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U.S. film studio self-censorship rules (1930–1967)
as the Hays Code, after Will H. Hays, president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) from 1922 to 1945. The code spelled
Hays_Code
American politician (1879–1954)
Committee from 1918 to 1921, Hays managed the successful 1920 presidential campaign of Warren G. Harding. Harding then appointed Hays to his cabinet as his first
Will_H._Hays
American film era (1920s–1930s)
the Motion Picture Production Code censorship guidelines (popularly known as the Hays Code) in 1934. Although the Hays Code was adopted in 1930, oversight
Pre-Code_Hollywood
censorship agency, the Hays Code, which brought an end to nudity and risqué content in films produced by the main Hollywood studios. The Code was adopted in 1930
Nudity_in_film
1948 film by André de Toth
violated the Hays Code, as the adulterer was insufficiently punished. When director de Toth found out, he met with two senior Hays Code members, whom
Pitfall_(1948_film)
1934 film by William A. Wellman
Administration and passage of the Motion Picture Production Code, also known as Hays Code. The Hays Code was in use from 1934 until 1968 when it was abandoned
The_President_Vanishes_(film)
enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code (Hays Code) censorship guidelines. Although the Code was adopted in 1930, oversight was poor and it
List_of_pre-Code_films
1942 film directed by Sam Wood
film into conformity with the Hays Code. Screenwriter Casey Robinson believed the project was hopeless because of the Code. Producer Hal B. Wallis said
Kings_Row
Film genre popular before The Hays Code
appeared barely clothed. Hays became outraged at the steamy pictures circulating in newspapers around the country. The original Hays Code contained an often
Pre-Code_sex_films
American film rating system
the ESRB, respectively. In effect as of November 1968, following the Hays Code of the classical Hollywood cinema era, the MPA rating system is one of
Motion Picture Association film rating system
Motion_Picture_Association_film_rating_system
Western film subgenre
existed since the early 20th century but it was not until 1968, when the Hays Code restrictions were relaxed, that revisionism finally supplanted the traditional
Revisionist_Western
1962 film by Stanley Kubrick
the time of its U.S. publication. Owing to restrictions imposed by the Hays Code (1934–68), Kubrick and producer James B. Harris were compelled to tone
Lolita_(1962_film)
Implicit representation of LGBT characters
academic research involving queer theory or gender studies. In 1930, the Hays Code was established in the United States, which regulated the content of films
Queer_coding
1956 French romantic film by Roger Vadim
available prints of the film were heavily edited to conform with the Hays Code censorial standards.[citation needed] In 1999 filmmaker Peter Bogdanovich
And God Created Woman (1956 film)
And_God_Created_Woman_(1956_film)
Having a woman's torso exposed above the waist
elsewhere set up film censorship boards to censor films. In the 1930s, the Hays Code brought an end in Hollywood films to nudity in all its forms. To remain
Toplessness
Topics referred to by the same term
Fort Hays Hays Regional Airport Hays, Kentucky, an unincorporated community in Warren County Hays, Montana Hays, North Carolina Hays, Texas Hays County
Hays
Animation genre
In the United States, before the enforcement of the Hays Code, some cartoon shorts contained humor that was aimed at adult audience members rather than
Adult animation in the United States
Adult_animation_in_the_United_States
American actress (1905–1961)
"yellowface". One biographer believes that the choice was due to the Hays Code anti-miscegenation rules requiring the wife of a white actor, Paul Muni
Anna_May_Wong
Fictional disease caused by unrequited love
compared to historical storytelling norms, such as those codified by the Hays Code, which mandated tragic fates for queer characters. As such, Hanahaki endings
Hanahaki_disease
