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Hypothesis in physical organic chemistry
Hammond's postulate (or alternatively the Hammond–Leffler postulate), is a hypothesis in physical organic chemistry which describes the geometric structure
Hammond's_postulate
American chemist (1921–2005)
George Simms Hammond (May 22, 1921 – October 5, 2005) was an American scientist and theoretical chemist who developed "Hammond's postulate", and fathered
George_S._Hammond
Topics referred to by the same term
Clarence-Rockland, Ontario Port Hammond, British Columbia, also known as Hammond or Hammond's Landing Upper Hammonds Plains, Nova Scotia Hammond Street, a settlement
Hammond
from electrophilic attack at the ortho/para or meta positions. The Hammond postulate then dictates that the relative transition state energies will reflect
Electrophilic aromatic directing groups
Electrophilic_aromatic_directing_groups
Principle in physical chemistry
same for all reactions belonging to a particular reaction family. Hammond's postulate Free-energy relationship Brønsted catalysis equation Catalytic resonance
Bell–Evans–Polanyi_principle
Chemical reaction
pedagogical demonstration of the reactivity–selectivity principle and the Hammond postulate. A bromine radical is not very reactive and the transition state for
Free-radical_halogenation
Representation of a chemical process as a single energetic pathway
nuclei actually occur through a series of simple chemical reactions. Hammond postulate is another tool which assists in drawing the energy of a transition
Energy_profile_(chemistry)
photographic sensitization compounds George S. Hammond (1921–2005), American chemist, famous for Hammond's postulate as part of the general theory of the transition
List_of_chemists
reaction Halohydrin formation reaction Hammick reaction Hammond principle or Hammond postulate Hantzsch pyrrole synthesis Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis
List_of_organic_reactions
Explanation for the rates of electron transfer reactions
of the condensed system, provides the actual reaction coordinate. Hammond's postulate Solvated electron Free-energy relationship Contrary to Marcus' approach
Marcus_theory
Private liberal arts college in Lewiston, Maine, U.S.
1943 alumnus George Hammond who was later dubbed "the father of the movement". Hammond would go on to invent Hammond's postulate, revolutionizing activation
Bates_College
Change in chemical reaction rate due to isotopic substitution
developed by Westheimer predicts that symmetrical (thermoneutral, by Hammond's postulate), linear transition states have the largest isotope effects approaching
Kinetic_isotope_effect
code, Hamming distance, Hamming weight – Richard Hamming Hammond postulate – George Simms Hammond Hanle effect – Wilhelm Hanle Hardy notation, space – Godfrey
Scientific phenomena named after people
Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
Obsolete concept in chemistry
selectivity in chemical reactions can successfully be explained by Hammond's postulate. When reactivity-selectivity relationships do exist they signify
Reactivity–selectivity principle
Reactivity–selectivity_principle
either directly by calculations on transition states, or based on Hammond's postulate, by modeling the steric and electronic demands of the reactants.
Spartan_(chemistry_software)
Configuration of a chemical reaction when potential energy is greatest
is further described in the article geometry optimization. The Hammond–Leffler postulate states that the structure of the transition state more closely
Transition_state
Illyrian king from 393 BC to 358 BC
Prespa Lakes, the "Dassaretis" of later topography, not "Dardania", as Hammond postulated" Vujčić 2021, pp. 501–504. Howe 2017, pp. 99, 108. Woodward 1993,
Bardylis
Acronym in chemistry
structure to perturbations, such as change of reaction solvent. Hammond–Leffler postulate Jencks, WP (1985). "A Primer for the Bema Hapothle. An Empirical
Bema_Hapothle
Discipline of organic chemistry
equilibration.[page needed] Mathematically derived formalisms such as the Hammond Postulate, the Curtin-Hammett principle, and the theory of microscopic reversibility
Physical_organic_chemistry
from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-29. "George S. Hammond". web.pdx.edu. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved August
List_of_Bates_College_people
Illyrian people
Prespa Lakes, the "Dassaretis" of later topography, not "Dardania", as Hammond postulated" Vujčić 2021, pp. 501–504. Cabanes 2002, p. 56. Cabanes 2002, pp. 50–51
Dassaretii
and the other which is mostly-folded. Phi value analysis assumes Hammond's postulate, which states that energy and chemical structure are correlated.
