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Special vehicle to fly in air just above sea or ground
A ground-effect vehicle (GEV, wing-in-ground-effect (WIGE or WIG), ground-effect craft/machine (GEM), wingship, flarecraft, surface effect vehicle or ekranoplan
Ground-effect_vehicle
Soviet ground effect vehicle
Lun-class ekranoplan (Soviet classification: Project 903) is the only ground effect vehicle (GEV) to ever be operationally deployed as a warship, deploying
Lun-class_ekranoplan
Increased aircraft lift generated when close to fixed surface
In aircraft, the ground effect is the reduced aerodynamic drag that an aircraft's wings generate when they are close to a surface (land or water). The
Ground_effect_(aerodynamics)
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up ground effect in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ground effect may refer to: Ground effect (aerodynamics), the increased lift and decreased aerodynamic
Ground_effect
Air cushion vehicle
unique in that they can lift themselves while still, differing from ground effect vehicles and hydrofoils that require forward motion to create lift.
Hovercraft
1966–1980 Soviet ground-effect aircraft
known colloquially as the Caspian Sea Monster, was an experimental ground effect vehicle developed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s by the Central Hydrofoil
Caspian_Sea_Monster
Optical illusion in which a white area takes on a pale tint
illusion. The first experiment tested the watercolor effect versus proximity to determine the figure-ground segregation. According to the Gestalt factor of
Watercolor_illusion
80 that overplayed the ground effect concept (it was originally intended to run with no drag-inducing wings, merely ground-effect sidepods) and never proved
History_of_Formula_One
Type of train
A ground-effect train is a conceptualized alternative to a magnetic levitation (maglev) train. In both cases the objective is to prevent the vehicle from
Ground-effect_train
Reduced pressure caused by a flow restriction in a tube or pipe
The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a moving fluid speeds up as it is funneled from one section of a pipe to another
Venturi_effect
Russian future very large wing-in-ground-effect, lifting-body cargo aircraft
integrated circuit (HTA-IC)) is a project by TsAGI for a very large wing-in-ground-effect, lifting-body cargo aircraft with a take-off weight of 1000 tons, a
TTS-IS
Russian designer of highspeed shipbuilding (1916–1980)
and ground-effect vehicles. Alexeyev was an accomplished designer of hydrofoil ships, such as the Raketa, and became a prominent developer of ground-effect
Rostislav_Alexeyev
'wing-in-ground'-effect craft, also referred to as water-skimming wingships or, in Russia, 'ekranoplans'. Sea Eagle (WIG craft) - six-seater wing-in-ground effect
List of ground-effect vehicles
List_of_ground-effect_vehicles
Formula One had become a safer sport, although it was still dangerous. Ground effect, a technology that was able to create huge amounts of downforce with
History of Formula One regulations
History_of_Formula_One_regulations
Class of formula race car
lighter cars as resulted by metallurgical advancements, introduction of ground effect, and the addition of wings and other aerodynamic devices, and control
Formula_One_car
Proposed ground effect fixed-wing aircraft under study
Boeing Pelican ULTRA (Ultra Large Transport Aircraft) was a proposed ground effect fixed-wing aircraft under study by Boeing Phantom Works in the early
Boeing_Pelican
Ground effect vehicle
Evgenievich Alexeyev of the Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau. The A-90 uses ground effect to fly a few meters above the surface. The Russians classify it as Ekranoplan
A-90_Orlyonok
Aerodynamic principle
In car design, ground effect is a series of effects that have been exploited in automotive aerodynamics to create downforce, particularly in racing cars
Ground_effect_(cars)
U.S. military project developing a ground-effect seaplane
launched in mid-2022, to develop a low-cost seaplane that uses the ground effect to travel long distances. Like the Soviet-era ekranoplan design the
Liberty_Lifter
American racing driver (born 1940)
utilized the ground effect technology that Formula One had just banned in 1982. (Various CART teams had been attempting to develop ground effect cars since