1970s. After 1934, the Hays Code gave filmmakers in the United States little leeway to release risky material, until the code was replaced by the Motion
History_of_animation
American actress (born 1931)
Mansfield, and 3 Nuts in Search of a Bolt (1964), a film which challenged the Hays Code. The same year, she appeared in the June 1964 Playboy magazine with nude
Mamie_Van_Doren
Animated cartoon character
toned down in the mid-1930s to appear more modest as a result of the Hays Code, causing her to be overshadowed in favor of other Fleischer series. Betty
Betty_Boop
Topics referred to by the same term
video games Code (audio standard), or ΧΟΔΕ, high-fidelity audio disc brand developed by T-Bone Burnett Motion Picture Production Code or Hays Code, the voluntary
Code_(disambiguation)
1946 US film noir by Howard Hawks
2013. Retrieved November 24, 2022. "The Motion Picture Production Code of 1930 (Hays Code)". Archived from the original on February 22, 2011. Retrieved October
The_Big_Sleep_(1946_film)
American trade organization
in the creation of the Motion Picture Production Code in 1930. This code, also known as the Hays Code, was replaced by a voluntary film rating system in
Motion_Picture_Association
1938 American film by Harry Revier
then–12-year-old Shirley Mills. The film bypassed the onscreen nudity ban under the Hays Code by being produced and distributed independently of the studio system,
Child_Bride
1931 American crime film
successful, its legacy was deeply hampered by the enforcement of the Hays Code. The film was remade by the studio twice, with its 1941 remake starring
The Maltese Falcon (1931 film)
The_Maltese_Falcon_(1931_film)
studios adopted a series of guidelines known as the "Hays Code", after its creator Will H. Hays. Hays was the head of the Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors
1930s_in_film
Film by Howard Hawks
the introduction of the Production Code in 1934, which enforced regulations on film content. However, the Hays Code, a more lenient precursor, called for
Scarface_(1932_film)
Topics referred to by the same term
William, Bill or Will Hays may refer to: William Hays (general) (1819–1875), American Civil War Union general William Hercules Hays (1820–1880), U.S. federal
William_Hays
Voluntary code to self-regulate the content of comic books in the United States
been modeled loosely after the 1940 Hollywood Production Code, also known as the "Hays Code". Before the CCA was adopted, some cities had already organized
Comics_Code_Authority
Film genre
was at least partly due to the limitations on the genre imposed by the Hays Code, which was abandoned in favor of the Motion Picture Association of America
Gangster_film
1934 film by Frank Capra
Picture Producers and Distributors of America began rigidly enforcing the Hays Code. It was the first of only three films to win the "Big Five" Academy Awards:
It_Happened_One_Night
1961 film by William Wyler
play was These Three directed by Wyler and released in 1936. Because the Hays Code, in effect at the time of the original film's production, would never
The_Children's_Hour_(film)
American journalist and film censor (1888–1965)
Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America who applied the Hays Code to film production. Breen was the youngest of three sons born to Mary
Joseph_Breen
1934 film noir directed by Chester Erskine
Midnight was one of the last Pre-Code films, having been released just four months before strict enforcement of the Hays Code on July 1, 1934. A woman named
Midnight_(1934_film)
Horror film subgenre
over films like this eventually led to the passage of the Hays Code in 1930. The Hays Code is one of the entertainment industry's earliest set of guidelines
Slasher_film
1933 film by Stephen Roberts
so indecent that it helped give rise to the strict enforcement of the Hays Code. Long unseen except in bootleg 16mm prints, The Story of Temple Drake
The_Story_of_Temple_Drake
1934 film by Isadore Freleng
originally released on June 30, 1934, a day before the Hays Code was enforced, making it the final pre-Code cartoon to be released by Warner Bros. Pictures.