Phi_value_analysis
Method for representing chemical reactions data
accordance with the Hammond postulate, the transition state moves along the diagonal towards the corner that is raised in energy (a Hammond effect) and perpendicular
More_O'Ferrall–Jencks_plot
Practice of supernatural beings and forces
terms 'religion' and 'magic' in a functional sense is disputed. It is a postulate of modern anthropology, at least since early 1930s, that there is complete
Magic_(supernatural)
Vesicles found outside cells
exosomes and ectosomes. Numerous functions of EVs have been established or postulated. The first evidence for the existence of EVs was enabled by the ultracentrifuge
Extracellular_vesicle
American astrologer (1895–1985)
designating an agreeable agent to produce the astrological effects. Rudhyar postulated that the stars did not cause the effects seen in human life but were pictures
Dane_Rudhyar
Historic house in Massachusetts, United States
He has acquired also the Sagamore Hill farm.' Although local rumors postulate that Mrs. Crane’s displeasure with the villa led to its eventual destruction
Castle Hill (Ipswich, Massachusetts)
Castle_Hill_(Ipswich,_Massachusetts)
Information systems theory
the Davis work. They were critical of the measurement model used, and postulated a different model based on three constructs: usefulness, effectiveness
Technology_acceptance_model
Flat-topped underwater mountain
"guyots", after the Department of Geosciences building at Princeton. Hess postulated they were once volcanic islands that were beheaded by wave action, yet
Guyot
Canadian historian (1917–2016)
exchange among civilizations is what drives human history forward, first postulated in The Rise of the West (1963). He was the Robert A. Millikan Distinguished
William_H._McNeill
Ancient state in West Asia
enough, the inscription differentiates eastern regions that many would postulate as having been under Median authority based on classical sources. Parthia
Median_kingdom
State office in the early Turkic states, roughly equivalent to viceroy
whether it indicated an ally or subject of a Chinese empire; Another theory postulates a Sogdian origin for both titles, "yabghu" and "shad". The rulers of some
Yabghu
1993 American comedy film by Harold Ramis
time loop on the planet Punxsutawnee. Writing for IGN, Michael Swaim postulated that since Groundhog Day popularized the time loop narrative, it had increased
Groundhog_Day_(film)
The Middle Bronze Age Migrations are postulated waves of migration during the Middle Bronze Age. This proposal was advanced in the mid-20th century by
Middle Bronze Age migrations (ancient Near East)
Middle_Bronze_Age_migrations_(ancient_Near_East)
Collection of fragments written by Blaise Pascal
times scholars have noted parallels between Heidegger and Pensées, while postulating various instances of influence. Phenomenological value theorists, particularly
Pensées
Statement based on repeated empirical observations that describes some natural phenomenon
corresponds to the structure at the top of the energy barrier. The Hammond–Leffler postulate states that this structure looks most similar to the product or
Scientific_law
Fictional character from Doctor Who
dubious personality traits were made evident; both Davies and Clarke postulated that the character "deserved to lose his girlfriend". Though Clarke felt
Mickey_Smith
Law of nature relevant to chemistry
corresponds to the structure at the top of the energy barrier. The Hammond–Leffler postulate states that this state looks most similar to the product or starting
Chemical_law
Old Stone Age ''Homo sapiens''
terms of two competing models during the 1980s: "recent African origin" postulated the emergence of H. sapiens from a single source population in Africa
Early_modern_human
Logical operation
Press. p. 45. Sheffer, Henry Maurice (1913). "A set of five independent postulates for Boolean algebras, with application to logical constants". Transactions
Sheffer_stroke
1997 monster horror film by Peter Hyams
human hypothalamus, until it runs out of targets and dies; he further postulates that the tribe knew of the fungus, and used it on a human or animal to
The_Relic
Race held in 2009
Class A4. The race was specifically given a 1949 theme, with the BBC postulating that the race might represent what Top Gear would have been like in 1949
