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Book by Al-Biruni
Al-Biruni's India (Arabic: تحقيق ما للهند من مقولة مقبولة في العقل أو مرذولة, romanized: Taḥqīq mā li-l-hind min maqūla maqbūla fī l-ʿaql aw mardhūla
India_(Al-Biruni)
Khwarazmian-Persian polymath (973–1048)
Abu Reyhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni (Persian: ابوریحان محمد بن احمد بیرونی, romanized: Abū-Reyhān Bīrūnī; Arabic: أبو الريحان محمد بن أحمد البيروني;
Al-Biruni
10th-century Iranian physician and polymath
Sa'id al-Andalusi, Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33 Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78 J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als
Abu_Bakr_al-Razi
Kingdoms (Foguo Ji 佛國記) by Faxian Kitāb al-Hind by Al-Biruni Tuḥfat an-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār by Ibn Battuta Great Tang Records
Historiography_of_India
Topics referred to by the same term
country, including historical appellations India (Al-Biruni), an 11th-century book on India by Al-Biruni India: A Million Mutinies Now, a 1990 book by Indo-Trinidadian
India_(disambiguation)
visited India, Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, also known as Al-Biruni, or Alberonius in Latin. Al-Biruni was a Muslim Persian scholar who lived in India for 16
Dowry_system_in_India
Legendary emperor of Ujjain, India
southern and western India. Al-Biruni learned the following legend about the Shaka era: A Shaka ruler invaded north-western India and oppressed the Hindus
Vikramaditya
of India is principally known by two official short names: India and Bharat. As per Article 300 of the Constitution of India, the Government of India may
Names_of_India
medieval cartographer was Persian geographer Abu Rayhan Biruni (973–1048) who visited India and studied the country's geography extensively. European
Cartography_of_India
cultural and economical centre of Gujarat and the seventh largest city of India. Al-Bīrūnī mentions Asāval as a trading town on the route from Anhilvada Patan
History_of_Ahmedabad
Islamic mathematician (c. 780 – c. 850)
found in the works of Al-Bīrūnī and Maimonides. Ibn al-Nadim's Al-Fihrist, an index of Arabic books, mentions al-Khwārizmī's Kitāb al-Taʾrīkh (Arabic: كتاب
Al-Khwarizmi
1000 AD book by al-Biruni
(after the translation published by Eduard Sachau in 1879), by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī is a comparative study of the calendrical timekeeping of different cultures
The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries
The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries
Persian polymath, physician and philosopher (c. 980–1037)
Khwarazm, he had met al-Biruni (a scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Mansur (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi (a respected
Avicenna
9th-century Persian mathematician, astronomer and philosopher
to Nasir Khusraw, Iranshahri taught Rhazes and Biruni ancient Iranian philosophy. According to Al-Biruni his rare impartiality was rooted in his lack of
Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri
Arab physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c.965–c.1040)
that some of the greatest Muslim scientists, such as Ibn al-Haytham and Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, who were pioneers of the scientific method, were themselves
Ibn_al-Haytham
Founder of Islam (c. 570–632)
was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. His father, Abdullah, the son of tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, died around
Muhammad
Medieval Arab historian
Oriental Society. 89 (4). JSTOR 596943. Khan, M.S. (1976). "al-Bīrūnī and the Political History of India". Oriens. 25/26. JSTOR 1580658. Levi, Scott C.; Sela
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar al-Utbi
Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Jabbar_al-Utbi
smallpox and measles, and challenged classical Greek medical theory. Al-Biruni, Avicenna and others described the preparation of hundreds of drugs made
Science in the medieval Islamic world
Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world
Umayyad general and governor of Sindh (695–715)
Zakat". Muhammad ibn al-Qasim fixed the Zakat at 10% of the agricultural produce. Others had to pay the mandatory jizya. "In Al-Biruni's narrative", according
Muhammad_ibn_al-Qasim
Ghaznavid sultan from 998 to 1030 (971–1030)
brought end to the Ghaznavid dynasty. Al-Biruni observed that Sultan Mahmud's devastating raids in northern India which in turn fostered a lasting, deeply
Mahmud_of_Ghazni
Sparavigna, Amelia Carolina (2014), "Al-Biruni and the Mathematical Geography", Philica Gharā'ib al-funūn wa-mulah al-`uyūn (The Book of Curiosities of the
History_of_geodesy
January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2016. Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni (1910). Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography
History_of_Buddhism_in_India
Hadith collection by Majd ad-Dīn Ibn Athir