Why_Do_I_Dream_Those_Dreams
Film genre popular before The Hays Code
production from the early sound era to the enforcement of the Hays Code in 1934 is denoted as Pre-Code Hollywood. The era contained violence and crime in pictures
Pre-Code_crime_films
Southern Gothic drama film by Elia Kazan
cut after filming was completed in order for the film to conform to the Hays Code and avoid condemnation by the National Legion of Decency. In 1993, after
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)
A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(1951_film)
1957 film by Jack Garfein
homoerotic themes – and at least one gay character – at a time when the Hays Code prohibited such expression. Cadet Staff Sergeant Jocko De Paris is a senior
The_Strange_One
1952 French film by Willy Rozier
film was able to be screened in the United States notwithstanding the Hays Code prohibition of exposure of the navel, as a foreign film. The film was
Manina, the Girl in the Bikini
Manina,_the_Girl_in_the_Bikini
Mamie Van Doren has been in 41 films, including four RKO films
blonde". These films, which would sometimes be risque, would challenge the Hays Code. In the 1960s, Van Doren starred in several independent B-movies due to
Mamie_Van_Doren_performances
1967 film by John Huston
the era. The film is often cited as an example of the weakening of the Hays Code due to its approval. Set at a U.S. Army post in the South in the late
Reflections in a Golden Eye (film)
Reflections_in_a_Golden_Eye_(film)
1933 film by Wesley Ruggles
censorship that dogged her screenplays after Hollywood began enforcing the Hays Code. Tira works as a burlesque dancer and occasional lion tamer in the sideshow
I'm_No_Angel
Film genre
films of the 1930s and 1940s. At the time, the Production Code, also known as the Hays Code, banned any explicit references to or attempts to justify
Comedy_of_remarriage
Award ceremony for films of 1968
G-rating prior to winning, the ratings system having replaced the old Hays Code on November 1, 1968 (though a number of Best Picture winners have received
41st_Academy_Awards
1944 American film by Billy Wilder
novella to the Hays Office and got an identical response as seven years earlier; Paramount then submitted a partial screenplay to the Hays Office. It was
Double_Indemnity
Informal film genre
Motion Picture Production Code – commonly known as the Hays Code – which imposed strict guidelines on film content. This code remained in effect until
Exploitation_film
Film genre that combines aspects of horror film and supernatural film
films used supernatural themes to code elements being censored by the Motion Picture Production Code (or the Hays Code). The Haunting featured a female
Supernatural_horror_film
American animation studio
Depression as well as German Expressionism. After the implementation of the Hays Code and a labor strike causing the studio to move to Miami, the studio's output
Fleischer_Studios
Film censorship in the United States Doherty, Thomas Patrick (1999). Pre-code Hollywood: sex, immorality, and insurrection in American cinema, 1930 - 1934
List of films banned in the United States
List_of_films_banned_in_the_United_States
Film genre
in the screwball comedy developed in response to the censorship of the Hays Code in the 1920s–1930s, the career woman comedy (such as George Stevens' Woman
Romantic_comedy
1960s–1980s American film movement
the traditional studio system and the Motion Picture Production Code (or the Hays Code), Hollywood studios initially used spectacle to retain profitability
New_Hollywood
controversial but has increased significantly in recent decades. The Hays Code banned the use of profanity outright, but the Motion Picture Association
List of films that most frequently use the word fuck
List_of_films_that_most_frequently_use_the_word_fuck
Defunct American moral pressure group
send their scripts to Hays's office, nor to follow his recommendations.[citation needed] In 1927, Hays oversaw the creation of a code of "Don'ts and Be Carefuls"
National_Legion_of_Decency
1931 American film by Benjamin Stoloff
Gene Towne, and directed by Benjamin Stoloff. It was made before the Hays Code was rigidly enforced. It is a remake of Howard Hawks' 1928 silent film
Goldie_(film)
1958 film by Richard Brooks
Paul Newman also stated his disappointment with the adaptation. The Hays Code limited Brick's portrayal of sexual desire from Skipper and diminished