Top_Gear_Race_to_the_North
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
the chemical periodicity is repeated. In a 1919 paper, Irving Langmuir postulated the existence of "cells" which we now call orbitals, which could each
Periodic_table
Classical theory of gravitation
The Einstein field equations of general relativity can be derived by postulating the Einstein–Hilbert action to be the true action of spacetime and then
Einstein–Cartan_theory
Book by Herbert Simon
situations, this adaptiveness falls far short of the ideal 'maximizing' postulated in economic theory. Evidently, organisms adapt well enough to 'satisfice';
Administrative_Behavior
One kind of insect metamorphosis
eclosion theory with a focus on endocrine control of metamorphosis. They postulated that hemimetabolan species hatch after three embryonic "moults" into a
Holometabolism
Theoretical concept and policy movement
Ashford argues that the concept of inclusive capitalism is rooted in the postulates of the binary economics. C. K. Prahalad opens his 2005 book The Fortune
Inclusive_capitalism
French anthropologist and philosopher (1923–2015)
it possible to reach still higher stages of human development. You can postulate as many such stages as are needed. Thus, you can have a transition between
René_Girard
French writer (1901–1990)
Jouffroy quotes Leiris (from Fibrilles) that "the practice of poetry [...] postulates the other as one's equal" and (from L’Âge d’homme) that poetic inspiration
Michel_Leiris
Observed discrepancy in galactic angular momenta
in a galaxy. Theories involving unobservable dark matter are the main postulated explanation of this discrepancy. Considering their mass distributions
Galaxy_rotation_curve
Guil-Guerrero (2026) argues that consumption of fly larvae by Neanderthals postulated by Beasley, Lesnik & Speth (2025) does not by itself explain nitrogen
2026_in_paleomammalogy
1639–62 political charter of the Connecticut Colony
proceedings of the drafting or enactment of the Fundamental Orders. It is postulated that the framers wished to remain anonymous because England was watchful
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut
Differential transmission of genes residing in the same genome
of other genes that reside in the same genome. The selfish gene theory postulates that natural selection will increase the frequency of those genes whose
Intragenomic_conflict
was an attempt to domesticate this animal, but it is more reasonable to postulate selective hunting that did not lead to domestication. The Natufian period
Origins of agriculture in West Asia
Origins_of_agriculture_in_West_Asia
Economic model of price determination in a market
and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that, holding all else equal, the unit price for a particular good or
Supply_and_demand
8th-Century BCE Assyrian king, Neo-Assyrian Empire
Ashur-nirari V, who was either his brother or his father. Other historians postulate that the evidence could just as easily be interpreted as Tiglath-Pileser
Tiglath-Pileser_III
Substitution reaction with a carbocation intermediate
stabilization and hyperconjugation from attached alkyl groups. The Hammond–Leffler postulate suggests that this, too, will increase the rate of carbocation
SN1_reaction
Ghost town in Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
volcano. The site of one of these villages (Kokotaia) was utilised in the postulated rediscovery of the Pink and White Terrace locations. A Māori meeting house
Te_Wairoa,_New_Zealand
Branch of geophysics, primarily seismology
appear to have distinct segments. The characteristic earthquake model postulates that earthquakes are generally constrained within these segments. As the
Earthquake_prediction
American Lithuanian economist (born 1946)
why Eugene Fama's Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) was fallacious. EMH postulates that the present value of an asset reflects the efficient incorporation
Robert_J._Shiller
Family of fruit bats
mothers, as well as other individuals in their colonies. It has been postulated that these dialect differences may result in individuals of different
Megabat
Music genre that uses electronic instruments
computer-assisted composition using algorithmic composition. "... Hiller postulated that a computer could be taught the rules of a particular style and then
Electronic_music
