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Algal communities in sea ice, lake ice or terrestrial glacier ice
Ice algae are any of the various types of algal communities found in annual and multi-year sea, and terrestrial lake ice or glacier ice. On sea ice in
Ice_algae
Species of krill
of ice algae from the underside of pack ice. Krill have developed special rows of rake-like setae at the tips of their thoracopods, and graze the ice in
Antarctic_krill
Topics referred to by the same term
species of algae Ice algae, algae that live in sea ice AlgaeBase, a database of algae Algae Lake, lake in Antarctica Algos National Algae Association
Algae_(disambiguation)
Group of alpine and polar freshwater algae
algae reduces snow and ice albedo, which can stimulate the melting of perennial snow and ice and exacerbate the effects of climate change. Snow algae
Snow_algae
Positive feedback climate process
growth, such as snow algae on glaciers and ice algae on sea ice can also cause a snow darkening effect. Melting caused by algae increases the presence
Ice–albedo_feedback
Ecology of ice and snow
lawn of ice algae from the underside of the pack ice. The Arctic sea ice and its related biota are unique, and the year-round persistence of the ice has allowed
Sympagic_ecology
under the ice is the starting signal – the ice algal spring bloom. The increasing day length triggers the growth of nutritious ice-algae. The ice slowly
Climate_of_Svalbard
Diverse group of photosynthetic organisms
Algae (/ˈældʒiː/ AL-jee, UK also /ˈælɡiː/ AL-ghee; sing.: alga /ˈælɡə/ ) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic organisms. It excludes
Algae
Outcome of seawater as it freezes
including bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. These sympagic organisms form the base of food webs. Ice algae, in particular, are a critical
Sea_ice
Organism capable of growing and reproducing in the cold
−16 °C (3 °F). Microalgae that live in snow and ice include green, brown, and red algae. Snow algae species such as Chloromonas sp., Chlamydomonas sp
Psychrophile
Species of crustacean
glacialis can follow multiple strategies. When found in ice-covered areas, it uses the ice algae bloom to fuel reproduction. This is consistent with a strategy
Calanus_glacialis
Oceanic division
Ocean, the primary production of photosynthesizing organisms such as ice algae and phytoplankton is limited to the spring and summer months (March/April
Arctic_Ocean
Red coloration effect caused by algae
also called snow algae, pink snow, red snow, or blood snow, is a phenomenon caused by Chlamydomonas nivalis, a species of green algae containing a secondary
Watermelon_snow
Aquatic, unicellular protists with two flagella
Dinoflagellida. Botanists treated them as a division of algae, named Pyrrophyta or Pyrrhophyta ("fire algae"; Greek pyrr(h)os, fire) after the bioluminescent
Dinoflagellate
Population explosion of organisms that can kill marine life
A harmful algal bloom (HAB), or excessive algae growth, sometimes called a red tide in marine environments, is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts
Harmful_algal_bloom
American applied mathematician
how the physics of sea ice affects the life it hosts, but in how the presence of life impacts sea ice. For example, sea ice algae secrete exopolymeric substances
Kenneth_M._Golden
Arctic research camp
eutrophication experiments, long-range atmospheric transport and photosynthesis of ice algae. Other topics included detailed bathymetric and topographic surveys, and
Saqvaqjuac
Volcano on Ross Island, Antarctica
thin overlying ice, the light may reach even deeper and is sufficient to sustain an ecosystem of flora and fauna consisting of moss, algae, arthropods and
Mount_Erebus
Norwegian scientist
000 times. Some key publications include: Ice algae contributions to the benthos during a time of sea ice change: a review a supply, coupling, and fate
Marit_Reigstad
Sea of the northern Pacific Ocean off the coast of Alaska and Russia
influence of melting sea ice, the ice itself also provides an attachment substrate for the growth of algae as well as interstitial ice algae. Some evidence suggests
Bering_Sea
Class of polyunsaturated fatty acids
in algae and fish. Marine algae and phytoplankton are primary sources of omega−3 fatty acids. DHA and EPA accumulate in fish that eat these algae. Common