Mario_Andretti
Sports car
BT46B Formula One car, it is purpose-built to significantly improve the ground effect of the T.50. As the T.50 makes use of very aggressive and steep angled
Gordon_Murray_Automotive_T.50
The "Caspian Sea Monster", the fastest ground-effect vehicle Ground effect vehicles (a.k.a. "Wing-In-Ground effect vehicles") are classified as maritime
List_of_vehicle_speed_records
Group 7 racing car
in the 1970 Can-Am Championship series. It is an early example of a ground effect racing car. The 2J was the most unusual Chaparral. On the chassis' sides
Chaparral_2J
Formula One racing car
introduced at the 1978 Swedish Grand Prix as a counter to the dominant ground effect Lotus 79. The BT46B generated an immense amount of downforce utilizing
Brabham_BT46
Fixed-wing aircraft with a single main wing plane
position is its significant ground effect, giving the plane a tendency to float farther before landing. Conversely, this ground effect permits shorter takeoffs
Monoplane
Formula One activities of Mercedes-Benz
Hamilton for 2022. 2022 saw major rule changes, which reintroduced ground effect. Mercedes revealed a radical design with what was dubbed 'zero-pods'
Mercedes-Benz_in_Formula_One
Experimental wing-in-ground-effect aircraft
The Beriev Be-1 was an experimental wing-in-ground-effect aircraft developed in the Soviet Union during the 1960s. In 1956, Robert Ludvigovich Bartini
Beriev_Be-1
American World War II heavy flying boat
one mile (1.6 km). At this altitude, the aircraft still experienced ground effect. To Hughes, these tests demonstrated that the now-unneeded plane was
Hughes_H-4_Hercules
English design engineer (1928–1982)
the first Formula One use of "ground effect", where a low pressure was created under the car by use of the Venturi effect, generating suction (downforce)
Colin_Chapman
Heavier-than-air aircraft with fixed wings generating aerodynamic lift
from an engine include powered paragliders, powered hang gliders and ground effect vehicles. Most fixed-wing aircraft are operated by a pilot, but some
Fixed-wing_aircraft
1959 experimental VTOL aircraft model
hover out of ground effect with 2,428 lb (1,101 kg) payload. Maximum takeoff weight with transition to forward flight out of ground effect was calculated
Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar
Supersonic car
engines are not designed to operate at peak airspeed while still in ground effect; a proper estimate would need to take this into account. The jet was
ThrustSSC
Soviet amphibious aircraft
Amfibiya (vertical take-off amphibious aircraft) was a wing-in-ground-effect aircraft developed in the Soviet Union during the early 1970s. Designed
Bartini_Beriev_VVA-14
German aeronautical engineer, a pioneer of aerodynamics
contributions to the understanding of tailless aircraft, delta wings and the ground effect, and also worked in the U.S. Within the Opel-RAK program, he was the
Alexander_Lippisch
British racing driver (1947–1993)
developed effective ground effect aerodynamics with their Lotus 79 car and McLaren were slow to respond. The M26 was revised as a ground effect car midway through
James_Hunt
Soviet aircraft designer (1897–1974)
experimental aircraft projects. A pioneer of amphibious aircraft and ground-effect vehicles, Bartini was one of the most famous engineers in the Soviet
Robert_Bartini
British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team
before being withdrawn. Piquet won his first championship in 1981 in the ground effect BT49-Ford. In 1983, he became the first driver to win a title with a
Brabham
Type of high-speed train
with wings, using the efficient generation of lift from the wing-in-ground-effect. Launched in 2007, the Franco-Brazilian initiative Fultrace (an acronym
Hovertrain
Group C sports-prototype racing car
Racing. The 956 was also the first Porsche to have ground effect aerodynamics. As a comparison, the ground effects Porsche 956 produced over three times as
Porsche_956
Formula One motor racing car
The Williams FW07 was a ground effect Formula One racing car designed by Patrick Head, Frank Dernie, and Neil Oatley for the 1979 Formula One season.
Williams_FW07
United States aviator and military officer (1909–1978)
use ground effect to stay aloft. Their collective faith in this concept was documented in the company's papers. Though real, the added lift of ground effect
Charles_F._Blair_Jr.