American artist (born 1949)
contemporary attempt in American society to deny such discrimination by postulating an evasive neutrality for abstract art. Hoard subverts that attempt;
Adrienne_W._Hoard
Earthquake affecting the Midwestern United States
earthquakes occurred on the rift, causing great devastation. Martin and Hough postulated three different plausible events, a north-northwest rupture from Henson
1895_Charleston_earthquake
Bacterial disease
January 2026. Hammonds, Evelynn Maxine. Childhood's Deadly Scourge: The Campaign to Control Diphtheria in New York City, 1880–1930 (1999) Hammonds, Evelynn
Diphtheria
Maoist political conception of democracy
Democracy. Marx himself is often misunderstood on this topic as he did not postulate that strictly only after a bourgeois society has formed, a socialist revolution
New_Democracy
American colonial
descendants and researchers over the centuries. Recent researchers have postulated that the William Wadsworth, who is born 1594 in Long Buckby, Northamptonshire
William_Wadsworth_(patriarch)
Austrian-American economist (1883–1950)
entrepreneurial history", in Wohl, R.R. (ed.), Change and the entrepreneur: postulates and the patterns for entrepreneurial history, Research Center in Entrepreneurial
Joseph_Schumpeter
Folds of throat tissues that help to create n through vocalization
Antoine Ferrein in 1741. In his violin analogy of the human voice, he postulated that the moving air acted like a bow on cordes vocales. The alternative
Vocal_cords
exists in general relativity? In loop quantum gravity, the spacetime is postulated to be discrete from the beginning. In string theory, although originally
List of unsolved problems in physics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_physics
Second Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt
that Kehek was a reference to the Libyan tribe, Qeheq, and thus it was postulated that invaders from Libya took advantage of the death of Ahmose to move
Amenhotep_I
Type of data model
a space (and schema maintenance) versus CPU-time tradeoff. Originally postulated by Maier, Ullman and Vardi, the "Universal Data Model" (UDM) seeks to
Entity–attribute–value_model
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
is symbolized by f as is done in the rest of this article. Einstein's postulate was verified experimentally by K. T. Compton and O. W. Richardson and
Matter_wave
Protein fragment in Homo sapiens
6480. PMID 10720053. S2CID 11993597. Leung DW, Spencer SA, Cachianes G, Hammonds RG, Collins C, Henzel WJ, Barnard R, Waters MJ, Wood WI (1987). "Growth
Growth hormone-binding protein
Growth_hormone-binding_protein
the cot–caught merger, /ɔr/ is typically analyzed as /oʊr/ to avoid postulating a separate /ɔ/ phoneme that occurs only before /r/. Therefore, both cord
English-language vowel changes before historical /r/
English-language_vowel_changes_before_historical_/r/
Proto-Indo-European Sun and Moon deities
Proto-Indo-European culture. The existence of a Proto-Indo-European sun deity can be postulated on the basis of its possible reflexes throughout Indo-European cultures
*Seh₂ul_and_*Meh₁not
Concept in physics
metric-skew-tensor-gravity (MSTG), in which a skew symmetric tensor field postulated as part of the gravitational action. A newer version of MSTG, in which
Nonsymmetric gravitational theory
Nonsymmetric_gravitational_theory
Religious beliefs of the Illyrian peoples
deities if one follows the generally accepted Illyro-Messapic theory that postulates an Illyrian migration towards southeastern Italy (present-day Apulia)
Illyrian_religion
KGB disinformation campaign
Germany—specifically, to communist East Berlin. In his report, Segal postulated that the AIDS virus was synthesized by combining parts of two distantly
Operation_Denver
Temple in Jerusalem in Abrahamic religions
hands. Quranic commentators such as Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur have postulated that this verse refers specifically to the Temple of Solomon. According
Solomon's_Temple
Army of the First Philippine Republic (1899–1901)
and personally paid for the new uniforms. At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English Norfolk
Philippine_Revolutionary_Army
Natural mummy of a Chalcolithic man from Europe
By examining the proportions of his tibia, femur and pelvis, it was postulated that his lifestyle included long walks over hilly terrain. This degree
