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Branch of the Indo-European language family
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe
Germanic_languages
Group of languages
The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of Indo-European languages (the others being the North
West_Germanic_languages
Languages of the Nordic countries
Germanic languages are one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages
North_Germanic_languages
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
characters. Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Germanic languages. A defining feature
Proto-Germanic_language
Language family native to Eurasia
Tocharian), as are a number of other Indo-European languages. Today the individual Indo-European languages with the most native speakers are Spanish, Hindustani
Indo-European_languages
Group of extinct Indo-European languages in the Germanic family
The East Germanic languages are a group of extinct Germanic languages that were spoken by East Germanic peoples. East Germanic is one of the primary branches
East_Germanic_languages
Historical category of northern European peoples
that the First Germanic Consonant Shift is theorized to have occurred, leading to recognizably Germanic languages. Germanic language speakers expanded
Germanic_peoples
Group of West Germanic languages
North Sea Germanic, also known as Ingvaeonic (/ˌɪŋviːˈɒnɪk/ ING-vee-ON-ik), is a subgrouping of West Germanic languages that consists of Old Frisian,
North_Sea_Germanic
The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is part of the Indo-European
List_of_Germanic_languages
Group of West Germanic languages
The Anglo-Frisian languages are a proposed sub-branch of the West Germanic languages encompassing the Anglic languages (English, Scots, extinct Fingallian
Anglo-Frisian_languages
Language group
proposed Frank-related subgroup of the West Germanic languages which would in terms of modern languages unite both West Central German dialects and Low
Weser–Rhine_Germanic
Hypothesis about the history of Germanic languages
The Germanic substrate hypothesis attempts to explain the purportedly distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo-European
Germanic_substrate_hypothesis
Extinct East Germanic language
Germanic languages divides the languages into three groups: East Germanic (Gothic and a few other very scantily-attested languages), North Germanic (Old
Gothic_language
Zonal constructed language
A pan-Germanic language is a zonal auxiliary language designed for communication amongst speakers of Germanic languages. Many of them are very similar
Pan-Germanic_language
Proposed subgrouping of Germanic language family
Northwest Germanic is a proposed grouping of the Germanic languages, representing the current consensus among Germanic historical linguists. It does not
Northwest_Germanic
Type of vowel change
took place separately in various Germanic languages starting around 450 or 500 CE and affected all of the early languages except Gothic. An example of the
Germanic_umlaut
Proposed grouping of West Germanic dialects
Elbe Germanic, also called Irminonic or Erminonic, is a proposed subgrouping of West Germanic languages introduced by the German linguist Friedrich Maurer
Elbe_Germanic
Verb form derived from common earlier Germanic languages
divided into North, West and East Germanic groups, and ultimately produced a large group of medieval and modern languages, most importantly: Danish, Norwegian
Germanic_verbs
Topics referred to by the same term
of the Germanic languages List of ancient Germanic peoples and tribes Germanic languages Proto-Germanic language, a reconstructed proto-language of all
Germanic
Proposed Language Dialect and Peoples Grouping
He divides Germanic into a North Germanic and a South Germanic (or Continental Germanic) group, with the Scandinavian (or Nordic) languages and the extinct
South_Germanic
Series of sound changes affecting some West Germanic languages
shift is used to distinguish High German from other continental West Germanic languages, namely Low Franconian (including standard Dutch) and Low German,
High_German_consonant_shift
2014 book by Peter Schrijver
Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages is a 2014 scholarly book by the Dutch linguist Peter Schrijver, published by Routledge. Chapter
Language Contact and the Origins of the Germanic Languages
Language_Contact_and_the_Origins_of_the_Germanic_Languages
Group of Germanic languages
these form the North Sea Germanic languages. Despite the close genetic relationship between English and Frisian, the modern languages are not mutually intelligible
Frisian_languages
Progenitor of Old Norse
themselves evolved into the modern North Germanic languages (Faroese, Icelandic, the Continental Scandinavian languages, and their dialects). Proto-Norse phonology
Proto-Norse_language
Continental Germanic mythology. It was a key element of Germanic paganism. As the Germanic languages developed from Proto-Indo-European language, Germanic mythology