Russian super heavy amphibious transport aircraft currently in design and development
at high altitudes transcontinentally, as well as a craft using the ground-effect on intercontinental routes across the sea. It is planned to fly via
Beriev_Be-2500
Electric wing-in-ground-effect watercraft
The REGENT Viceroy "seaglider" is a proposed electric-powered wing-in-ground-effect vehicle under development by REGENT Craft Inc. of Rhode Island, (REGENT
REGENT_Viceroy
British car manufacturer
3.9 litre Cosworth V12 engine which revs to over 12,000rpm and the ground-effect fan system, a nod to the Brabham BT46B "Fan Car" that Murray designed
Gordon_Murray_Automotive
1981-1984 Formula One racing car by Ferrari
smaller and narrower V6 engine with forced induction, better suiting the ground effect aerodynamics now needed to be competitive (the previous car's wide 180°
Ferrari_126C
Iranian ground effect vehicle
The HESA Bavar 2 (Persian: باور ٢) is a ground effect vehicle unveiled in September 2010 by the IRGC Navy. It is designed to have a small radar signature
HESA_Bavar_2
Formula One racing car
Wright, Colin Chapman, Martin Ogilvie and Tony Rudd, and was the first ground effect car in Formula One. In early 1976, spurred on by a disappointing lack
Lotus_78
Russian ground-effect vehicle
range of 4,800 km (3,000 miles). At the same time, it is thought the ground effect vehicle will be armed with cruise missiles. Shukla, Vikas. "Russia Revives
A-050
Formula One racing car
Lotus. The Lotus 79 was the first F1 car to take full advantage of ground effect aerodynamics. Over the span of its lifetime, the Lotus 79 took 7 wins
Lotus_79
Type of rotorcraft
air pushing the helicopter down. This can be a hover in ground effect or out of ground effect. Thus, when in a hover, the engine needs to provide enough
Helicopter
36th season of FIA Formula One motor racing
used what is commonly referred to as "ground effect", with the physical principle applied being the "Venturi effect". The sides of the underside of the
1982 Formula One World Championship
1982_Formula_One_World_Championship
Ground-effect vehicle
Spasatel (Russian: Спасатель "Rescuer", "Lifesaver", Project 9038) is a ground-effect vehicle, originally planned by the Soviet Ministry of Defense. The vehicle
Spasatel
Series of Chinese utility helicopters
500 m (14,800 ft) Hovering ceiling in ground effect: 2,600 m (8,500 ft) Hovering ceiling out of ground effect: 1,600 m (5,200 ft) Armament Guns: two
Harbin_Z-9
Formula One car
The Ligier JS11 was a ground effect Formula One car designed by Gérard Ducarouge. It was powered by the Ford Cosworth DFV married to a Ligier in-house
Ligier_JS11
Formula One racing car
Martin Ogilvie, Peter Wright and Tony Rudd, was an attempt to take ground effect as far as possible. Ogilvie and Rudd reasoned that to take a further
Lotus_80
Science fiction media franchise
Mass Effect is a military science fiction media franchise created by Casey Hudson. The franchise depicts a distant future where humanity and several alien
Mass_Effect
Vehicle that works on land and on/under water
do not work on land, although they are part of amphibious warfare. Ground effect vehicles, such as ekranoplans, would likely crash on any but the flattest
Amphibious_vehicle
Airplane wing with an elliptical shape
ground effect properties; it was postulated that it would be suitable for ground-effect vehicles (which operate close to the water, in ground effect,
Elliptical_wing
Formula One racing car
had temporarily vanished by the start of 1979". Instead aerodynamic ground effect, as brought to Formula One by the Lotus 78 two years earlier, was the
Brabham_BT49
Formula One motor racing car
Ogilvie of Lotus in an effort to maximise the downforce produced by ground effect. The Lotus 88 made its debut at the first practice session of the 1981
Lotus_88
2004 American science fiction thriller film
The Butterfly Effect is a 2004 American science fiction thriller film written and directed by Eric Bress and J. Mackye Gruber. It stars Ashton Kutcher
The_Butterfly_Effect
Internal combustion engine
with the Ferrari who won from 1975 to 1977 and in 1979. The advent of ground effect aerodynamics on the F1 scene in 1977 provided a new lease of life for
Cosworth_DFV
