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Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning
Ijtihad (/ˌɪdʒtəˈhɑːd/ IJ-tə-HAHD; Arabic: اجتهاد ijtihād [ʔidʒ.tihaːd], lit. 'physical effort' or 'mental effort') is an Islamic legal term referring
Ijtihad
Islamic law
for deriving rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ijtihad, a concept adopted by Shiism in much later periods meaning mental effort
Sharia
scriptures (the Quran) and other texts (the Hadith), a process called ijtihad.[page needed] This reinterpreting can vary from minor to fundamental, including
Liberalism and progressivism within Islam
Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam
Highest clerical rank in Usuli Twelver Shia Islam
has acquired the license to engage in ijtihad (ʾijāz al-ʾijtihād) from one or several ayatollahs. However ijtihad is not always comprehensive and so a
Marja'
Ijtihad-class patrol boat lead ship
KDB Ijtihad (17) is the lead ship of the Ijtihad-class patrol boats. The vessel is in active service in the Royal Brunei Navy (RBN). A total of four Ijtihad-class
KDB_Ijtihad
Canadian educator (born 1968)
Qur'an's influence. He also argues that Manji promotes ijtihad while overlooking that "ijtihad is a sword that cuts both ways." Al-Shawaf also laments
Irshad_Manji
Fundamentalist movement within Sunni Islam
perform Ijtihad on legal questions and condemned Taqleed of Mujtahids. This stance pitted them against the Ottoman Sufi ulema who shunned Ijtihad and obligated
Wahhabism
Usul al-fiqh Principles underpinning Islamic law
(madhahib). This interpretive apparatus is brought together under the rubric of ijtihad, which refers to a jurist's exertion in an attempt to arrive at a ruling
Principles of Islamic jurisprudence
Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence
Shia sect of Islam
the Twelvers. Nizari teachings emphasise pluralism, social justice and ijtihad (a term referring to the practise of independent reasoning by experts in
Nizari_Isma'ilism
10th century Islamic legal scholar
reach the level of ijtihad, but with little exception ascribe to the legal opinions of al-Shafi'i. before reaching the level of ijtihad El Shamsy, Ahmed
Ibn_al-Mundhir
Expert in Islamic jurisprudence
prophet Muhammad). Sharia is expanded and developed by interpretation (ijtihad) of the Quran and sunnah by Islamic jurists (ulama) and implemented by
Faqīh
Islamic jurisprudence
companions). Fiqh expands and develops sharia through interpretation (ijtihad) of the Quran and sunnah by Islamic jurists (ulama) and is implemented
Fiqh
Branch of Shia Islam
founder of Shia Ijtihad, was the first to establish the bases of reasoning in Shia Jurisprudence. His book al-Mabsut is the first book of Ijtihad which derives
Twelver_Shi'ism
Former empire (c. 1299–1922)
Presiding over Islamic courts was a Qadi, or judge. Since the closing of the ijtihad, or 'Gate of Interpretation', Qadis throughout the Ottoman Empire focused
Ottoman_Empire
Nonbinding legal opinion in Islamic law
rulings directly from the scriptural sources through independent reasoning (ijtihad), evaluating the reliability of hadith and applying or even developing
Fatwa
2010 Brunei navy ship class
The Ijtihad class consists of four fast patrol boats built by Lürssen Werft in Germany, and delivered to Brunei Darussalam in 2009. They patrol the coast
Ijtihad-class_patrol_boat
Abrahamic monotheistic religion
of an individual interpreting law with independent reasoning is called ijtihad. Those who interpret shariah are known as muftis and their legal opinions
Islam
Pre-eminent legal school in Shia Islam
from the predominant madhhabs of Sunni jurisprudence in its reliance on ijtihad, as well as on matters of inheritance, religious taxes, commerce, personal
Ja'fari_school
Hanafi school of Islamic law (late 19th century)
the other hand, Ijtihad is also widely recognized as an important means of adapting Islamic law to new contexts and challenges. Ijtihad involves independent
Deobandi_fiqh
Muslim legal scholars
Prophet (aṣ-ṣaḥābah), which gave more leeway to independent reasoning (ijtihad) within the boundaries of the rules of qiyās. The Hanafis hold that strict
Ulama
Islamic legal schools of law
particular madhhab which varies from region to region, but also believe that ijtihad must be exercised by the contemporary scholars capable of doing so. Most
Madhhab
contains rational proofs (al-adella al-aqliya). Akhund Khurasani says that Ijtihad is a process in which jurist “exerts his full capacity in order to arrive
Kifayat_al-Usul
School in Twelver Shia Islam
