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Explosion of superheated ground water converting to steam
Hydrothermal explosions occur when superheated water trapped below the surface of the Earth rapidly converts from liquid to steam, violently disrupting
Hydrothermal_explosion
Circulation of water driven by heat exchange
parts of hydrothermal circulation systems. Understanding volcanic and magma-related hydrothermal circulation means studying hydrothermal explosions, geysers
Hydrothermal_circulation
Activity resulting from underground heat
variations in the amount of rainfall and the level of the water table. Hydrothermal explosions occur when a mass of superheated water is unable to reach the surface
Geothermal_activity
Volcanic caldera in the United States
the last known magmatic eruption about 70,000 years ago. Large hydrothermal explosions also occurred during the Holocene. The volcanic field remains active
Yellowstone_Caldera
Type of crater
huge explosion in 1949, in which an ammunition depot exploded due to unknown causes and large parts of the town were destroyed. Hydrothermal explosion, caused
Explosion_crater
Volcanic eruption caused by an explosion of steam
eruptions Phreatic – Term used in several scientific disciplines Hydrothermal explosion – Explosion of superheated ground water converting to steam Steam cannon –
Phreatic_eruption
National park in the western United States
Most recently, in July 2024, a hydrothermal explosion occurred in Biscuit Basin. A Biscuit Basin hydrothermal explosion was a small volcanic event that
Yellowstone_National_Park
Volcanic mountain on the island of Honshu, Japan
eruption was phreatic—caused by groundwater flashing to steam in a hydrothermal explosion—and there were no significant earthquakes that might have warned
Mount_Ontake
Fatal volcanic eruption in Honshu, Japan
phreatic eruption—caused by ground water flashing to steam in a hydrothermal explosion. The mountain is a popular tourist attraction for hikers, being
2014_Mount_Ontake_eruption
Terrestrial hydrothermal system of Danakil Depression in northeastern Ethiopia
Dallol is a terrestrial hydrothermal system around a cinder cone volcano in the Danakil Depression, northeast of the Erta Ale Range in Ethiopia. It is
Dallol_(hydrothermal_system)
1908 air burst explosion in Siberia, Russia
The Tunguska event was the explosion of between 3 and 50 megatons TNT equivalent in the Russian Empire's Yeniseysk Governorate, near the Podkamennaya
Tunguska_event
Geyser basins and other geothermal features in Yellowstone National Park
are also within the boundaries of Upper Geyser Basin. In 2024, a hydrothermal explosion occurred at the Black Diamond Pool in Biscuit Basin, damaging the
Geothermal areas of Yellowstone
Geothermal_areas_of_Yellowstone
Active stratovolcano in Luzon, Philippines
produced a plume. The agency later confirmed it was a phreatic explosion produced by hydrothermal fluids near the surface, rather than a magmatic eruption.
Mount_Pinatubo
Island volcano in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty
hydrothermal explosions, similar to those occurring in the Western sub-crater today, are regarded to have formed these three bays as hydrothermal explosion
Whakaari_/_White_Island
Volcano in Batangas, Philippines
dense pumice, lithic clasts composed of lavas, old ignimbrites, and hydrothermally altered clasts alongside accretionary lapilli throughout two beds. The
Taal_Volcano
Life arising from non-living matter
by a naturally occurring proton gradient near a deep-sea white smoker hydrothermal vent; or, life may have originated inside the continental crust or in
Abiogenesis
Topics referred to by the same term
Limnic eruption, of dissolved carbon dioxide from a body of water hydrothermal explosion, of underground water, especially Geyser eruption Solar eruption
Eruption_(disambiguation)
Natural explosive eruption of hot water
produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater Hydrothermal explosion – Explosion of superheated ground water converting to steam Ice volcano –
Geyser
Complex volcano in the Cascade Range
155. Nichols et al. 2011, p. 122. Bacon & Wright 2017, p. 19. "Hydrothermal Explosion Hazards at Crater Lake". Cascades Volcano Observatory. United States
Mount_Mazama
Apex chert rocks from the same Australian craton region, and in 3.42 Ga hydrothermal vent precipitates from Barberton, South Africa. Much later in the geologic
