variability_and_change
Curve along which a 3D surface is at equal elevation
of constant density. An isoheight or isohypse is a line of constant geopotential height on a constant pressure surface chart. Isohypse and isoheight are
Contour_line
Difference in wind speed or direction over a short distance
{\varphi }}_{1}-{\boldsymbol {\varphi }}_{0}\right)\,,} where the φ are geopotential height fields with φ1 > φ0, f is the Coriolis parameter, and k is the
Wind_shear
Climate anomalies related at large distances
Wallace, John M.; Gutzler, David S. (1981). "Teleconnections in the Geopotential Height Field during the Northern Hemisphere Winter". Monthly Weather
Teleconnection
absolute air temperature, g is the gravitational constant, z is the geopotential height above sea level, Lv is the latent heat of vaporization, and q
Moist_static_energy
Extremely persistent anticyclone over the Pacific Ocean
Resilient Ridge was characterized by a broad region of anomalously positive geopotential height on monthly to annual timescales. This persistent high pressure
Ridiculously_Resilient_Ridge
low-level ageostrophic winds. Q-vectors can be determined wholly with: geopotential height ( Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } ) and temperature on a constant pressure
Q-Vectors
Simplified approach for understanding fluid motions in a rotating system
\nabla \cdot \mathbf {v} ,} (6) where Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } is the geopotential height. Writing the absolute vorticity as ζ a = ∇ × v + 2 Ω {\textstyle
Potential_vorticity
Symbols for constants, special functions
of information in a system (based on integrated information theory) Geopotential Alternative symbol for a wave function in quantum mechanics Note: The
Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
Greek_letters_used_in_mathematics,_science,_and_engineering
Pseudovector field describing the local rotation of a continuum near some point
movement of Rossby waves (that is, the troughs and ridges of 500 hPa geopotential height) over a limited amount of time (a few days). In the 1950s, the
Vorticity
American mathematician (1930–2026)
with additional undulations known as the geoid. To generate an accurate geopotential model West needed to use complex algorithms to account for variations
Gladys_West
Physics of the Earth and its vicinity
gravitational field provides information on the dynamics of tectonic plates. The geopotential surface called the geoid is one definition of the shape of the Earth
Geophysics
Measure in aviation
flights abiding by the UK Quadrantal Rule is 500 ft (note these are in geopotential foot units). The level to be flown is determined by the magnetic track
Flight_level
Low frequency waves near the equator
the effects of horizontal convergence and divergence and written with geopotential height): ∂ φ ∂ t + c 2 ( ∂ v ∂ y + ∂ u ∂ x ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac
Equatorial_Rossby_wave
Quantity associated with atmospheric waves
wavenumbers are typically counted on the upper level (say 500-millibar) geopotential maps by identifying troughs and ridges of the waves. Wavenumber 1 has
Zonal_wavenumber
Equations to approximate global atmospheric flow
{\displaystyle T} is the temperature Φ {\displaystyle \Phi } is the geopotential f {\displaystyle f} is the term corresponding to the Coriolis force,
Primitive_equations
Outward bulge around a planet's equator due to its rotation
doi:10.1139/p2012-081. "Rotational Flattening". utexas.edu. UCSD David T.Sandwell – Gravity field (2002) (PDF). IERS – Geopotential model (2010) (PDF).
Equatorial_bulge
2021 heat wave in the Pacific Northwest and Western Canada
Geopotential height chart at 500 millibars at 11:00 UTC on June 28, 2021. The center of the heat dome, which caused the heat wave, can be seen over the
2021 Western North America heat wave
2021_Western_North_America_heat_wave
Estimate of vertical velocity in meteorology
is the geostrophic relative vorticity, ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is the geopotential, ∇ H 2 {\displaystyle \nabla _{\text{H}}^{2}} is the horizontal Laplacian
Omega_equation
Elongated region of high atmospheric pressure
maximum pressure is found along the axis of the ridge. In upper-air maps, geopotential height isohypses form similar contours where the maximum defines the
Ridge_(meteorology)
ERA5 data provides all the weather variables at 37 pressure levels (geopotential). First, the amount of delay is calculated in the signal path using cubic
Atmospheric correction for interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique
Atmospheric_correction_for_interferometric_synthetic_aperture_radar_technique
N is the buoyancy frequency, a measure of static stability, Φ is the geopotential and z* denotes a log-pressure coordinate. Eddy available potential energy
Lorenz_energy_cycle
Category 3 Atlantic hurricane in 1955
Hurricane Hilda Mid-level geopotential height map of Hilda making landfall Meteorological history Formed September 10, 1955 Dissipated September 20, 1955
Hurricane_Hilda_(1955)
Measurement of the Earth using satellites
determination of the leading spherical harmonic coefficients of the geopotential, the general shape of the geoid, and linked the world's geodetic datums
Satellite_geodesy
Net potential energy encountered in orbital mechanics
2002, Baeurle 2004) and the screened Coulomb potential (Likos 2001). Geopotential A similar derivation may be found in José & Saletan, Classical Dynamics:
Effective_potential
as an approximation of the Earth's mean sea level). Compare altitude, geopotential height, and depth. 2. The vertical angle between the horizontal and
Glossary of geography terms (A–M)
Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A–M)
dynamics Geophysical survey (archaeology) Geophysics Geopotential Geopotential function Geopotential model Georg Adolf Erman Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
Index_of_physics_articles_(G)
Weather event in the United States
Meanwhile, a warm temperature plume, or inversion, at the 850-millibar geopotential height allowed low-level instability to increase. CAPE thus soared to
1978 Bossier City tornado outbreak
1978_Bossier_City_tornado_outbreak
Topics in the physics of the Earth and its vicinity
hypothesis Gravity of Earth Bouguer anomaly Isostatic gravity anomaly Geoid Geopotential Gravity anomaly Undulation of the geoid Geothermal gradient Internal
Outline_of_geophysics
Gravitational force exerted by the planet Mars
with spherical harmonic functions, following convention in geodesy; see Geopotential model. U ( r , λ , ψ ) = − G M r ( 1 + ∑ ℓ = 2 ℓ = L ( R r ) ℓ ( C ℓ
Gravity_of_Mars
Swedish meteorologist
works, mention must be made of the correlation between the tropopause geopotential and the troposphere temperature. Björkdal was born on 21 February 1899
Erik_Björkdal
Tornado outbreak in India
pattern in the days preceding the event. On 12 April 1983, the 500 mb geopotential height field revealed a southward extension of a trough over northern
April 1983 Basirhat–Bongaon tornado outbreak
April_1983_Basirhat–Bongaon_tornado_outbreak
Event causing release of space debris
and solar radiation pressure. The Earth's geopotential creates two stable equilibrium regions, or geopotential wells, located near 75°E and 105°W longitude
In-orbit_fragmentation
Climate effect
process of warmer air increases pressure levels which decreases poleward geopotential height gradients. As these gradients are the reason that cause west to
Polar_amplification
orbital case, some of the parameters which may not be solved for are geopotential constants, survey, etc. These factors will affect the total uncertainty
MISTRAM
characterized by anomalously high geopotential heights towards the northern part of the basin and low geopotential heights in the tropical regions. This
1964_Pacific_typhoon_season
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