Islam in opposition to the minority Akhbarism. The Usulis favor the use of ijtihad (reasoning) in the creation of new rules of jurisprudence; in assessing
Usulism
Iranian scholar and mystic (1866–1947)
travelled to Najaf to continue his higher studies and to attain the status of Ijtihad. In Najaf, he studied under Muhammad Kazem Khorasani ( Akhoond Khorasani)
Ali_Tabatabaei
Iranian Shi'a jurist and political activist (1839–1911)
Akhund Khurasani wrote the following books: Akhund Khurasani says that Ijtihad is a process in which jurist "exerts his full capacity in order to arrive
Muhammad_Kazim_Khurasani
The Ijtihadi family (or Khandān-e-Ijtihād) is sub-branch of the Naqvis. The family uses last name "Naqvi" to denote that they are descendants of the Islamic
Ijtihadi_family
Sahabi of Islamic Prophet Muhammad
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Tamim_al-Dari
Sources of Islamic Law
circumstances. Akhbari Ja'faris rely more on scriptural sources and reject ijtihad. According to Momen, despite considerable differences in the principles
Sources_of_Sharia
Supreme Leader of Iran since 2026
mujtahid, a scholar qualified to perform independent legal reasoning (ijtihad) in Islamic law. Khamenei first joined the Islamic Revolutionary Guards
Mojtaba_Khamenei
Scholar of Islam
work challenging the notion of the so-called "the closing of the gate of ijtihad," a narrative that was for long accepted in the field as paradigmatic.
Wael_Hallaq
religious taxes, such as zakat and khums. List of deceased maraji Marja Ijtihad Ayatollah List of ayatollahs List of hujjatul Islams Pike, John. "Twelvers
List_of_current_maraji
Indian historian of science
Syed Irfan Habib (born 1953) is an Indian historian of science and public intellectual. He was the former Abul Kalam Azad Chair at the National Institute
S._Irfan_Habib
Islamic legal term for juristic discretion
the principles of legal thought underlying scholarly interpretation or ijtihad. A number of disputes existed amongst the classical jurists over this principle
Istihsan
Iranian Shia scholar (1799–1864)
Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Morteza Ansari Shushtari (1799–1864; Persian: مرتضی انصاری شوشتری; Arabic: مرتضی الأنصاري التستري, romanized: Murtadha al-Ansari
Morteza_Ansari
regards to Islamic law and the personal practice of Islamic spirituality. Ijtihad is the questioning of traditional interpretations of sharia in the light
Inclusive_Mosque_Initiative
Descendant from the family of Muhammad
on Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) Fiqh Ijazah Ijma Ijtihad Ikhtilaf Istihlal Istihsan Istishab Madhhab Madrasah Maslaha Qiyas Taqlid
Sharif
Muslim scholar (1706–1791)
situation, whether or not it is specifically addressed in Quran or Hadith (see Ijtihad). Traditionally these intellectual principles were analysed through the
Muhammad_Baqir_Behbahani
Following the teaching of an Islamic scholar rather than reasoning independently
imitation". This refers to the perceived stagnation of independent effort (ijtihad) and uncritical imitation of traditional religious interpretation by the
Taqlid
Islamic scholar
need, and in the last years of his life, he wrote the book, al-Nass wa l-ijtihad. Sharaf al-Din died in 1957 in Lebanon. He is buried near the Imam Ali
Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi
Abd_al-Husayn_Sharaf_al-Din_al-Musawi
Canadian scholar and professor of Islamic law
book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) "Al-Ijtihād al-maqāṣidī: Ru'yā Manẓūmiyyah (Ijtihad via Maqasid: A Systems Approach)". Al-Muslim Al-Muʿāṣir
Jasser_Auda
First mandatory prayer of the day in Islam
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Fajr
Islamic jurist qualified to issue a nonbinding opinion on a point of Islamic law
rulings directly from the scriptural sources through independent reasoning (ijtihad), evaluating the reliability of hadith and applying or even developing
Mufti
Overview of the marital life of Fatima, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Marital_life_of_Fatima
Approach to Sunni Islamic Law
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Wasatism
Book by Assia Djebar
equally pious and righteous individuals to opposing actions. Assia Djebar's ijtihad, her new insight, makes the formative words of Islam breathe fresh air
Far_from_Medina
Shi'a seminary
(AMI). Founded in 1993 by Shaykh Arif Abdulhussain, who received ijāza of ijtihād from Ayatollah Hussain Amini and Ayatollah Professor Sayyid Mostafa Mohaghegh
Hawza
Iraqi Shiite cleric