Omega−3_fatty_acid
Spread of planktonic algae in water
An algal bloom or algae bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in fresh water or marine water systems. It may be a benign
Algal_bloom
Area of unfrozen sea within an ice pack
polynya bloom. While algal communities are often found under sea ice, as evidenced by ice algae, the rate of phytoplankton growth is substantially higher in
Polynya
Marine consumer-resource system
extent of sea ice in the Arctic leads to declines in the abundance of ice algae, which thrive in nutrient-rich pockets in the ice. These algae are eaten by
Marine_food_web
Study of the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors in the arctic
lakes, bringing nutrients to those parts of the ice in contact with the water. In the Arctic Ocean, ice algae accounts for close to half of the primary production
Arctic_ecology
Disease condition of seaweed
pathogens. Some treatments have been investigated to cure these ice-ice infections, the green algae Caulerpa racemosa seems to inhibit the action of the most
Ice-ice
American oceanographer
studied phytoplankton and other algae to determine how they are able to survive in the absence of light under the polar ice. The expedition and Fong's research
Allison_Fong
Emissions, impacts and response of Norway related to climate change
several species are dependent on sea ice. For example, ice algae that grow in and under the ice, seals that need sea ice to give birth to their young, polar
Climate_change_in_Norway
Frozen water; the solid state of water
When sea water freezes, the ice is riddled with brine-filled channels which sustain sympagic organisms such as bacteria, algae, copepods and annelids. In
Ice
Vast body of ice in Greenland, Northern Hemisphere
and algae altogether grew by 12% between 2000 and 2012. In 2020, it was demonstrated that the presence of algae, which is not accounted for by ice sheet
Greenland_ice_sheet
Species of fish
Arctic cod prey. Climate models predict that ice algae populations will increase because of decreases in ice thickness, allowing more light for primary
Boreogadus
Marginal sea between Greenland and Baffin Island, Canada
by whalers of the 18–19th centuries. The North Water provides air to ice algae and zooplankton and is characterized by abundant fauna. Of about 20,000
Baffin_Bay
Oil derived from the tissues of oily fish
Okolodkov, Y. B. (1998). "Lipids and fatty acids in ice algae and phytoplankton from the Marginal Ice Zone in the Barents Sea". Polar Biology. 20 (1): 41–47
Fish_oil
Kingdom of organisms
green algae. Historically, as in Aristotle's biology, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi
Plant
Marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean
starts with phytoplankton and epontic algae (single-cell algae associated with the lower interface of sea ice), which provide energy to zooplankton,
Beaufort_Sea
Nature reserve in Canada
barriers. Sea ice provides habitat for ice-adapted organisms within the neritic and pelagic zones of the area, most notably ice algae. In addition, seabed
Tuvaijuittuq Marine Protected Area
Tuvaijuittuq_Marine_Protected_Area
American oceanographer
Colwellia demingiae Frost flower (sea ice) Deming, Jody. "Linking trapped high salt concentrations with later ice algae production". UW School of Oceanography
Jody_Deming
Groups of microorganisms living within and at the interfaces of sea ice
conditions found in the Arctic and Antarctic. Sea ice algae contribute 10%–28% of the total primary production in ice-covered regions of the Antarctic. Bacteria
Sea_ice_microbial_communities
Private college in Tamil Nadu, India
December 2014. Prasad, R. (24 July 2013). "Indian's UAV to survey Arctic ice algae". The Hindu. Retrieved 12 December 2014. Rajalakshmi Engineering College
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
Rajalakshmi_Engineering_College
Macroscopic marine algae
macroalgae, refers to thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae. The term includes some types of Rhodophyta (red), Phaeophyta (brown) and
Seaweed
Melting or otherwise disintegrating ice on open water
the polymers may provide a stabilizing effect to the ice. However, other scientists have found algae and other microorganisms produce pigments or help create