Ötzi
Social institution of ancient Greece
attracted to emulate Spartan practices in the 7th century, when pederasty is postulated to have first been formalized in Dorian cities. One of the first cities
Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece
the Wahhabis never declared a counter-caliphate. Other scholars have postulated that Salafi-jihadist ideologues employ a strategy of exploiting the works
International propagation of the Salafi movement and Wahhabism
International_propagation_of_the_Salafi_movement_and_Wahhabism
Land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece (479 BC)
They posit that the Persians lost because of overspecialization. They postulate that Plataea was a battle of shield walls, where the Greeks won because
Battle_of_Plataea
American economist (born 1924)
S2CID 154336077. Harberger, Arnold C. (September 1971). "Three Basic Postulates for Applied Welfare Economics: An Interpretive Essay". Journal of Economic
Arnold_Harberger
List of terms created from a person's name
mathematician – Koch snowflake. Robert Koch, German physician – Koch's postulates Ludwig Ritter von Köchel, Austrian musicologist – Köchel catalogue, K-numbers
List_of_eponyms_(A–K)
American geophysicist (1935–2023)
on the further development of the plume theory of Tuzo Wilson, which postulates the existence of roughly cylindrical convective upwellings in the Earth's
W._Jason_Morgan
American economist (born 1940)
be explained by decreased incentives for work and production. Laffer's postulate was that the tax rate that maximizes revenue was at a much lower level
Arthur_Laffer
American archeologist (1867–1942)
artistic or architectural achievements he faced during his excavations. He postulated the Egyptian origins of the Kushite culture since they were considered
George_Andrew_Reisner
Season of American television series
d'Abo as Nicole Wallace Wayne Duvall as Unit Counselor Kurt Plumm Darrell Hammond as Leonard Timmons Neil Patrick Harris as John Tagman Mara Hobel as April
Law & Order: Criminal Intent season 4
Law_&_Order:_Criminal_Intent_season_4
Islamic philosopher and poet (1877–1938)
only officially embraced the goal of Pakistan in 1940. Some historians postulate that Jinnah always remained hopeful for an agreement with the Congress
Muhammad_Iqbal
American novelist and poet (born 1936)
introduction to Body of Glass. Body of Glass (He, She and It, 1991) itself postulates an environmentally ruined world dominated by sprawling mega-cities and
Marge_Piercy
Overview from 1868 to 1947
interpretations about Makiguchi's resistance to the government. Ramseyer postulated in 1965 that Makiguchi attracted the attention of the government's Special
Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan
Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan
Pre-Columbian Mayan city in Belize
Pre-Columbian or the 3,000 years old as postulated by F.A. Mitchell-Hedges. Additionally, many archaeologists postulate that most, if not all, of the skulls
Lubaantun
"So we don't have to assume these principles as separate metaphysical postulates. They follow from the fundamental theory. They are what we call emergent
List_of_agnostics
American geologist and astronomer (1928–1997)
entrepreneur and mining engineer who had discovered Meteor Crater in 1891, had postulated that it had been caused by the impact of a meteor. About the same time
Eugene_Merle_Shoemaker
Sound system of Spanish
phrase. The tap/trill alternation has prompted a number of authors to postulate a single underlying rhotic; the intervocalic contrast then results from
Spanish_phonology
British physician, eugenicist, writer and social reformer (1859–1939)
intermediate forms of sexuality". As in the Freudian tradition, Ellis postulated that a "too close attachment to the mother" may encourage eonism, but
Havelock_Ellis
American academic (1867–1941)
Nordic type (taking the name, but little else, from Deniker), which he postulated as a master race. It is in this light that Ripley's work on race is usually
William_Z._Ripley
travel, tourism, insurance
HAMMONDS POSTULATE
HAMMONDS POSTULATE
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HAMMONDS POSTULATE
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HAMMONDS POSTULATE
HAMMONDS POSTULATE
HAMMONDS POSTULATE
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