closeness to Allah. He stressed that each school of thought has its own Ijtihad (interpretation of Hadith), but such diversity should not create hostility
Ahmed_Al-Waeli
Saudi Arabian Islamic scholar, jurist, and eponym of Islam (1703–1792)
and study the Quran. He opposed blind taqlid and called for the use of ijtihad (independent legal reasoning through research of scripture). Being given
Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab
Lebanese cleric (1935–2010)
Mourning of Muharram Intercession Occultation Wilayat al-Faqih Usul al-fiqh Ijtihad Taqlid Irfan Practices Salat Sawm Hajj Zakat Khums Jihad Amr bi-l maʿrūf
Mohammad_Hussein_Fadlallah
Close friends or disciples of Muhammad
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Companions_of_the_Prophet
perform ijtihad based on the narrations, and only gathered them as a primary source. Mahdavi Rad M, Mosallaeipur A, Fahimi Tabar H., "Exertion (Ijtihad) in
Tafsir_Noor_al-Thaqalayn
Sunni Islamic organisation in India
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK Sunnis)
Samastha_Kerala_Jem-iyyathul_Ulama_(EK_Sunnis)
7th-century Arab girl, descendant of Muhammad
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Sakina_bint_Husayn
Innovation in religious matters in Islam
attempts at ijtihad" (creative reasoning in legal decisions) "came to be condemned as bidah", because the doctrine that the "gates of Ijtihad" were closed
Bid'ah
Salafi reformist scholar and theologian (1865–1935)
that supported the continuity of ijtihad, Riḍā employed its doctrine into practice. He defined the application of ijtihad strictly in terms of "pure adherence
Rashid_Rida
Syrian Hanafi Jurist
current urf in fatwas, is the use of ijtihad (individual interpretation or exertion of effort). The use of ijtihad was said to have been ended amongst
Ibn_Abidin
Annual Islamic tradition
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Disavowal of polytheists in Hajj
Disavowal_of_polytheists_in_Hajj
Religious leadership in Islamic social circles
Islamic scriptures. These were traditionally Muftis who used interpretation (ijtihad) to clarify Islamic law, but in many modern secular contexts, Islamic law
Islamic_religious_leaders
Prophet of Islam
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Daniel_in_Islam
First ambassador of Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Uthman_ibn_Sa'id_al-Asadi
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Symbols_of_Islam
Qur'anic term
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Illiyin
Companion of Muhammad (died 623)
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
As'ad_ibn_Zurara
Islamic scholar (1181–1262)
generation. He was described by Al-Dhahabi as someone who attained the rank of ijtihad, with asceticism and piety and the command of virtue and forbidding of
Izz_al-Din_ibn_'Abd_al-Salam
Strand of Sunni Islam
picture of traditionalists, who cling to the ''closing of the gates of Ijtihad (opining)'', neo-traditionalists do not deny the need for and wisdom of
Islamic_neo-traditionalism
Arabic term for reform
al-Salih). Islahi ulema oppose taqlid, strongly argue for the necessity of ijtihad and are often referred to as salafis. The word is opposite to the word
Islah
Indian academic (born 1966)
[citation needed] He maintains two websites which archive his articles: Ijtihad and Glocaleye. Khan writes for the On Faith Forum for the Washington Post
M._A._Muqtedar_Khan
British Islamic scholar (born 1963)
www.akramnadwi.com Religious life Religion Islam Jurisprudence Hanafi, Ijtihad Movement Nadwi-Deobandi Muslim leader Teacher Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi
Akram_Nadwi
Concept of wisdom in Islamic philosophy
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Hikmah
Islamic education system in the Indian subcontinent
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Alia_Madrasa
Ijtihad-class patrol boat in the Royal Brunei Navy
vessel is in active service in the Royal Brunei Navy (RBN). A total of four Ijtihad-class fast patrol boats were commissioned into service with the Royal Brunei
KDB_Afiat
Circumcision for religious purposes
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Religion_and_circumcision
1979 constituent assembly in Iran
Members by seminary education Ijtihad 41 Kharij (advanced) 12 Sath (intermediate) 3 Moqadamat (introductory) 2 Total: 58 Source: Official Gazette of the
Assembly for the Final Review of the Constitution
Assembly_for_the_Final_Review_of_the_Constitution
Companion and cousin of Muhammad
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Fakhitah_bint_Abi_Talib