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)
Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof_(1958_film)
1946 film by Tay Garnett
Production Code Administration (PCA), which reviewed movie scripts using the Motion Picture Production Code (commonly known as the Hays Code). Upon reviewing
The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film)
The_Postman_Always_Rings_Twice_(1946_film)
1934, the Production Code Administration (PCA) was implemented to enforce the Hays Code. Despite this, various films of the Hays code and PCA era can be
LGBTQ_themes_in_horror_films
Sapphist Hollywood clique (1910–1969)
club but a private, flexible network shaped by studio publicity, the Hays Code, and prevailing social mores. Sewing Circle is also the phrase used (by
Sewing_Circle_(Hollywood)
Fictional character
stardom and popularity to the point Bimbo and Koko were overshadowed. After Hays Code censorship rules began to strictly get enforced in 1934, Bimbo disappeared
Bimbo_(Fleischer_Studios)
1934 American comedy-drama film directed by Harry Lachman
Lachman and is one of the earliest Hays code Hollywood films (its MPAA certificate marks it as the third ever code-approved film). The screenplay by Philip
Baby_Take_a_Bow
due to the start of the cultural revolution and the abolition of the Hays Code (which had largely been abandoned at the start of the decade), films became
1960s_in_film
episodes of Tom & Jerry, under restrictive moral guidelines like the Hays Code with some arguing that animation has "always had a history of queerness"
LGBTQ themes in Western animation
LGBTQ_themes_in_Western_animation
City in Ellis County, Kansas
of the city was 21,116. Hays is home to Fort Hays State University. Before American settlement of the area, the site of Hays was located near where the
Hays,_Kansas
1951 film by Robert Rossen
Although the film features extensive footage of bullfighting activity, the Hays Code prohibited the inclusion of graphic depictions of the killing of the bulls
The_Brave_Bulls_(film)
Debate over romantic and sexual content in fanfiction
taboo, or sexual works, and to historical regulatory codes such as the Hays Code and Comics Code. Scholars have variously characterized the movement as
Shipping ethics controversy in fanfiction
Shipping_ethics_controversy_in_fanfiction
Covering nipples and areolas with one's hands or arms
nudity of the female form was accepted.[citation needed] In the 1930s, the Hays Code brought an end to nudity in all its forms, including toplessness, in Hollywood
Handbra
County in Texas, United States
to 2016, Hays County, third on the national list, had nearly 10,000 new residents during the year. The county is named for John Coffee Hays, a Texas Ranger
Hays_County,_Texas
American talk show host (1925–2007)
the first such kiss in a Hollywood film since the implementation of the Hays Code in 1934. Griffin also played minor roles in The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms
Merv_Griffin
1955 stage play by Tennessee Williams
censors and directors diminished the motion picture's authenticity. The Hays Code limited Brick's portrayal of sexual desire for Skipper and diminished
Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof
1933 erotic film directed by Gustav Machatý
1936, the US distributor of Ecstasy lobbied the Hays office for ten months to get the film the Hays Code seal of approval which would allow it a wide American
Ecstasy_(film)
particular was once popularly known as the Hays Code, but it and later revisions are now commonly called the Production Code. Depression economics and changing
Film censorship in the United States
Film_censorship_in_the_United_States
U.S. television censorship rules (1952–1983)
self-regulation is not likely to be successful in these contexts." Comics Code Authority Hays Code The "National Citizens Advisory Board for Radio and Television"
Television_Code
British actor (1873–1937)
World War I, he became a noted actor in theater and then subsequently in pre-code Hollywood. He is known mainly for his roles playing authority figures,[citation
Guy_Standing_(actor)
1932 pre-Code drama film
impossible in less than two years, when enforcement of the Hays Code became more stringent. Hays office was not pleased with the racier content in the film
Call_Her_Savage
Film by Damien Chazelle