Overview of and topical guide to vehicles
Diving bell Diving chamber Dog sled Draisine Electric vehicle Golf cart Ground effect vehicle Handcar Hopper Hovercraft Jet ski Kick scooter Land yacht Launch
Outline_of_vehicles
1975-1980 Formula One racing car by Ferrari
been designed with ground effect in mind. The 312T4 monocoque was designed to be as narrow as possible, to take advantage of ground effects, but this was
Ferrari_312T
Proposed American vehicle
The Aerocon Dash-1.6 wingship was a proposed American ground-effect vehicle intended to carry large cargos and thousands of passengers over long distances
Aerocon_Dash_1.6_wingship
International motorsport rules
ride height, reduce the impact of ground effect, and slow the cars down. However, from 2022 to 2025, ground effect was re-introduced to the Formula One
Formula_One_regulations
List of Formula One drivers who competed as Americans
until rejoining Lotus in 1976. After helping develop the groundbreaking ground-effect Lotus 78, he won four races in 1977 but lost the drivers' title to poor
Formula One drivers from the United States
Formula_One_drivers_from_the_United_States
Aerodynamic phenomenon
Council R&M 1683, 1936. Oxley, Mat (9 March 2021). "Is Ducati using ground effect for more grip in MotoGP?". Motor Sport magazine. Retrieved 31 May 2021
Meredith_effect
Type of model aircraft
dynamic soaring. Ground effect should not be confused with ridge lift when explaining how walkalong gliders stay up. Ground effect involves a horizontal
Walkalong_glider
Proposed four-rotor derivative of the V-22 Osprey
subsequently by Bell. An experimental investigation in helicopter mode with ground effect found that it was possible to reduce the download on the aircraft from
Bell_Boeing_Quad_TiltRotor
33rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing
domination of the Lotus 79 meant that all the teams had to build new "ground-effect" cars for the 1979 season. Team Lotus, aiming to stay one step ahead
1979_Formula_One_season
British motor racing engineer (1923–2003)
development, Rudd and Peter Wright were also involved with the design of a ground effect car that never raced; driver John Surtees was adamant that it could
Tony_Rudd
1960s American V/STOL aircraft
ceiling: 27,800 ft (8,500 m) Hover ceiling in ground effect : 12,000 ft (3,700 m) Hover ceiling out of ground effect : 6,000 ft (1,800 m) Aircraft of comparable
Bell_X-22
Greenhouse effect (atmosphere) (atmospheric radiation) (climate change feedbacks and causes) (climate forcing) Ground effect (aircraft) (aerodynamics) Ground effect
List_of_effects
American racing driver (born 1935)
of the car and the road regardless of vehicle speed. (Both wings and ground effect tunnels generate downforce that varies with vehicle speed.) At the 1970
Jim_Hall_(racing_driver)
High speed water vessel for civilian use
surface in non-displacement mode by aerodynamic forces generated by ground effect. Alstom Leroux Naval HSC Kalli P SuperRunner Jet II HSC Aeolos Kenteris
High-speed_craft
Canceled US helicopter program
(250 mph; 410 km/h) dash speed, and the capability to hover out-of-ground-effect (OGE) at 6,000 feet (1,800 m) on a 95 °F (35 °C) day. The speed requirements
Lockheed_AH-56_Cheyenne
1960s American experimental ground-effect vehicle
The Collins X-112 was an experimental two-seat ground-effect vehicle, designed by Alexander Lippisch in the United States in the early 1960s to test his
Collins_X-112
Prototype heavy transport helicopter
3 lb/sq ft) at gross weight Hovering ceiling in ground effect: 10 m (33 ft) Hovering ceiling out of ground effect: 600 m (1,969 ft) Avionics AP-44 autopilot
Mil_V-12
Watercraft with air cushion and twin hulls
A surface effect ship (SES) or sidewall hovercraft is a watercraft that has both an air cushion, like a hovercraft, and twin hulls, like a catamaran. When
Surface_effect_ship
German experimental ground effect vehicle
The RFB X-114 was a ground-effect craft, designed chiefly to operate over water but capable of flight at higher altitudes where required, carrying five
RFB_X-114
Circular component rotating on an axle
Counter-rotating screws, Leg mechanism, Magnetic levitation, Wing-in-ground-effect History: History of the wheel in Africa, The Horse, The Wheel and Language