Shia Ayatollah and Marja from Pakistan (1932–2023)
Arabic, Persian, Punjabi and Urdu languages. Najafi received ijazah's of ijtihad from following marjas of Hawza Elmiye Najaf, in 1960 AD (1379 AH):[citation
Muhammad_Hussain_Najafi
Palestinian Muslim scholar (1914–1977)
causes of stagnation included the Ottoman Empire's closing of the doors of ijtihad, its failure to understand "the intellectual and legislative side of Islam"
Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani
Lebanese Grand Ayatollah
of necessary competency needed to obtain permission (ijāza) to practice ijtihad. He was born in Isfahan, Iran. Sayyid Ismail as-Sadr is the grandfather
Ismail_as-Sadr
Arabic word
on Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) Fiqh Ijazah Ijma Ijtihad Ikhtilaf Istihlal Istihsan Istishab Madhhab Madrasah Maslaha Qiyas Taqlid
Mawla
Bahraini theologian and Safavid court judge
Mourning of Muharram Intercession Occultation Wilayat al-Faqih Usul al-fiqh Ijtihad Taqlid Irfan Practices Salat Sawm Hajj Zakat Khums Jihad Amr bi-l maʿrūf
Salih_al-Karzakani
Arabic term for religiously forbidden in Islam
on Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) Fiqh Ijazah Ijma Ijtihad Ikhtilaf Istihlal Istihsan Istishab Madhhab Madrasah Maslaha Qiyas Taqlid
Haram
German shipbuilding company
class Jaguar class Seeadler class Darussalam class Baden-Württemberg class Ijtihad class Victory class Albatros class Tiger class Intrépida class Seawolf-class
Lürssen
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Criticism_of_Islam
Timing of Islamic prayers
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Salah_times
Arabic term used to refer to the collective nation of Muslim people
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Ummah
Iraqi Grand Ayatollah
al-Sadr, who, amongst others, granted him his Ijtihad in 1998. Amongst these testimonies is the Ijtihad testimony of Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani, the well
Mohammad_Yaqoobi
21st-century Pakistani Ayatollah
Naqi Naqvi, notebook p. 9 & 10 Qum, Iran 2005 Original documents, (Ijaza ijtihad) 1999 – 2000 – 2001, Qum, Iran 2005 "المنتظر لائبريرى- جامعۃ المنتظر- تفصیلی
Syed_Ali_Naqi_Naqvi_Qumi
Sunni Islamic reformist movement
to restore early Islamic practice. In legal matters, Salafis advocate ijtihad (independent reasoning) and oppose taqlid (blind faith) to the four schools
Salafi_movement
Mystic practices in Islam
83. ISBN 0786419547. Al Beirawi, Abu Ismael (12 April 2016). Essays on Ijtihad in the 21st Century. CreateSpace. p. 35. ISBN 9781539995036. Sonn, Tamara
Sufism
Islamic term referring to a type of infernal fire
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Nar_as-samum
Afterlife and resurrection in Islam
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Akhirah
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Islam_in_West_Bengal
Third Islamic caliphate
corrected the philosopher, encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad. They also wrote influential original philosophical works, and their thinking
Abbasid_Caliphate
Imam mahdi follower
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Du'a_al-Faraj
Twelfth and last of the Twelve Shia Imams
Mourning of Muharram Intercession Occultation Wilayat al-Faqih Usul al-fiqh Ijtihad Taqlid Irfan Practices Salat Sawm Hajj Zakat Khums Jihad Amr bi-l maʿrūf
Muhammad_al-Mahdi
Honorific title given to Muslims
on Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) Fiqh Ijazah Ijma Ijtihad Ikhtilaf Istihlal Istihsan Istishab Madhhab Madrasah Maslaha Qiyas Taqlid
Hajji
Attitude of Islam's followers to terrorist actions
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Muslim attitudes toward terrorism
Muslim_attitudes_toward_terrorism
Companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Arabian warrior
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Dirar_ibn_al-Azwar
The world in Islam
Texts Foundations Quran Sunnah Hadith Hadith Qudsi Sirah Tafsir (exegesis) Ijtihad Aqidah (creed) Qisas al-Anbiya (Stories of the Prophets) Mathnawi (poems)
Dunya
Arabic and Islamic honorific title
on Principles of Islamic jurisprudence (Usul al-Fiqh) Fiqh Ijazah Ijma Ijtihad Ikhtilaf Istihlal Istihsan Istishab Madhhab Madrasah Maslaha Qiyas Taqlid
Sheikh
of the RBN, and often participate in international naval exercises. The Ijtihad class consists of four fast patrol boats built by Lürssen Werft, Germany
List of Royal Brunei Navy ships
List_of_Royal_Brunei_Navy_ships
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