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Type of quantum mechanics theory
In physics, a hidden-variable theory is a deterministic model which seeks to explain the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics by introducing additional
Hidden-variable_theory
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
the interpretation of quantum mechanics, a local hidden-variable theory is a hidden-variable theory that satisfies the principle of locality. These models
Local_hidden-variable_theory
Topics referred to by the same term
yet-unseen or unmeasurable factors Local hidden-variable theory, in quantum mechanics, a hidden-variable theory in which distant events are assumed to have
Hidden_variable
Theorem in physics
which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories, given some basic assumptions about the nature of measurement.
Bell's_theorem
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
deterministic. The de Broglie–Bohm theory is an example of a hidden-variables theory. Bohm originally hoped that hidden variables could provide a local, causal
De_Broglie–Bohm_theory
Ontological concepts for quantum theory
Before developing his implicit order approach, Bohm had proposed a hidden variable theory of quantum physics (see Bohm interpretation). According to Bohm
Implicate_and_explicate_order
Theorem constraining types of hidden-variable theories
1967. It places certain constraints on the permissible types of hidden-variable theories, which try to explain the predictions of quantum mechanics in a
Kochen–Specker_theorem
Historical critique of quantum mechanics
were not part of quantum theory, and speculated that it should be possible to construct a theory containing these hidden variables. Resolutions of the paradox
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox
Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen_paradox
Northern Irish physicist (1928–1990)
Bell's theorem, an important theorem in quantum physics regarding hidden-variable theories. In 2022, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Alain Aspect
John_Stewart_Bell
Class of theories in quantum mechanics
them, the assumptions of the theorem are no longer fulfilled. A hidden-variable theory which is superdeterministic can thus fulfill Bell's notion of local
Superdeterminism
Theorem pertaining to the ontology of quantum mechanics
predictions of quantum mechanics with local hidden variable theories and noncontextual hidden variable theories. Similarly, the PBR theorem could be said
Pusey–Barrett–Rudolph_theorem
Physics phenomenon
nonexistence of a local hidden-variable model, such as whether states can be distinguished by local measurements. Moreover, quantum field theory is often said to
Quantum_entanglement
Experiments to test Bell's theorem in quantum mechanics
the presence of some additional local variables (called "hidden" because they are not a feature of quantum theory) to explain the behavior of particles
Bell_test
Dutch physicist (1913–1991)
Measurement and Time Reversal in Objective Quantum Theory (1975) and Survey of Hidden Variable Theories (1973), both part of the Monographs in Natural Philosophy
Frederik_Belinfante
Testable implication of local hidden-variable theories
entanglement in quantum mechanics cannot be reproduced by local hidden-variable theories. Experimental verification of the inequality being violated is
CHSH_inequality
Epistemic model
The Spekkens toy model is a conceptually simple toy hidden-variable theory introduced by Robert Spekkens in 2004, to argue in favour of the epistemic view
Spekkens_toy_model
American-Brazilian-British scientist (1917–1992)
theory. He initially called his approach a hidden variable theory, but he later called it ontological theory, reflecting his view that a stochastic process
David_Bohm
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
to that question of "hidden variables" was "yes". By contrast, Max Jammer writes "Einstein never proposed a hidden variable theory." Einstein explored
Copenhagen_interpretation
Area of physical and philosophical debate
the usual uncertainty principle constraint. The theory is considered to be a hidden-variable theory, and by embracing non-locality it reproduces the
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Theorem in quantum mechanics
significant for the role it played in showing that wide classes of hidden-variable theories are inconsistent with quantum physics. Multiple variations have
Gleason's_theorem
Physical principle that only immediate surroundings can influence an object
field theory will respect causality. Cluster decomposition Counterfactual definiteness Einstein's thought experiments Local hidden-variable theory Non-locality
Principle_of_locality
Thought experiment in quantum mechanics
demonstrate how quantum mechanics cannot be explained using a local hidden variable theory. In this way Mermin's device is a pedagogical tool to introduce
Mermin's_device
Topics referred to by the same term
Vehicle, a type of commercial vehicle in the United Kingdom Local hidden-variable theory, a hypothetical manifestation of unknown classical physical parameters
LHV
Aspect of quantum measurement
discrimination between quantum mechanics and local realism or local hidden-variable theory. Quantum correlations give rise to various phenomena, including
Quantum_correlation
Statistical Markov model
In probability theory, a hidden Markov model (HMM) is a Markov model in which the observations are dependent on a latent (or hidden) Markov process (referred
Hidden_Markov_model
"Highly entangled" quantum state of 3 or more qubits
experiments that directly contradict predictions by every classical local hidden-variable theory. The state has applications in quantum computing. The four-particle
Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state
Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger_state
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
is not a complete theory, and that by adding more structure we could arrive at a universal description (the troubled hidden variables approach). Yet another
Relational_quantum_mechanics
Solvability theorem for finite systems of linear inequalities
necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a local hidden-variable theory, given data from any specific set of measurements. Generalizations
Farkas'_lemma
Swiss mathematician (1920–2011)
theory with a universal set, but he is most famous for the Kochen–Specker theorem in quantum mechanics, showing that certain types of hidden-variable
Ernst_Specker
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
decoherence interpretations, the Copenhagen interpretation, and hidden variable theories such as Bohmian mechanics. In the many-worlds interpretation, the
Many-worlds_interpretation
Series of public disputes between physicists Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein
local hidden variable theories, Bohm's theory was not ruled out. A 2007 experiment ruled out a large class of non-Bohmian non-local hidden variable theories
Bohr–Einstein_debates
Quantum states of two qubits
"agreement", called more formally a hidden variable. In his famous paper of 1964, John S. Bell showed by simple probability theory arguments that these correlations
Bell_state
Topics referred to by the same term
refer to: Havertys, an American furniture retailer Heavyweight Hidden-variable theory High-value target (also HVI, high-value individual) Housing Vermont
HVT
locality principle Bell's theorem Bell test loopholes CHSH inequality hidden variable theory path integral formulation, quantum action Bohm interpretation many-worlds
List of mathematical topics in quantum theory
List_of_mathematical_topics_in_quantum_theory
Concept in statistics
In statistics, latent variables (from Latin: present participle of lateo 'lie hidden'[citation needed]) are variables that can only be inferred indirectly
Latent and observable variables
Latent_and_observable_variables
1932 book by John von Neumann
0 {\displaystyle 0} ). Thus there still the possibility that a hidden variable theory could reproduce quantum mechanics statistically. However, Hermann's
Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Mathematical_Foundations_of_Quantum_Mechanics
Principle in quantum information theory
the standard view of quantum mechanics and rejecting Einstein's hidden variable theory. Furthermore, since electrons are easily detectable, the detection
No-communication_theorem
Truths and principles of the study of matter, space, time and energy
which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories given some basic assumptions about the nature of measurement. "Local"
Philosophy_of_physics
Branch of mathematics studying functions of a complex variable
Complex analysis, traditionally known as the theory of functions of a complex variable, is the branch of mathematical analysis that studies complex-valued
Complex_analysis
Theoretical upper limit to non-local correlations in quantum mechanics
violates Bell inequalities (i.e., it cannot be described by a local hidden-variable theory), a natural question to ask is how large can the violation be. The
Tsirelson's_bound
Context dependence in quantum measurements
revealing pre-existing values. Any attempt to do so in a realistic hidden-variable theory leads to values that are dependent upon the choice of the other
Quantum_contextuality
Concept in quantum mechanics
" says, "In 1964 Bell published a proof that any deterministic hidden variable theory that reproduces the quantum mechanical statistics must be nonlocal
Counterfactual_definiteness
Calculation rule in quantum mechanics
significant for the role it played in showing that wide classes of hidden-variable theories are inconsistent with quantum physics. Several other researchers
Born_rule
Topics referred to by the same term
(disambiguation) The Hidden Reality (book) 2011 physics book by Brian Greene Hidden sector (physics), the hidden part of the universe Hidden-variable theory (physics)
Hidden_universe
Deliberately simplistic scientific model
mechanics; the Spekkens model, a hidden-variable theory; the primon gas, which illustrates some connections between number theory and physics. Look up toy model
Toy_model
American physicist (1944–2012)
inequality, which distinguishes orthodox quantum mechanics from hidden variable theories. Following the proposal of Clauser, Horne, Shimony, and Holt, Freedman
Stuart_Freedman
German mathematician (1901–1984)
that there was no way to explain quantum mechanics in terms of a hidden variable theory. However, she published a critique of John von Neumann's 1932 proof
Grete_Hermann
Deviations from local realism
multipartite quantum system do not allow an interpretation with local hidden variables. Quantum nonlocality has been experimentally verified under a variety
Quantum_nonlocality
Idea that the universe is fundamentally computational or informational
Deterministic classical variants also fall within the class of local hidden-variable theories constrained by Bell's theorem and the experiments that test it
Digital_physics
Process by which a quantum system takes on a definitive state
group includes hidden-variable theories like de Broglie–Bohm theory; here random outcomes only result from unknown values of hidden variables. Results from
Wave_function_collapse
American physicist
note how the three-particle GHZ state demonstrates that no local hidden-variable theory can explain quantum correlations, and together with Asher Peres
N._David_Mermin
Entity not directly observable by humans
sense-faculties of man. Banach–Tarski paradox Empiricism Future Hidden-variable theory If a tree falls in a forest Logical positivism Object of the mind
Unobservable
the EPR paradox, Bell's theorem on the impossibility of local hidden variable theories, as quantified by Bell's inequality. Chapter 5 discusses unitary
Quantum Computing: A Gentle Introduction
Quantum_Computing:_A_Gentle_Introduction
Concept in physics
affect the outcome of experiments. In the words of Bell, "If [a hidden-variable theory] is local it will not agree with quantum mechanics, and if it agrees
Action_at_a_distance
Similar behavior of quantum systems to droplets bouncing on a fluid
is an example of a hidden variable theory, and all non-relativistic quantum mechanics can be accounted for in this theory. The theory was abandoned by de