Earliest_known_life_forms
Lake in Park County, Wyoming
muddy water. The lake is believed to have formed in the crater of a hydrothermal explosion some time around 1300 BC, which created a 4,200 by 5,000 by 100 ft
Turbid_Lake
Poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge
The second stanza describes a mysterious canyon (lines 12–16). A hydrothermal explosion erupted from the canyon (lines 17–19), throwing rubble into the
Kubla_Khan
Volcanic caldera in New Zealand
extends up to 15 km (9.3 mi) to the east. In April 2005, a large hydrothermal explosion occurred near a cow paddock within the Taupō-Reporoa Basin, destroying
Reporoa_Caldera
Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. "The 1914 Sakurajima explosion at Volcanoworld". Archived from the original on 16 June 2008. Retrieved
List of volcanic eruptions 1500–2000
List_of_volcanic_eruptions_1500–2000
Crater formed by permafrost gas release
for the accumulation of overpressure driving explosions. Arctic methane emissions Hydrothermal explosion Talik – Permanently-thawed zone amid a permafrost
Gas_emission_crater
Geologic Feature
Hydrothermal mineral deposits are accumulations of valuable minerals which formed from hot waters circulating in Earth's crust through fractures. They
Hydrothermal_mineral_deposit
Rural settlement in Waikato Region, New Zealand
rhyolitic lava domes and the active Reporoa geothermal field. Several hydrothermal explosions have occurred in the area, with a large one being recorded in 1948
Reporoa
Volcano in Iceland
significant hydrothermal explosions in the lake bed. Similar water floods or eruptions may have occurred since the mid-17th century. A hydrothermal eruption
Kverkfjöll
Volcano on the island of Flores in Indonesia
until it erupts into an explosion of steam. The two later eruptions, 1938 and 1968, have been defined as hydrothermal explosions. Background activities
Kelimutu
Rural settlement in Bay of Plenty Region, New Zealand
fumaroles, hydrothermal explosion craters, hot barren and altered ground and mudpools. Its heat flow is 120 MW (160,000 hp). The hydrothermal products are
Tikitere
Style of reaction between magma and seawater
characteristically unsteady, with phases of rapid repeated short, violent explosions separated by more quiescent phases dominated by steam generation and condensation
Surtseyan_eruption
2005-09-07. Poland, Michael (13 January 2025). "1,173 earthquakes, 2 hydrothermal explosions, 6 Steamboat eruptions: Yellowstone's 2024 in review". Idaho Capital
Vent_Geyser
Submarine volcano in Tonga
provided important insights into the geology, chemistry, and biology of hydrothermal vents, as well as the dynamics of submarine volcanic systems. The eruption
West_Mata
Retired US Navy officer and professor of oceanography (born 1942)
Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, who saved its crew. Ballard discovered hydrothermal vents, undersea volcanic features that emit plumes of hot, nutrient-laden
Robert_Ballard
Volcanic mountain in Iran
can reach diameters of 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). The occurrence of hydrothermal explosions has been inferred from the presence of breccia made up by volcanic
Taftan_(volcano)
Type of volcanic eruption in which lava is violently expelled
clathrate hydrates making contact with warm rising magma could produce an explosion that breaks through the surface, resulting in explosive cryovolcanism
Explosive_eruption
Type of volcanic eruption
Vulcanian Submarine Phreatomagmatic Subglacial Surtseyan Phreatic Phreatic Hydrothermal Other classifications Effusive Explosive Flank Lateral Limnic Subaerial
Flank_eruption
Life that does not originate on Earth
to be the origin of life on Earth. Examples include life surrounding hydrothermal vents, acidic hot springs, and volcanic lakes, as well as halophiles
Extraterrestrial_life
Volcano in Jujuy Province, Argentina
the waters are salty. Pits interpreted as having formed during hydrothermal explosions are also found. The springs are mostly found where the terrain
Tocomar
Biological kingdom
animals account for 2 gigatons. Some benthic animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on the dark sea floor consume organic matter produced
Animal
Geology of a U.S. national park in California
on the northwest flanks of Lassen Peak. The hottest and most vigorous hydrothermal features in the Lassen volcanic area are at Bumpass Hell, which marks