Rotten_ice
Icebreaker of the US Coast Guard
micro zooplankton populations, as well as assessing phytoplankton, sea ice algae, nitrogen, and sediment. Additionally Oceanographer Evelyn Lessard co-led
USCGC_Healy
Genus of algae
green algae belonging to the family Mesotaeniaceae. This genus is known to include psychrophilic species found on surfaces of glaciers and ice sheets
Ancylonema
Second period of the Neoproterozoic Era, with major glaciation
that new groups of life evolved during this period, including red algae, green algae, stramenopiles, ciliates, dinoflagellates, and testate amoeba. The
Cryogenian
BBC nature documentary series
them eat the abundant krill (which in turn feed on phytoplankton and ice-algae). Humpback whales are shown catching krill through sophisticated co-operation:
Life_in_the_Freezer
Thickening agent used in microbiology and food
of red algae (phylum Rhodophyta) primarily from the Gracilaria genus (Irish moss, ogonori) and the Gelidiaceae family (tengusa). These algae are known
Agar
Aquaculture involving the farming of algae
is a form of aquaculture involving the farming of species of algae. The majority of algae that are intentionally cultivated fall into the category of microalgae
Algaculture
Aquatic organism that feeds on planktonic food
producers. As sea ice recedes, there is less valuable surface area for algae to grow on the bottom of the ice. This lack of algae inhibits krill (a partial
Planktivore
Impacts of climate change on Antarctica
(133 species), ice algae, and liverworts (27 species) are mainly found in coastal areas. In the Antarctic Peninsula, green snow algae have a combined
Climate_change_in_Antarctica
2025 Arctic expedition
that ice algae were almost completely absent in the waters between Greenland and Svalbard. This absence was also observed in and under the ice floes
CONTRASTS_Expedition
Species of alga
Chlamydomonas nivalis, commonly known as snow algae, also referred to as Chloromonas typhlos, is a unicellular red-coloured photosynthetic green alga
Chlamydomonas_nivalis
Body of water in Queen Mary Land, Antarctica
in the ice-free Bunger Hills of Antarctica. It was first mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and named "Algae Inlet"
Algae_Lake
Storm surge Harmful algal bloom Blue green algae Red tide High seas Sneaker wave High tides King tide Ice shove Rogue wave Seiche Swell (ocean) Tidal
List of severe weather phenomena
List_of_severe_weather_phenomena
Genus of annelid worms
secrete some chemical which can melt ice by lowering its freezing point, like an antifreeze. They feed on snow algae. The genus contains 77 species. They
Ice_worm
Genus of bivalves
mostly microscopic algae, are trapped in mucus and transported to the mouth by cilia. There is a seasonal increase in microscopic ice algae which become available
Antarctic_scallop
Red-colored seep of saltwater flowing from Taylor Glacier in Antarctica
color to red algae, but later it was proven to be due to iron oxides. Poorly soluble hydrous ferric oxides are deposited at the surface of ice after the
Blood_Falls
Tethered underwater mobile device operated by a remote crew
Wegener Institute use ROVs for Arctic and Antarctic surveys of sea ice, including measuring ice draft, light transmittance, sediments, oxygen, nitrate, seawater
Remotely operated underwater vehicle
Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle
Part of Antarctica that lies within the Eastern Hemisphere
permanently covered by ice and it has relatively low biodiversity, with only a small number of species of terrestrial plants, animals, algae, and lichens. The
East_Antarctica
Island country in the Atlantic Ocean
1949 in Kirkjubæjarklaustur; it was measured at 25.2 m (83 ft) in 2013. Algae including Chondrus crispus, Phyllphora truncata, Phyllophora crispa, and
Iceland
Species of bear native to the Arctic
large and allow the bear to walk on ice and paddle in the water. Polar bears are both terrestrial and pagophilic (ice-living) and are considered marine
Polar_bear
Term in geology and botany
Rindi, Fabio; Casamatta, Dale (2007). "The Systematics of Subaerial Algae". Algae and Cyanobacteria in Extreme Environments. Cellular Origin, Life in
Subaerial
2015 Arctic research expedition