Hydrodynamic_quantum_analogs
1993 physics textbook by Asher Peres
incompatible with local hidden-variable theories. (Within its substantial discussion of the failure of hidden variable theories, the book includes a FORTRAN
Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods
Quantum_Theory:_Concepts_and_Methods
Statistical model relating manifest and latent variables
A latent variable model is a statistical model that relates a set of observable variables (also called manifest variables or indicators) to a set of latent
Latent_variable_model
British theoretical physicist (born 1965)
in hidden-variables theories, Physics Letters A, vol. 297, no. 5-6, 20 May 2002, p. 273-278 online from arxiv.org Antony Valentini: Hidden Variables, Statistical
Antony_Valentini
John Archibald Wheeler about quantum information. "Bohm-like" (hidden variable) theories as a whole are a "minority view" as compared to Copenhagen-type
Minority interpretations of quantum mechanics
Minority_interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Theory of logic to account for observations from quantum theory
sprung up, either hoping that quantum logic would provide a viable hidden-variable theory, or obviate the need for one. Their work proved fruitless, and now
Quantum_logic
Quantum physics theorem on causality
and Landsman regarding hidden-variable theories: "There has been a similar tension between the idea that the hidden variables (in the pertinent causal
Free_will_theorem
Chinese quantum research satellite
foundations of quantum mechanics. Bell's theorem says that no local hidden-variable theory can ever reproduce the predictions of quantum physics, and QUESS
Quantum Experiments at Space Scale
Quantum_Experiments_at_Space_Scale
American physicist
quantum potential term or stochastic terms, and to hidden variable theories. PVLAS Quantum Theory as an Emergent Phenomenon: The Statistical Mechanics
Stephen_L._Adler
Quantum mechanical state change
ISSN 0031-9007. Clauser, John F. (1969). "Proposed Experiment to Test Local Hidden-Variable Theories". Physical Review Letters. 23 (15): 880–884. Bibcode:1969PhRvL
Spontaneous_emission
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
quantum theory provides. A collection of results, most significantly Bell's theorem, have demonstrated that broad classes of such hidden-variable theories are
Quantum_mechanics
American physicist (born 1942)
Clauser, John F. (April 3, 1972). "Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories". Physical Review Letters. 28 (14): 938-941. Bibcode:1972PhRvL
John_Clauser
Facts provided or learned about something or someone
Bell's theorem, determinists reconciled with this behavior using hidden variable theories, which argued that the information necessary to predict the future
Information
Non-mathematical introduction
these experiments are incompatible with any local hidden variable theory. The idea of quantum field theory began in the late 1920s with British physicist
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics
Interaction of a quantum system with a classical observer
theory can provide? A collection of results, most significantly Bell's theorem, have demonstrated that broad classes of such hidden-variable theories
Measurement in quantum mechanics
Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics
Apparent lack of pattern or predictability in events
only the probabilities. Hidden variable theories reject the view that nature contains irreducible randomness: such theories posit that in the processes
Randomness
Physicist
the success of the Copenhagen interpretation over hidden-variable theories or the de Broglie–Bohm theory (causal interpretation of quantum mechanics). Since
James_T._Cushing
American mathematician (1932–2014)
Probability Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08473-4. LCCN 87003160. OCLC 15591889. Physics portal mathematics portal Hidden variable theory
Edward_Nelson
Mathematical game of resource allocation
Shimony and Holt in the context of the hidden variable theory, and later became a prototype example in quantum game theory. The 'game' was also used as a test
Kolkata Paise Restaurant Problem
Kolkata_Paise_Restaurant_Problem
American mathematician and educator (1921–2008)
of hidden variable theories for quantum mechanics, strengthening a previous argument of John von Neumann. Von Neumann had claimed to show that hidden variable
Andrew_M._Gleason
American physicist and philosopher
Shimony; R.A. Holt (1969), "Proposed experiment to test local hidden-variable theories", Phys. Rev. Lett., 23 (15): 880–4, Bibcode:1969PhRvL..23..880C
Abner_Shimony
Israeli physicist
approaches. Among its substantial discussion of the failure of hidden variable theories, the book includes a FORTRAN program for testing whether a list
Asher_Peres
Canadian philosopher
correlations, the success of which suggests a route toward an acausal hidden-variable theory underlying quantum mechanics. Weinstein, Steven (2012). "Patterns
Steven Weinstein (philosopher)
Steven_Weinstein_(philosopher)
Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957)
out hidden variable theories. The validity of Bub's argument is, in turn, disputed. Gleason's theorem of 1957 provided an argument against hidden variables
John_von_Neumann
French physicist (born 1947)
experimental demonstrations that quantum mechanics invalidates separable hidden-variable theories and the first to demonstrate experimentally the wave–particle duality
Alain_Aspect
binary variables ask players to locate the hidden objects based on a set of clue cells and their neighbors marked as variables (unknowns). A variable with
Board puzzles with algebra of binary variables
Board_puzzles_with_algebra_of_binary_variables
Investigations by Albert Einstein
Stewart Bell proved his Bell's theorem that would allow to test local hidden-variable theory. Conclusive experimental evidence was obtained in 1982 with Aspect's
Einstein's unsuccessful investigations
Einstein's_unsuccessful_investigations
American quantum physicist (1943–2019)
hidden variable theories. In: Physical Review Letters. Band 23, 1969, S. 880. with J. Clauser: Experimental consequences of objective local theories.