Wheel
Type of aircraft used in the sport of gliding
total energy. Gliders, because of their long low wings, create a high ground effect, which can significantly increase the glide angle and make it difficult
Glider_(sailplane)
Experimental German ground-effect vehicle
The RFB X-113 Aerofoil Boat was an experimental ground-effect vehicle intended to work over water. It was one of three such aircraft designed by Alexander
RFB_X-113
US airship
program. After the aircraft experienced difficulty in getting out of ground effect, "a propeller of a different pitch" was fitted. This second propeller
Aereon_26
Annual sports festival held in Pakistan
Tribune. 23 June 2025. Retrieved 5 July 2025. Mulliner, Tim (2006). Ground Effect - an excerpt from T. Mulliner's book Long Ride for a Pie. ISBN 1-86966-135-4
Shandur_Polo_Festival
Formula One racing car
1982, Tyrrell made a minor modification to the 011 by redesigning the ground effect and removing the front wing. For 1983, Tyrrell upgraded the 011 into
Tyrrell_011
Board game designed by Steve Jackson
been resolved by rolling a die for each encounter, the specialized "Ground Effect Vehicle" units may be moved a second time; play then passes to the other
Ogre_(board_game)
to ground effect. Theoretical research and full-scale testing of tunnel hulls has demonstrated the dramatic contributions of 'close-proximity ground effect'
Tunnel_hull
Formula One motor racing car
previous machinery he had been given, and felt it was one of the best non ground effect cars that season. The higher budget afforded by the sponsorship deal
Williams_FW06
Unique aircraft identifiers
aircraft have a call sign beginning with C–F or C–G, such as C–FABC. Ground-effect vehicles (hovercraft) in Canada are eligible to receive C–Hxxx call
Aviation_call_sign
Aviation company based in Nizhniy Novgorod, Russia
many years. It designed and manufactured several designs for wing-in-ground-effect vehicles, including the 400-ton Lun-class ekranoplan, 140-ton A-90 Orlyonok
Alekseyev Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau
Alekseyev_Central_Hydrofoil_Design_Bureau
Instrument used to determine the height of an object above a certain point
has been shown that "phase radio-altimeters" are most suitable for ground effect vehicles, as compared to laser, isotropic or ultrasonic altimeters.
Altimeter
Formula One racing car
Formula E Team. The chassis was Mercedes's first car built for the new ground effect technical regulations introduced in 2022, and the first Mercedes car
Mercedes_W13
American helicopter
(196 kg). The aircraft is capable of an in ground effect hover at 6,000 ft (1,829 m) and an out of ground effect hover at 4,000 ft (1,219 m) By February
RotorWay_A600_Talon
Frequency change of a wave for observer relative to its source
The Doppler effect (also Doppler shift) is the change in the frequency or, equivalently, the period of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving
Doppler_effect
List of aircraft produced by a number of countries to test new concepts and technology
propulsion technology demonstrator RFB X-113 – Wing in ground effect vehicle RFB X-114 – Wing in ground effect vehicle Sack AS-6 – Disk wing technology demonstrator
List_of_experimental_aircraft
Soviet amphibious transport vehicle
Hanlon, Mike (2006-11-06). "The remarkable part boat, part sled, part ground-effect Tupelov aerosled". New Atlas. Retrieved 2020-01-16. "1978 TUPOLEV N007
Tupolev_A-3_Aerosledge
Formula One racing car
activities was waning.[citation needed] Instead it was a very standard ground effect design with sliding skirts and the ubiquitous Cosworth DFV 3.0 litre
Lotus_81
Aircraft propulsion configuration with fans in a fixed wing
saucer" aerodynamics and lower than expected thrust, never flew out of ground effect. The Verticraft Verticar of 1961 was a similar single-fan, directed-thrust
Lift_fan
GROUND EFFECT
GROUND EFFECT
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Lancashire)
English (chiefly Lancashire) : probably a Middle English metathesized form of the Old French personal name Gondri, Gundric (see Gundry).
Surname or Lastname
English (Devon)
English (Devon) : variant of Brand 1.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : presumably a variant of Mount.