Feiyue; Granskog, Mats A. (2017). "Windows in Arctic sea ice: Light transmission and ice algae in a refrozen lead". Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
N-ICE2015_expedition
sea ice can expose plastic that was otherwise trapped in the ice, which can lead to zooplankton mistaking small plastic fragments for sea-ice algae. Macroplastic
Plastic pollution in Antarctica
Plastic_pollution_in_Antarctica
Farming of aquatic seaweed
belong to one of several groups of multicellular algae: the red algae, green algae, and brown algae. Seaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the
Seaweed_farming
Preference or dependence on water ice
Antarctic oceans, large populations of zooplankton, algae and small fish live directly under sea ice. Access to enhanced foraging opportunities is a plausible
Pagophily
Species of fish
The ice goby (Leucopsarion petersii) is a species of goby in the subfamily Gobionellinae, and the only member of the monotypic genus Leucopsarion. It
Ice_goby
Species of annelid worm
Ice worms can still find plenty of algae in the firn layer, the layer of packed snow in transition to ice. In glacial ponds or small streams, ice worms
Mesenchytraeus_solifugus
Species of red algae
Kappaphycus alvarezii, the elkhorn sea moss, is a species of red algae. The elkhorn sea moss varies in size, weight, and age. It is a dark greenish-brown
Kappaphycus_alvarezii
Earth's southernmost continent
dormant microorganisms. When the ice begins to melt, brine pockets expand and can combine to form brine channels, and the algae inside the pockets can reawaken
Antarctica
Oasis in Antarctica
by numerous melt ponds and are nearly bisected by an east-west trending Algae Lake (also known as Lake Figurnoye). Mapped from air photos taken by the
Bunger_Hills
Waste treatment pond
loading rates. Algae can provide surface oxygen during daylight hours, but algal respiration can require additional oxygen during darkness. Ice or scum mats
Facultative_lagoon
Green pigments found in plants, algae and bacteria
related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words χλωρός (khloros, "pale
Chlorophyll
Large formation of floating ice
yellow, black, striped, or even rainbow-colored. Seawater, algae and lack of air bubbles in the ice can create diverse colors. Sediment can create the dirty
Iceberg
Sea ice loss in recent decades in the Arctic Ocean
the polymers may provide a stabilizing effect to the ice. However, other scientists have found algae and other microorganisms help create a substance, cryoconite
Arctic_sea_ice_decline
Species of sea urchin
keeping ice chunks out of ice cream. It escaped when the industry failed. For years, the state used a marine vacuum pump to remove the algae, at one time
Tripneustes_gratilla
found to contain viable micromycete and bacterial cells. Algae is present in almost all ice-free areas and occurs in soils, as epiphytes on mosses, in
Antarctic_microorganism
Beverage in Tamil Nadu, South India
thanda as captain or rower of a boat, referring to the customary use of sea algae gelatin in the drink. The core preparation uses a blend of milk (full fat
Jigarthanda_(drink)
Outcrop of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of stony coral skeletons
degradation. Algae inhabit a large percentage of surveyed coral locations. The algal population consists of turf algae, coralline algae and macro algae. Some
Coral_reef
Marine synthesis of organic compounds
production is generated by a diverse collection of marine microorganisms called algae and cyanobacteria. Together these form the principal primary producers at
Marine_primary_production
fuels do not originate from dinosaur fossils. Petroleum is formed when algae and zooplankton die and sink in anoxic conditions to be buried on the ocean
List of common misconceptions about science, technology, and mathematics
List_of_common_misconceptions_about_science,_technology,_and_mathematics
Species of edible alga
or carrageenan moss (Irish carraigín, "little rock")—is a species of red algae which grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic coasts of Europe
Chondrus_crispus
Group of lakes in North America
detergents were historically a major source of nutrient to the Great Lakes algae blooms in particular in the warmer and shallower portions of the system
Great_Lakes
Antarctic wildlife