Germanic_mythology
Form of law followed by the early Germanic peoples
Germanic law is a scholarly term used to describe a series of commonalities between the various law codes (the Leges Barbarorum, 'laws of the barbarians'
Germanic_law
Philology study of Germanic languages
research into the Germanic languages began in the 16th century, with the discovery of literary texts in the earlier phases of the languages. Early modern
Germanic_philology
non-Indo-European languages, most speak languages within either the Uralic or Turkic families. Still smaller groups — such as Basque (language isolate), Semitic
Languages_of_Europe
West Germanic language
Frisian and English, with which it forms the North Sea Germanic group of the West Germanic languages. Like Dutch, it has historically been spoken north of
Low_German
Beliefs of Proto-Germanic speakers
motifs from the early Germanic period. Linguistic reconstructions can be obtained via comparison between the various Germanic languages, comparison with related
Proto-Germanic_folklore
Ancient northern European tribe
lived in an area associated with early Germanic languages, and not in an area associated with Celtic languages. The ethnonym appears in Latin as Teutonēs
Teutons
Early culture of the Germanic peoples
Early Germanic culture is the name given to describe the lifestyle of the early Germanic peoples. Researchers trace a distinctive Germanic identity as
Early_Germanic_culture
Type of given name
thought to originate from multiple Germanic languages, including Anglo-Saxon.[citation needed] Some medieval Germanic names are attested in simplex form
Germanic_name
Traditional religion of Germanic peoples
the time period after the Germanic languages had become distinct from other Indo-European languages (early Iron Age). Germanic paganism covers a period
Germanic_paganism
West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 10th centuries
"France", have a Frankish (i.e. Germanic) origin. France itself is still known by terms meaning the "Frankish Realm" in languages such as German (Frankreich)
Frankish_language
The list of early Germanic peoples is a catalog of ancient Germanic cultures, tribal groups, and other alliances of Germanic tribes and civilizations from
List of early Germanic peoples
List_of_early_Germanic_peoples
Roman-era Germanic peoples
The Burgundians (Latin: Burgundiones or less commonly Burgundii) were a Germanic people of the Roman imperial era, who established the powerful Kingdom
Burgundians
the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English
History_of_the_Dutch_language
Linguistic reconstruction
more to the late time of attestation of Germanic than to any inherent "simplicity" of the Germanic languages. As an example, there are fewer than 500
Proto-Germanic_grammar
Topics referred to by the same term
language (PIE) to Proto-Germanic, in Proto-Germanic itself, and in various Germanic subfamilies and languages. Germanic spirant law Grimm's law Holtzmann's law
Germanic_sound_shifts
Historical sound change
to other unrelated sound-changes which later affected individual Germanic languages.) *hurną > Old English horn "horn" *wiraz > Old English wer "man"
Germanic_a-mutation
a list of the languages spoken on the shores of the North Sea. The majority are in the Germanic sub-family of Indo-European languages. In addition, French
List of languages of the North Sea
List_of_languages_of_the_North_Sea
Ancient Germanic letters
Proto-Germanic, and the source of the term for rune, riimukirjain, meaning 'scratched letter'. The root may also be found in the Baltic languages, where
Runes
Latin and Germanic Europe, and historically being split between different principalities, the Kingdom of Belgium has three official languages: Dutch, French
Languages_of_Belgium
West Germanic language family
German and Low Franconian (including Dutch) within the continental West Germanic dialect continuum. "Low" and "high" refer to the lowland and highland geographies
High_German_languages
Concept in English grammar
ancient development and are common to all Germanic languages, as well as to other Indo-European languages. That is related to the history of particle
English_phrasal_verbs
Family of High German languages
Study of New High German. (Publications of the University of Manchester: Germanic Series: No. II.) Manchester, 1948, p. 30; also Manchester, 1923, p. 11
Upper_German
Linguistic group
Proto-Norse language from around 200 AD, a language that around 800 AD became the Old Norse language, which in turn later became the North Germanic languages of
North_Germanic_peoples
West Germanic language
East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however
German_language
modern scientific and technical Latin): 28.24%; Germanic languages (including Old English, Proto-Germanic and others: 20.13%; Old Norse: 1.83%; Middle English:
Foreign-language influences in English
Foreign-language_influences_in_English
The languages of Scotland belong predominantly to the Germanic and Celtic language families. The main language now spoken in Scotland is English, while