Bahrom (2012). The Treasury of Oriental Manuscripts of the Abu Rayhan al-Biruni Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of
Jami'_al-Usul
Type of steel used in Middle Eastern swordmaking
name "Damascus steel" is contentious. Islamic scholars al-Kindi (circa 800 CE – 873 CE) and al-Biruni (circa 973 CE – 1048 CE) both wrote about swords and
Damascus_steel
Mountain range near the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan
Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan, p. 1, at Google Books, Atlantic pp. 73–79 Al-Biruni Bobojan Gafurov
Hindu_Kush
Book of translations of medieval Persian chronicles by Henry Miers Elliot
available. Early Arab Geographers Historians of Sind Tarikhu-l Hind of Biruni Tarikh-i-Yamini of 'Utbi Tarikhu-s Subuktigin of Baihaki Jawami ul-Hikayat
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians
Third Islamic caliphate
and developed by other Islamic scholars, notably by Persian scientists Al-Biruni and Abu Nasr Mansur. Christians (particularly Nestorian Christians) contributed
Abbasid_Caliphate
Chess variant
chess-like game. It was first described in detail c. 1030 by Al-Biruni in his book India. Originally, this was a game of chance: the pieces to be moved
Chaturaji
3rd-century prophet and founder of Manichaeism
travelled to India (Sakas in present day Afghanistan), where he studied Hinduism and its various extant philosophies, as well as Buddhism. Al-Biruni says Mani
Mani_(prophet)
Ibn Isfandiyar have given the only known form of "Tansar" and al-Biruni in Alberuni's India has given the Middle Persian form of "Tusar". The change of
Tansar
Arabic-language title
began with the award of the al-Dawla forms was so swift and extensive, that already around the year 1000 the scholar al-Biruni lamented the practice, complaining
Al-Dawla
Hindu temple in Gujarat, India
costly spoils from the Hindu temples." Al-Biruni obliquely criticizes these raids for "ruining the prosperity" of India, creating antagonism among the Hindus
Somnath_Temple
methods, due to technical limitations, and so al-Biruni accepted the value calculated the previous century by the al-Ma'mun expedition. 1,700 years after Eratosthenes's
Earth's_circumference
Persian polymath (died c. 869 CE)
trigonometric ratios tangent, and cotangent. Al-Biruni who cited Habash in his work, expanded his astronomical tables. Habash al-Hasib flourished in Baghdad, and
Habash_al-Hasib
Psychoactive species of plant
the Kitab al-Saidala fi al-Tibb كتاب الصيدلة في الطب, an 11th-century work on pharmacy and materia medica written by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, a Persian
Khat
Aspect of cultural practice
in medieval India Hindus, like early Christians and Manichaeans, forbade the killing and eating of meat [of cows]. — Abū Rayḥān Al-Biruni, 1017–1030 CE
Cattle_slaughter_in_India
Dermatology. Al-Biruni: Father of Indology, Father of Comparative Religion and Father of Geodesy for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India under
List of Islamic scholars described as father or founder of a field
List_of_Islamic_scholars_described_as_father_or_founder_of_a_field
Mystic practices in Islam
on linguistic and documented grounds. Later, mediaeval scholars like Al-Biruni believed that the term 'Sufi' gradually evolved from the Greek term σοφός
Sufism
Topics referred to by the same term
(Megasthenes), his account of his travels in India Indica, Al-Biruni's account of his travels in India Indica (Argentine band) Indica (Finnish band)
Indica
[citation needed] In 1030, al-Biruni reported on the devastation caused during the conquest of Gandhara and much of northwest India by Mahmud of Ghazni following
Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent
Heroic archer-figure of Iranian mythology
bark of a walnut tree atop a mountain. Although several sources (e.g. al-Biruni) appear to have considered 'Arash' to be the origin of the name 'Arshak'
Arash
German orientalist (1845–1930)
was an expert on polymath Al-Biruni and wrote a translation of Kitab ta'rikh al-Hind, Al-Biruni's encyclopedic work on India. Sachau also wrote papers
Eduard_Sachau
Author of the Samkhyakarika (fl. c. 350)
records of Al Biruni, the Persian visitor to India in the early 11th century, suggests Samkhyakarika was an established and definitive text in India in his
Īśvarakṛṣṇa
Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-937-2. Al-Biruni (2012) [1888]. Sachau, Edward C. (ed.). Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature
Timeline_of_Indian_history
Payment by one family of a marriage to the other family
another eyewitness scholar visited India named Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, also known as Al-Biruni, or Alberonius in Latin. Al-Biruni was an Islamic era Persian scholar
Dowry
age of Islam as scientists like Ibn Sina (980–1037), ibn al -Haytham (965–1040), Al-Biruni (973–1050) and hundreds of others enjoyed the intellectual
Shia_Islam_in_South_Asia
Early medieval Indian dynasty (753–982)