day length increases and sea ice retreats, before lowering in number during the winter. Other algae live in or on the sea ice, often on its underside, or
Wildlife_of_Antarctica
One of the Great Lakes in North America
ongoing concern for decades, with issues such as overfishing, pollution, algae blooms, aquatic invasive species, and eutrophication generating headlines
Lake_Erie
Autotrophic members of the plankton ecosystem
Aquaculture involving the farming of algae AlgaeBase – Species database Algal bloom – Spread of planktonic algae in water Bacterioplankton – Bacterial
Phytoplankton
Underwater areas highly dense with kelp
normal population regulation and result in the overgrazing of kelp and other algae. This can rapidly result in transitions to barren landscapes where relatively
Kelp_forest
(emphasizing Obama's middle name to imply he is Muslim) where the water contained algae, and another labeled "Trump" where the water was photoshopped to appear
False or misleading statements by Donald Trump (second term)
False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump_(second_term)
Genus of algae
genus of green algae in the order Prasiolales. Members of this genus are found in freshwater plankton, but some are also found on snow and ice. The genus
Koliella
2000 film by Antony Hoffman
twenty years humankind has been terraforming Mars as its new home by sending algae to its surface. When oxygen levels begin decreasing, Mars-1 is sent to investigate
Red_Planet_(film)
Freshwater rift lake in Russia
Instead of vascular plants, aquatic flora is often dominated by several green algae species, notably Draparnaldioides, Tetraspora, and Ulothrix in water shallower
Lake_Baikal
Territory of Antarctica in Queen Maud Land, first explored by Nazi Germany in 1938/39
exposed to the sun. In the central area of New Swabia, simple filamentous algae (Prasiola and Ulothrix) and lichens have been found alongside cyanobacteria
New_Swabia
Ongoing heatwaves throughout the European Union and surrounding countries
limited visiting hours. Clam fishers on the Po River estuary reported macro algae growth, which they had to clean off their nets, a blue crab infestation
2026_European_heatwaves
Organism that consists of more than one cell
symbiomycotan fungi, brown algae, red algae, green algae, and land plants. It evolved repeatedly for Chloroplastida (green algae and land plants), once for
Multicellular_organism
reed canary-grass Phalaris truncata Pharus latifolius Phippsia algida, ice grass Phleum alpinum Phleum montanum Phragmites australis, common reed Phragmites
List_of_least_concern_plants
January 11, 2026. Madarang, Charisma (January 12, 2026). "Jon Stewart on ICE Killing of Renee Good, Venezuela: 'What the F-ck Is Happening in This Country
List of The Daily Show episodes (2026)
List_of_The_Daily_Show_episodes_(2026)
red-brown shade, and spruce produced red, and berries, lichen, moss and algae also provided colours. Greenlandic Inuit created Ammassalik wooden maps
Inuit_navigation
(2026) . Zhao et al. (2026) link the displacement of green eukaryotic algae by phytoplankton groups whose plastids are derived from rhodophytes as the
2026_in_paleontology
Dark biogenic surface dust on snow and ice
and thus provide a niche for cold-adapted microorganisms like bacteria, algae and animals like rotifers. Cryoconite typically settles and concentrates
Cryoconite
Ice shelf in the Arctic Ocean
the entire Canadian Arctic Ice Shelf ecosystem as a habitat for cold tolerant microbial life; algae that sit on top of the ice shelf and photosynthesize
Markham_Ice_Shelf
Japanese dessert
made of small cubes of agar jelly, a white translucent jelly made from red algae. The agar is dissolved with water (or fruit juice such as apple juice) to
Anmitsu
ICE ALGAE
ICE ALGAE
Girl/Female
Tamil
Himanshi | ஹிமாஂஷீÂ
Ice
Himanshi | ஹிமாஂஷீÂ
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
Ice
Female
Irish
Irish Gaelic name SLÃINE means "health."
Female
Scottish
Scottish form of Irish Gaelic Sláine, SLÀINE means "health."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a Norman and Old French personal name, Ace, Asse, from Germanic (Frankish) Azzo, Atso, a pet form of personal names containing adal ‘noble’ as a first element.Possibly an Americanized form of German Atz, which has the same origin as 1.
Female
Turkish
Turkish name ECE means "queen."