a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio executive under Irving Thalberg. As the Hays Code goes into effect, executives order Manny to fire Fay, a Kinoscope title-writer
Babylon_(2022_film)
1949 British film directed by Robert Hamer
the film was released in the US in 1950, it was edited to satisfy the Hays Code. A new ending was added, showing Louis's memoirs being discovered before
Kind_Hearts_and_Coronets
Film genre
began to grow stronger towards the late 1960s. Hollywood's demise of the Hays Code standards would allow for further violent, risqué and gory films. As college
Crime_film
Area codes serving Austin, Texas, United States
include Bastrop, Burnet, Caldwell, Hays, Travis, Milam and Williamson. Area code 512 was one of the original area codes established in October 1947. At that
Area_codes_512_and_737
Suppression of speech and information
control of mass communications in the USSR and its European satellites Hays Code – U.S. film studio self-censorship rules (1930–1967) Imagocracy – Propaganda
Censorship
American actress
was later dissolved. Since she retired in 1926, her film roles were Pre-Hays Code; often she appeared semi-nude in see-through sheer clothing. Her first
Anna_Mae_Walthall
Sexual content in mainstream film
and in The French Line (1953), which was found objectionable under the Hays Code because of Russell's "breast shots in bathtub, cleavage and breast exposure"
Sexual_content_in_film
1935 film by James Whale
Frankenstein. Initial drafts of the screenplay were deemed unsuitable under the Hays Code because of the focus on excessive drinking. The novel's original title
Remember_Last_Night?
Homosexual woman or girl
1931's Mädchen in Uniform was thought unsuitable for the U.S. The 1930 Hays Code resulted in censoring of most references to homosexuality in American
Lesbian
Mythological creatures of Greek mythology
including blue, and were originally drawn bare-breasted, but applying the Hays code, the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America forced the animators
Centauride
1949 film by Carol Reed
including a shot of a near-topless dancer that would have violated the Hays Code. Both the Criterion Collection and StudioCanal DVD releases of the film
The_Third_Man
1955 romantic comedy film directed by Billy Wilder
Micah Nathan similarly criticized the moral restrictions imposed by the Hays Code and discussed the central theme of adultery in the context of Monroe's
The_Seven_Year_Itch
American actress (1910–1997)
and Joyce Compton, were risqué for their day, pre-dating the industry's Hays Code that largely forbade such shots after 1934. The footage from Annabelle's
Sally_Blane
1951 film by John Huston
an aspect of the book that was toned down in the film because of the Hays Code, which forbade any depiction of a pre-marital sexual relationship. Unlike
The_African_Queen
Fictional character
Rhoda in the 1956 film adaptation. The ending was revised to fit the Hays Code, which did not permit characters to get away with their crimes. In this
Rhoda_Penmark
Music in pornographic films
rise in film content censorship, at least in America. The stultifying Hays Code rendered most erotic films mute for decades, denying anything even vaguely
Music_in_pornography
1938 film by H. C. Potter
First-time screenwriter Salt had to adhere to the strict regulations of the Hays Code, which required him to dilute many of the sexually explicit elements of
The_Shopworn_Angel
Two-piece swimwear
of US states. The United States Motion Picture Production Code, also known as the Hays Code, enforced from 1934, allowed two-piece gowns but prohibited
Bikini
1872 novella by Sheridan Le Fanu
"The Universal Horror Classic 'Abigail' Is Based On Was Ruined by the Hays Code". Collider. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 17 March
Carmilla
1959 film
writing for The Guardian in 1967, called it "close to perfection". The Hays Production Code had been gradually weakening in its scope since the early 1950s,
Some_Like_It_Hot
2016 film directed by Joel and Ethan Coen
(October 27, 2016). "Hail, Caesar! Reveals the Most Important Job of the Hays Code Era of Filmmaking". Culled Culture. Retrieved September 28, 2022. Davis
Hail,_Caesar!
American novelist (1882–1945)
the more controversial portions of the novel adulterated to satisfy the Hays Code, the film starred Ann Sheridan, Robert Cummings, and Ronald Reagan as
Henry_Bellamann
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