to Al-Masʿūdī. Chronicles mention more castes than the four commonly known castes in the Hindu social system, some as many as seven castes. Al-Biruni, the
Rashtrakuta_Empire
Ayurvedic medicine practice
authored Rasaratanakaram, detailing alchemical transformations of metals. Al-Bīrūnī conflated the earlier rasāyana practices with rasashastra alchemy. Rasashastra
Rasayana
11th century military campaign by the Ghaznavids
The description of Bhatiya is narrated by al-Utbi, Unsuri, al-Biruni and Gardizi. According to al-Biruni, "Bhātiya" was situated between Narayan and
Siege_of_Bhatiya
Medieval dynasty of Gandhara and Punjab (822–1026)
al-Biruni, who mentioned in his Taḥqīq mā li-l-Hind that Shahi of Kabul (bi-šāhiyya kābul) i.e Turk Shahis were succeeded by the Shahi of al-Hind (al-šāhiyya
Hindu_Shahis
Period of cultural flourishing from 786 to 1258
light, traveling in straight lines, reflects off an object into the eyes. Al-Biruni wrote of his insights into light, stating that its velocity must be immense
Islamic_Golden_Age
patronage of scholars and conquerors such as Muhammad al-Bukhari, Al-Tirmidhi, Ismail Samani, al-Biruni, Avicenna, Tamerlane, Ulugh Begh, and Babur. Despite
Islam_in_Uzbekistan
Book about the history of Sindh
story found in the Kitab Futuh al-Buldan of Al-Baladhuri (9th-century) and the version found in memoirs of Al-Biruni (11th-century), are much simpler
Chach_Nama
Work by Abu-Reyhan Biruni
Arabic: كتاب الصيدنة في الطب, romanized: Kitāb al-Ṣaydana fīl-Ṭibb), known in English as "Al-Biruni's Book on Pharmacy and Materia Medica", is the last
Book on Pharmacy and Materia Medica
Book_on_Pharmacy_and_Materia_Medica
mathematics. His contemporary, Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi, accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis. Al-Biruni described an astrolabe invented by Sijzi
Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world
Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world
Philia for India, Indian people and Indian culture
polymaths Al-Biruni, the founder of Indology, authored the Tarikh Al-Hind (Researches on India), which recorded the political and military history of India and
Indomania
Adherents of Hinduism
India, in 712 CE. The term 'Hindu' meant people who were non-Muslims, and it included Buddhists of the region. In the 11th-century text of Al Biruni,
Hindus
Religious group mentioned in the Quran
reign of the mythical Persian king, Hushang, whereas Al-Biruni wrote that Budhasaf came forward in India after the 1st year of Tahmuras. However, he also
Sabians
Indian mathematician (940–1010)
the Karanatilaka known only from an Arabic translation, Ghurrat al-Zijat , by al-Biruni. There was however another astronomer named Vijayanandi who was
Vijayanandi
Legendary creature in Persian folklore
description of the karkadann comes from the 10/11th century Persian scholar Al-Biruni (973–1048). He describes an animal which has "the build of a buffalo.
Karkadann
Type of steel
as al-Tarsusi and Abu Rayhan Biruni, three methods are described for indirect production of steel. The medieval Islamic historian Abu Rayhan Biruni (c
Crucible_steel
notable including Al-Khwārizmī, Abū Zayd al-Balkhī (founder of the "Balkhi school"), Al-Masudi, Abu Rayhan Biruni and Muhammad al-Idrisi. Islamic geography
Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world
Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world
Seminal work on cosmography
historians such as Istakhri, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, al-Masudi, Ibn Hawqal, al-Biruni, Ibn al-Athir, al-Maqdisi, and al-Razi. Even though Qazwini's work is a compilation
Aja'ib_al-Makhluqat
City in Xorazm Region, western Uzbekistan
Heritage List (1991). The Iranian astronomer, historian and polymath Al-Biruni (973–1048 CE) was born in either Khiva or the nearby city of Kath. The
Khiva
Series of conflicts between 870 and 900
regions as well as to pay a high tribute for territorial mutuality. As per Al-Biruni, Kallar by chance finds treasury and purchases his power and imprisons
Hindu_Shahi–Saffarid_wars
Muslim-majority countries, states, districts, or towns
world include Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Farabi, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Biruni, Avicenna, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, and Ibn Khaldun.[citation
Islamic_world
7th-century ruler of the Turk Shahis
Shahis. He is only known in name from the accounts of the Muslim historian Al-Biruni and reconstructions from Chinese sources, and the identification of his
Barha_Tegin
History book by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Jabbar al-Utbi
Dec.)). American Oriental Society. Khan, M.S. (1976). "al-Bīrūnī and the Political History of India". Oriens. 25/26. Brill. Levi, Scott C. (2002). "Hindus
Tarikh_Yamini
Two former Buddhist monasteries
reported it flourishing as a Sarvāstivādin center of study. Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī, a Persian scholar and writer in service to the Ghaznavids, reported that