Michael_Horne_(physicist)
Philosophical concept
S. Bell was able to define a theoretical test for these local hidden variable theories, which was reformulated as a workable experimental test through
Indeterminism
Dutch theoretical physicist
argued that such a theory could avoid the usual Bell inequality arguments that would disallow such a local hidden-variable theory. In 2016 he published
Gerard_'t_Hooft
Statement that is taken to be true
the Hidden variable case. The experiment was conducted first by Alain Aspect in the early 1980s, and the result excluded the simple hidden variable approach
Axiom
Indian philosopher, scientist and environmentalist
"Hidden Variables and Locality in Quantum Theory" in which she discussed the mathematical and philosophical implications of hidden variable theories that
Vandana_Shiva
Branch of knowledge concerned with building intuition for quantum theory
can observe correlations which cannot be explained with any local hidden variable theory. Whether this should be regarded as proving that the physical world
Quantum_foundations
Mathematical formalism describing knowledge of the world as patterns
commonplace. Formulate prior distributions for hidden variables and models for the observed variables that form the vertices of a Gibbs-like graph. Study
Pattern_theory
American theoretical physicist (born 1955)
early 1980s on a series of proposals for hidden variables theories, which would be non-local deterministic theories which would give a precise description
Lee_Smolin
Quantum mechanics principle
(reduced Planck constant) times a half-integer (1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc.). In the theory of quantum mechanics, fermions are described by antisymmetric states. In
Pauli_exclusion_principle
Fact that observing a situation changes it
self-adjoint operator that represents the possible results of a random variable. Observer (special relativity) Dirac, P.A.M. (1967). The Principles of
Observer_effect_(physics)
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
open the possibility that this dice game is replaced by a hidden variable theory, as in the theory of Brownian motion. The remainder of this article deals
Stochastic_quantum_mechanics
Measure of dependence between two variables
probability theory and information theory, the mutual information (MI) of two random variables is a measure of the mutual dependence between the two variables. More
Mutual_information
Relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation
field theory, the spinor field ψ ( x ) {\displaystyle \psi (x)} is an anti-commuting Grassmann-valued field that only acts as an integration variable. The
Dirac_equation
density of states Local hidden-variable theory Local Lorentz covariance Local oxidation nanolithography Local quantum field theory Local reference frame
Index_of_physics_articles_(L)
Branch of statistics
causal inference analyzes the response of an effect variable when a cause of the effect variable is changed. The study of why things occur is called etiology
Causal_inference
Mathematical structures that allow quantum mechanics to be explained
incomplete, which motivated research into so-called hidden-variable theories. The issue of hidden variables has become in part an experimental issue with the
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics
English theoretical physicist
hydrodynamics, quantum field theory, symmetries, hidden-variables theories, quantum back-reaction, quantum Hamilton-Jacobi theory, classical-like quantum systems
Peter_R._Holland
Objective collapse theory in quantum mechanics
feature that the GRW theory shares with the standard Interpretations of quantum mechanics, and distinguishes it from hidden variable theories, like the de Broglie–Bohm
Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber_theory
Experimentally violated inequality of correlations of entangled particles
inequality Leggett–Garg inequality Leggett, A. J. (2003). "Nonlocal Hidden-Variable Theories and Quantum Mechanics: An Incompatibility Theorem". Foundations
Leggett_inequality
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HIDDEN VARIABLE-THEORY
HIDDEN VARIABLE-THEORY
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HIDDEN VARIABLE-THEORY
HIDDEN VARIABLE-THEORY
HIDDEN VARIABLE-THEORY
HIDDEN VARIABLE-THEORY
HIDDEN VARIABLE-THEORY
HIDDEN VARIABLE-THEORY
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