Languages_of_Scotland
of the language have diverged and each has adopted several distinct geographical and national properties, with an estimated 37 Germanic languages and around
Germanic_culture
Names given to places by Germanic peoples
Germanic toponyms are the names given to places by Germanic peoples and tribes. Besides areas with current speakers of Germanic languages, many regions
Germanic_toponymy
Field of humanities related to German language, German literature, and German culture
Department of Linguistics & Germanic, Slavic, Asian and African Languages, Michigan State University Zimbabwe Department of Languages, Literature and Culture
German_studies
Type of verb in Germanic languages
In the Germanic languages, weak verbs are by far the largest group of verbs, and are therefore often regarded as the norm (the regular verbs). They are
Germanic_weak_verb
Proto-Germanic sound law
Verner, and first published in 1877. A seminal insight into how the Germanic languages diverged from their Indo-European ancestor had been established in
Verner's_law
Type of inflection in Germanic languages
the Germanic languages, a strong verb is a verb that marks its past tense by means of changes to the stem vowel. A minority of verbs in any Germanic language
Germanic_strong_verb
Language where one kind of inflection indicates multiple changes of aspect
Fusional languages or inflected languages are a type of synthetic language, distinguished from agglutinative languages by their tendency to use single
Fusional_language
Phonological process
obstruent, +voice] → C[-voice]/__#. Most modern continental West Germanic languages developed final devoicing, the earliest evidence appearing in Old
Final-obstruent_devoicing
Group of languages related through a common ancestor
the daughter languages within a language family as being genetically related. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs
Language_family
Sound shift in the Germanic languages
correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and stop consonants of certain other Indo-European languages. With the formulation of Grimm’s
Grimm's_law
West Germanic language
West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and
Dutch_language
Sound change converting an alveolar consonant to a rhotic consonant
consonant in Proto-Germanic. As attested by runes, the shift affected Old Norse later than the Continental Germanic languages. Some languages later changed
Rhotacism
Geographic range of dialects that vary more strongly at the distant ends
the Indo-Aryan languages across large parts of India, varieties of Arabic across north Africa and southwest Asia, the Turkic languages, the varieties
Dialect_continuum
West Germanic language
Indo-European language family, belonging to the West Germanic branch of Germanic languages. Owing to their descent from a shared ancestor, Proto-Germanic, English
English_language
Proposed category of peoples speaking dialects ancestral to High German
modern languages thought to derive from the languages of these historical peoples are in the High German group of the West Germanic language family.
Elbe_Germanic_peoples
Indo-European regional languages include both Celtic languages and Germanic languages. The main Celtic languages are grouped into Goidelic, which includes Irish
Languages of the United Kingdom
Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom
North Germanic language
fourth most spoken Germanic language, and the first among its type in the Nordic countries overall. Swedish, like the other Nordic languages, is a descendant
Swedish_language
North Germanic language
are not mutually intelligible. The Icelandic language is more conservative than most other Germanic languages. Most have greatly reduced levels of inflection
Icelandic_language
Pan-nationalist political idea
Middle Ages, it acquired a loose meaning referring to the speakers of Germanic languages some of whom spoke dialects ancestral to modern German. In English
Pan-Germanism
Subregion of northern Europe
Two language groups have coexisted in Scandinavia since prehistory—the North Germanic languages (Scandinavian languages) and the Uralic languages, Sámi
Scandinavia
In Germanic paganism, the indigenous religion of the ancient Germanic peoples who inhabit Germanic Europe, there were a number of different gods and goddesses
List_of_Germanic_deities
Region described by Gothic-Byzantine historian Jordanes
ancient tradition". In The Nordic Languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages. Eds. Oskar Bandle et al., Vol I
Scandza
Indo-European language
of Old Dutch or any of the Germanic languages, Germanic dialects were mutually intelligible. The North Sea Germanic languages were spoken in the whole of
Old_Dutch
Sound change of vowels assimilating to each other, especially in Germanic languages
connection with the study of Germanic languages, as umlaut had occurred prominently in many of their linguistic histories (see Germanic umlaut). While the common
Umlaut_(linguistics)
Sound change law in Germanic language evolution