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Spear Defender
Surname or Lastname
English (Northumberland and Durham)
English (Northumberland and Durham) : nickname for a vain or haughty man, from Middle English prod, prud ‘proud’ (late Old English prūd, from the oblique form of Old French proz).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a dealer in coarse meal, Old English grūt, Old Norse grautr ‘porridge’.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Basil, Goddess Radha, Tulsi
Boy/Male
Norse
Son of Thori.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps an occupational name for a maker of bottles or cups, from Old French gourde ‘water vessel’, ‘flask’, but possibly of the same derivation as 2.French : from Old French gourd ‘heavy’, ‘dull’, ‘sluggish’, hence a nickname for a slow lumbering person.
Boy/Male
Norse
Son of Hrafn the Foolish.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English p(o)und ‘enclosure (especially for confining animals)’; a topographic name for someone who lived near an enclosure in which animals were kept, or a metonymic occupational name for an official responsible for rounding up stray animals and placing them in a pound.Probably a translation of German Pfund or the North German cognate Pund.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English
Spear Protector
Boy/Male
Norse
Growing.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Round.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. There are four farms so named in Warwickshire, one in Oxfordshire, and one in Worcestershire, and the surname is most probably derived from one of these.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Gold.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Compare Grounds.Perhaps an Americanized form of German Grund.
Girl/Female
Swedish
Defender of man.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly West Midlands)
English (chiefly West Midlands) : nickname for a plump person, from Middle English, Old French rond, rund ‘fat’, ‘round’ (Latin rotundus).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Bond
GROUND EFFECT
GROUND EFFECT
Girl/Female
Hindu
Highest peace
Female
French
French form of Latin Penelope, PÉNÉLOPE means "weaver of cunning."
Boy/Male
Australian, Irish
Bear
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Worthy; Deserving; Capable; Decent
Male
Hebrew
(כּוּש×) Hebrew name KUWSH means "black," i.e. "Ethiopian." In the bible, this is the name of a land and its people. It is also the name of a Benjamite and the son of Ham and grandson of Noah. The Anglicized form is Cush.
Girl/Female
Arabic
Small Gulf
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Gaddesden in Hertfordshire, recorded in Domesday Book as Gatesdene, from an Old English personal name Gǣte(n) + Old English denu ‘valley’.
Male
English
Anglicized form of Scottish Gaelic Alastair, ALLYSTAIR means "defender of mankind."
Girl/Female
English
Flowers
GROUND EFFECT
GROUND EFFECT
GROUND EFFECT
GROUND EFFECT
GROUND EFFECT
v. i.
To run aground; to strike the bottom and remain fixed; as, the ship grounded on the bar.
prep.
On every side of, so as to encompass or encircle; around; about; as, the people atood round him; to go round the city; to wind a cable round a windlass.
n.
Sediment at the bottom of liquors or liquids; dregs; lees; feces; as, coffee grounds.
n.
An assembly; a group; a circle; as, a round of politicians.
imp. & p. p.
of Ground
v. t.
To found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, reason, or principle; to furnish a ground for; to fix firmly.
n.
Any definite portion of the earth's surface; region; territory; country. Hence: A territory appropriated to, or resorted to, for a particular purpose; the field or place of action; as, a hunting or fishing ground; a play ground.
v. t.
To cover with a ground, as a copper plate for etching (see Ground, n., 5); or as paper or other materials with a uniform tint as a preparation for ornament.
v. t.
To connect with the ground so as to make the earth a part of an electrical circuit.
n.
That which goes round a whole circle or company; as, a round of applause.
a.
Built with groins; as, a groined ceiling; a groined vault.
v. t.
To go round wholly or in part; to go about (a corner or point); as, to round a corner; to round Cape Horn.
n.
Anything round, as a circle, a globe, a ring. "The golden round" [the crown].
adv.
On all sides; around.
v. t.
To lay, set, or run, on the ground.
a.
Uttered or emitted with a full tone; as, a round voice; a round note.
a.
Round.
imp. & p. p.
of Grind
adv. & a.
On the ground; stranded; -- a nautical term applied to a ship when its bottom lodges on the ground.