Female
Swedish
Danish and Swedish form of Icelandic Iða, IDE means "industrious."
Female
Irish
Irish Gaelic form of Greek Maria, MÃIRE means "obstinacy, rebelliousness" or "their rebellion."
Surname or Lastname
Americanized spelling of German Beiss(e), a variant of Beitz 2.English
Americanized spelling of German Beiss(e), a variant of Beitz 2.English : perhaps a variant of Biss. Compare Beese, Bise, Buys, Byce.Hungarian : nickname for someone with a limp or a peculiar gait, from bice ‘limp’.
Male
French
 Variant form of Norman French Asce, ACE means "noble at birth." Compare with another form of Ace.
Male
Irish
Irish name derived from the Gaelic element dáire, DÃIRE means "fertile, fruitful."
Boy/Male
British, English
Ice
Male
English
 English byname transferred to forename use, ACE means "number one." Compare with another form of Ace.
Girl/Female
Indian
Ice
Female
Italian
Pet form of Italian Beatrice, BICE means "voyager (through life)."
Girl/Female
Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Ice
Male
English
Pet form of English Isaac, IKE means "he will laugh."
Female
French
Feminine form of French Clément, CLEMÉNCE means "gentle and merciful."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English dyse, dyce ‘die’, ‘dice’, ‘chance’, ‘luck’, probably applied as a nickname for an habitual dice player or gambler or as a metonymic occupational name for a maker of dice. Compare Deas.Possibly also an Americanized spelling of German Deiss.
Girl/Female
Indian
Ice
ICE ALGAE
ICE ALGAE
Male
Egyptian
, a priest of King Neferakara.
Surname or Lastname
Danish and Norwegian
Danish and Norwegian : habitational name from Ågård ‘farm by the stream’.French : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements agi(n) ‘edge (of a sword)’ + hard ‘hardy’, ‘bold’.Respelling of Hungarian Agárdi, a habitational name for someone from any of various places called Agárd, from the vocabulary word agár ‘hound’.English : possibly a variant of Agar.
Male
Icelandic
Icelandic form of Old Norse VÃðarr, VIÃAR means "forest warrior."
Girl/Female
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Telugu
A River
Girl/Female
Tamil
Whiten, Peace
Female
English
Pet form of English Nichole, NIKKI means "victor of the people."
Girl/Female
Biblical
Old friendship.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Everett.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Victory to the light
Female
Welsh
Variant spelling of Old Welsh Eiluned, ELUNED means "idol, image."
ICE ALGAE
ICE ALGAE
ICE ALGAE
ICE ALGAE
ICE ALGAE
superl.
Done or made with careful labor; suited to excite admiration on account of exactness; evidencing great skill; exact; fine; finished; as, nice proportions, nice workmanship, a nice application; exactly or fastidiously discriminated; requiring close discrimination; as, a nice point of law, a nice distinction in philosophy.
a.
Spangled with ice.
imp. & p. p.
of Ice
a.
Loaded with ice.
n.
Water or other fluid frozen or reduced to the solid state by cold; frozen water. It is a white or transparent colorless substance, crystalline, brittle, and viscoidal. Its specific gravity (0.92, that of water at 4¡ C. being 1.0) being less than that of water, ice floats.
v. i.
To play games with dice.
a.
Covered with ice; chilled with ice; as, iced water.
a.
Composed of ice.
a.
Pertaining to, consisting of or resembling, ice; icy.
superl.
Pleasing; agreeable; gratifying; delightful; good; as, a nice party; a nice excursion; a nice person; a nice day; a nice sauce, etc.
v. t.
To hold or squeeze with a vice, or as if with a vice.
superl.
Pertaining to, resembling, or abounding in, ice; cold; frosty.
a.
Covered with something resembling ice, as sugar icing; frosted; as, iced cake.
n.
The number six at dice.
v. t.
To cover with ice; to convert into ice, or into something resembling ice.
n.
Any substance having the appearance of ice; as, camphor ice.
v. t.
To chill or cool, as with ice; to freeze.