occurred as part of an exception of Grimm's law in Proto-Germanic, the ancestor of Germanic languages. The law affects the various series of stops in Proto-Indo-European
Germanic_spirant_law
include Pan-Slavic languages, Pan-Romance languages and Pan-Germanic languages. Controlled natural languages are natural languages that have been altered
List_of_constructed_languages
English is a West Germanic language that originated from Ingvaeonic languages brought to Britain in the mid-5th to 7th centuries AD by Anglo-Saxon migrants
History_of_English
East Germanic tribe
The Vandals were a group of Germanic peoples who were first mentioned in passing by a small number of Roman writers in the first and second centuries,
Vandals
Proto-Germanic, came to English through a Romance language (and many have cognates in modern Romance languages). This results in some Germanic doublets
List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents_in_English
Form of verse
alliterative verse are those found in the oldest literature of the Germanic languages, where scholars use the term 'alliterative poetry' rather broadly
Alliterative_verse
German linguist, jurist and mythologist
the history and comparison of Germanic languages. Grimm himself did not initially intend to include all the languages in his Grammar, but he soon found
Jacob_Grimm
Old Norse warrior fighting in a fury
bearhoods and some wearing wolfhoods. This is the only potential record of Germanic bear-warriors and wolf-warriors fighting together until 872 AD, with Thórbiörn
Berserker
North Germanic language
developed from Proto-Norse and later evolved into the modern North Germanic languages, including Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Danish, and Swedish. Old
Old_Norse
Germanic deity
named after Týr ('Týr's day'), rather than Mars, in English and other Germanic languages. In Old Norse sources, Týr is alternately described as the son of
Týr
Historical region in north-central Europe
(English: Greater Germania), Germania Libera (English: Free Germania), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman provinces of Germania Inferior
Germania
Closeness of linguistic varieties
North Germanic languages. However, because there are various standard forms of the North Germanic languages, they are classified as separate languages. It
Mutual_intelligibility
West Germanic language spoken in Friesland
or simply Frisian (Frysk [frisk]; Dutch: Fries [fris]), is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north
West_Frisian_language
Extinct Germanic language of the Vandals
script. Vandals Gothic language East Germanic languages Languages of the Roman Empire Hartmann, Frederik (2020). The Vandalic language – origins and relationships
Vandalic_language
Natural number
Boyne. While 11 has its own name in Germanic languages such as English, German, or Swedish, and some Latin-based languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, and
11_(number)
Natural number
This root is the source of similar words for "ten" in many other Germanic languages. The widespread use of decimal systems is believed to be because humans
10
and phrases deriving from any Germanic language of any period, whether incorporated in the formation of the French language or borrowed at any time thereafter
List of French words of Germanic origin
List_of_French_words_of_Germanic_origin
Latin term for Germanic language and customs
adjectives used to distinguish Germanic dialects and their speakers, which in practice mainly meant Continental West Germanic languages, or in other words the
Theodiscus
languages in a few outer islands. Since the late 19th century, West Germanic languages — namely English and German — have also been spoken and adapted into
Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea
Slavic and Greek designation of Vikings
Furthermore, the word is attested with -gangia and cognates in other Germanic languages in the Early Middle Ages; examples include Old English wærgenga, Old
Varangians
North Germanic tribe
The Danes were a North Germanic tribe inhabiting southern Scandinavia, including the area now comprising Denmark proper, northern and eastern England,
Danes_(tribe)
Romans and various Germanic peoples. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings, later Germanic invasions of the
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples
Period of Swedish prehistory (540–790 AD)
Migration Period" broadly. The Germanic Iron Age is divided into the Early Germanic Iron Age (EGIA) and the Late Germanic Iron Age (LGIA). It is particularly
Vendel_Period
Grammar of the German language
The grammar of the German language is quite similar to that of the other Germanic languages. Although some features of German grammar, such as the formation
German_grammar
Grammatical construction
still I would require stress Certain other languages, like other Germanic languages and Romance languages, use inversion in ways broadly similar to English
Inversion_(linguistics)
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