Geology of the Lassen volcanic area
Geology_of_the_Lassen_volcanic_area
Gases given off by active volcanoes
shift toward more reducing conditions. At the surface expression of such hydrothermal systems, low-temperature volcanic gases (<400 °C) are either emanating
Volcanic_gas
Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water, and gases
geophysical results reveal that it is a sediment-hosted[clarification needed] hydrothermal system connected at depth with the neighboring Arjuno-Welirang volcanic
Mud_volcano
Active volcano in California, United States
and one of the hottest hydrothermal fumaroles in the world. Because of their acidic conditions and heat, none of these hydrothermal bodies are safe for bathing
Lassen_Peak
Large body of salt water
organic material falling to the ocean floor. Others cluster round deep sea hydrothermal vents where mineral-rich flows of water emerge from the seabed, supporting
Sea
Volcanic eruption involving both steam and magma
introduction of meltwater to the volcanic system results in a phreatomagmatic explosion. Grímsvötn is host to an active geothermal system and is prone to phreatomagmatic
Phreatomagmatic_eruption
National park in Hawaii, United States
Overlook. The explosion did not release any lava, which suggests to scientists that it was driven by hydrothermal or gas sources. This explosion event followed
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
Hawaiʻi_Volcanoes_National_Park
Economically recoverable concentrations of uranium within the Earth's crust
thorium and potassium, and may in turn create internal pegmatites or hydrothermal systems into which uranium may dissolve. While it was previously assumed
Uranium_ore
Records of Earth's development
back as 4.4 Ga, surviving the possible Late Heavy Bombardment period in hydrothermal vents below Earth's surface. Earth's only natural satellite, the Moon
History_of_Earth
Active submarine volcano in the Aegean Sea near Santorini
below the sea surface, is marked in its northeast area by a field of hydrothermal vents and covered by a thick bacterial community, the 2006 NOAA expedition
Kolumbo
Carbon-oxygen gas
dioxide is also introduced into the oceans through hydrothermal vents. The Champagne hydrothermal vent, found at the Northwest Eifuku volcano in the Mariana
Carbon_dioxide
Largest verified impact structure on Earth
Trowbridge, A.; Koeberl, C. (2024). "Impact-Generated Permeability and Hydrothermal Circulation at the Vredefort Impact Structure, South Africa". Earth and
Vredefort_impact_structure
Volcano in the Philippines
on the same day. PHIVOLCS determined the cause of the eruptions to be hydrothermal activity beneath the volcano. People were advised not to enter the 4 km
Mount_Bulusan
Overview of and topical guide to life forms
cryptofilum – These archaea have only been found in high temperature hydrothermal environments, particularly hot springs Lokiarchaeota Methanogens Nanoarchaeota
Outline_of_life_forms
Volcano in the U.S. state of Alaska
to nearby Kliuchef. Fumaroles and hydrothermal vents regularly steam from both peaks. A short-lived steam explosion occurred from the summit crater lake
Korovin_Volcano
the oldest forms of life in the form of fossilized microorganisms in hydrothermal vent precipitates from the Nuvvuagittuq Belt, that may have lived as
History_of_life
Natural hazard
intrusions, structural discontinuities, high lava accumulation rates and hydrothermal alteration. Slope failures of volcanic edifices produce a wide spectrum
Volcanic_tsunami
Worldwide glaciation episodes during the Proterozoic eon
radiations of multicellular bioforms known as the Avalon and Cambrian explosions; the most recent Snowball episode may have triggered the evolution of
Snowball_Earth
Volcanic eruption with dense ash clouds
used all over the world. Mercalli described Vulcanian eruptions as "...Explosions like cannon fire at irregular intervals..." Their explosive nature is
Vulcanian_eruption
Scientific projections regarding the far future
that do not depend on living plants, such as termites, or those near hydrothermal vents, such as worms of the genus Riftia. The only life left on the Earth
Timeline_of_the_far_future
Volcano in Costa Rica
Guanacaste, where regional fault systems feed an extensive geothermal and hydrothermal network surrounding the basin. Arenal has several eruptive vents. Chato
Arenal_Volcano
theory is that they formed at intersections of fractures. In these areas, hydrothermal solutions forced their way to the surface. However, there are some breccia
Breccia_pipe
Radioactive isotope of caesium
temperature, as in the case of the Chernobyl nuclear accident and with nuclear explosions, and can travel very long distances in the air. After being deposited
Caesium-137
Active submarine volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands
around 60 seamounts can be found in the arc; more than 20 of them have hydrothermal venting, and 6 of them have had a recorded eruption. During the 2014
Ahyi_Seamount
Liquid and/or gas trapped within a crystal
of sedimentary rocks, in gangue minerals such as quartz or calcite in hydrothermal circulation deposits, in fossil amber, and in deep ice cores from the
Fluid_inclusion
Clastic rocks composed solely or primarily of volcanic materials
the passage of hot gases (fumarolic alteration) or groundwater (e.g. hydrothermal alteration and diagenesis) and burial, or if it is emplaced at temperatures
Pyroclastic_rock
Iron (II) disulfide mineral
product of contact metamorphism. It also forms as a high-temperature hydrothermal mineral, though it occasionally forms at lower temperatures. Pyrite occurs
Pyrite
Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
mechanical weaknesses within lava domes provided by buried high-porosity hydrothermal alteration zones". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 3202. Bibcode:2022NatSR
Lava_dome
Earth history, 1.8 to 0.8 billion years ago
maintained by lower levels of hydrogen (H2) and H2S output by deep sea hydrothermal vents which otherwise would have been chemically reduced by the oxygen
Boring_Billion
Volcanic region in Iceland
interpret as a buried caldera, combined with the well-known, vigorous hydrothermal system above it—that an embryonic central magma chamber may already exist
Krýsuvík_(volcanic_system)
Type of volcanic eruption with relatively mild explosive intensity or spattering
flow regime in the conduit, producing stronger and much more frequent explosions. Violent Strombolian eruptions are more explosive in nature than their
Strombolian_eruption
Rupture in a planet's crust where material escapes
often causes volcanic vents to form steep pillars on the ocean floor. Hydrothermal vents are common near these volcanoes, and some support peculiar ecosystems
Volcano
Marine bacteria and marine archaea
was reported in the form of fossilized microorganisms discovered in hydrothermal vent precipitates that may have lived as early as 4.28 billion years
Marine_prokaryotes
characterized by gas-driven explosions that propel magma and tephra. The latter pour out lava without significant explosion. Volcanic eruptions vary widely
Volcanic_eruption
Comparison of a large range of energies
(14 April 2026). "Discovery of stromatolite formation in post-impact hydrothermal lacustrine environments and its implications for early Earth". Communications
Orders_of_magnitude_(energy)
History of Earth 4600–539 million years ago
Crispin T. S. (2 March 2017). "Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates". Nature. 543 (7643): 60–64. Bibcode:2017Natur.543
Precambrian
External skeleton of an organism
discovered modern gastropod Chrysomallon squamiferum that lives near deep-sea hydrothermal vents illustrates the influence of both ancient and modern local chemical
Exoskeleton
Volcanic eruption in New Zealand
were on the island at the time. Twenty-two people died, either in the explosion or from injuries sustained, including two whose bodies were never found
2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption
2019_Whakaari_/_White_Island_eruption
Underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt
oceans and seas are known to have erupted during the last 11,700 years. Hydrothermal vents, sites of abundant biological activity, are commonly found near
Submarine_volcano
Geological formation in British Columbia, Canada
breccias within the central conduit that have been intensely altered by hydrothermal solutions, resulting in the rocks being bright yellow and ochre-weathered
Edziza_Formation
2010 landslide in British Columbia, Canada
existence of steep slopes in poor quality rock (reflecting such factors as hydrothermal alteration and heterogeneity of volcanic products). In this geological
2010_Mount_Meager_landslide
Portuguese fluid dynamicist
porous precipitate structures, such as chemical gardens and submarine hydrothermal vents. She is on the International Advisory Panel of the journal Chemical
Silvana_Cardoso
City in the Mexican state of Aguascalientes
city and the state) are known by the whimsical demonym hidrocálidos or "hydrothermal" people. As of 2010, the city of Aguascalientes proper had a population
Aguascalientes_(city)
released during the hydrothermal pre-treatment process is collected and reused in downstream evaporation processes. Throughout the hydrothermal pretreatment
Inbicon
Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber
deposits. Metal-rich fluids can circulate through the caldera, forming hydrothermal ore deposits of metals such as lead, silver, gold, mercury, lithium,
Caldera
Extremely small diamonds used for their thermal, mechanical and optoelectronic properties
remove sp2 carbons and metal impurities. Other than explosions, methods of production include hydrothermal synthesis, ion bombardment, laser heating, microwave
Nanodiamond
Layered iron-rich sedimentary rock
freely into the deposition basin. Plausible sources of iron include hydrothermal vents along mid-ocean ridges, windblown dust, rivers, glacial ice, and
Banded_iron_formation
Submarine volcano in New Zealand's Kermadec Islands
flanks of the volcano are covered with pumice and volcanic rocks, and hydrothermal venting occurs inside the caldera. The caldera appears to have formed
James_Healy_Seamount
Phenomenon where interior material reaches the surface of an astronomical body
Ceres Geology of Mercury Geology of Pluto Geyser Glaciovolcanism Hotspot Hydrothermal vent Igneous rock Intraplate volcanism Lava planet Magma ocean Magmatism
Volcanism
magma is driven by the rapid release of pressure, often involving the explosion of gas previously dissolved within the material. The most famous and destructive
List of largest volcanic eruptions
List_of_largest_volcanic_eruptions
Mass movement that occurs at volcanoes
pressure on shallow magmatic and hydrothermal systems, which can generate explosions ranging from a small steam explosion to large steam and magma-driven
Volcanic_landslide
Large flooded coastal volcanic caldera in Japan
Hatepe eruption. Rare minerals exist on Kagoshima Bay's seabed with hydrothermal vents including volcanic chimneys. The minerals include stibnite, realgar
Aira_Caldera
Form of petroleum primarily used in road construction
Triangle deposit, for example, is roughly 6% bitumen. Bitumen may occur in hydrothermal veins. An example of this is within the Uinta Basin of Utah, in the US
Bitumen
Volcanic eruption in New Zealand
demonstrated signs of instability as a hydrothermal system for decades following its formation, with small hydrothermal eruptions common in the various craters
1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
1886_eruption_of_Mount_Tarawera
Viruses found in marine environments
to more precisely elucidate these influences. Viruses are part of the hydrothermal vent microbial community and their influence on the microbial ecology
Marine_viruses
Organisms that live in salt water
prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) in the Archean oceans around the deep sea hydrothermal vents, before photoautotrophs appeared and allowed the microbial mats
Marine_life
Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)
levels at mid-depths can occur near mid-ocean ridges and hydrothermal vents. The hydrothermal vents release dMn enriched fluid into the water. The dMn
Manganese
Stratovolcano in Luzon, Philippines
an explosion that lasted for 10 minutes. No volcanic earthquakes nor other visible signs of abnormal activity were observed before the explosion. Mayon
Mayon
Effusive volcanic eruption
respiratory ailments. In 2018, 23 people on a tour boat were injured by a steam explosion and lava bombs at a lava ocean entry. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory "Volcano
Hawaiian_eruption
Long-term future of planet Earth
asteroids and the possibility of a near-Earth supernova—a massive stellar explosion within a 100-light-year (31-parsec) radius of the Sun. Other large-scale
Future_of_Earth
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HYDROTHERMAL EXPLOSION
HYDROTHERMAL EXPLOSION
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HYDROTHERMAL EXPLOSION
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HYDROTHERMAL EXPLOSION
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