Naw_Bahar
City in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan
Others include the tombs of poets and scientists, such as the tomb of Al Biruni. The only ruins in Old Ghazni retaining a semblance of architectural form
Ghazni
Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family
(1934). History of Kannada Language. p. 50. Ahmad, Qeyamuddin (1983). India by Al-Biruni. p. 30. Srinatha Sastry, C. V. "UNICODE for Kannada, General Information
Kannada_script
University in Iran
1988 in the Iran, after having integrated the University of Abu Rayhan al-Biruni and Iran Azad University.[circular reference] PNU took its first intake
Payame_Noor_University
Southwestern coast of India
'Malabar' is by Al-Biruni (AD 973–1048), though the name had already been in use much earlier. Authors such as Ibn Khordadbeh and Al-Baladhuri mention
Malabar_Coast
East Syriac bishop of Merv
was associated, and among the Melkites of central Asia. According to al-Bīrūnī, the Melkites of Khwarazm kept his feast on 21 June. A Sogdian gospel
Barshabba
Study of the history and culture of South Asia
ibn Aḥmad Al-Biruni (973–1048) in Tarikh Al-Hind (Researches on India) recorded the political and military history of India and covered India's cultural
Indology
Writing system in the Brahmic family
In 1030 AD, the Persian scholar Al-Biruni, in his writings on India, mentioned the ancient Gaudi script of Eastern India. Medieval Gauḍa (region) is currently
Gaudi_script
Highest state of yoga and synonymous term for Patanjali's system of yoga
translations, Al Biruni's text has significant differences from Yogasutra manuscripts discovered in India during the 19th century. Al Biruni's record has
Rāja_yoga
Astronomical instrument
'star-taker') – a direct translation of the Greek word. Al-Biruni quotes and criticises medieval scientist Hamza al-Isfahani, who stated: "asturlab is an Arabisation
Astrolabe
6th-century Sanskrit-language encyclopedia
on a variety of topics. 11th-century Iranian scholar Al-Biruni also quotes Brhat-samhita. Abd Al-Aziz ibn Shams ibn Baha' Nuri Dihlavwi (fl. c. 1350/1375)
Bṛhat_Saṃhitā
Most populous city in Gujarat, India
neighbourhoods of the old city and on writings of the Persian historian al-Biruni, it is surmised that an early Bhil tribal group settlement was known as
Ahmedabad
Direction that Muslims face while praying salah
theorem. Subsequent scholars, including Ibn Yunus, Abu al-Wafa, Ibn al-Haitham and Al-Biruni, proposed other methods which are confirmed to be accurate
Qibla
Indian mathematician-astronomer (476–550)
century, it is mentioned by the Persian scholar and chronicler of India, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī. Direct details of Aryabhata's work are known only from the Aryabhatiya
Aryabhata
Early medieval kingdom in the Punjab
Kalhana (12th century CE), the kingdom is called Takka-désa while al-Biruni in his Kitab al-Hind calls it Tākēshar, located in the vicinity of Kashmir. The
Taank_Kingdom
scholars such as Al-Biruni, was present from Eastern ancient Persia up to the frontier of Syria before the advent of Islam. Al-Biruni has the following
Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East
Gradual process of replacement of in India, ended around the 13th or 14th century
Kenneth (1947). A Pageant of India. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 162–163. Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni (1888). Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion
Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent
Location in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
passed through Torkham are Chandragupta Maurya, Hsüan-tsang, Jayapala, Al-Biruni, Ibn Battuta, Babur, Humayun, Nader Shah, Ahmad Shah Durrani, Zaman Shah
Torkham_border_crossing
Persian mathematician and astronomer (c. 960 – 1036)
and a teacher of and also an important colleague of the mathematician, Al-Biruni. Together, they were responsible for great discoveries in mathematics
Abu_Nasr_Mansur
Destroyed Hindu temple in Punjab, Pakistan
their beards and head before circumambulating it and offering riches. Al-Biruni, visiting the site about a century later, would record that the Sun Temple
Multan_Sun_Temple
Thick, sticky, tar-like substance
shilajit for different diseases are mentioned in the works of Aristotle, Razi, Biruni, Ibn Sina and others. D'Herbelot, in a 17th century publication, stated
Shilajit
Brahmin sub-caste from the Indian subcontinent
inhabited by Maga Brahmins. Al-Biruni, an 11th-century Persian polymath, noted some Zoroastrians to have migrated to India where they were known as Magas
Maga_Brahmin
Generalization of Pythagorean theorem
it was used that way in the course of solving astronomical problems by al-Bīrūnī (11th century) and Johannes de Muris (14th century). Something equivalent
Law_of_cosines
Writing system from the Brahmic family of scripts
scripts then separated by around 1300 CE. The Muslim historian and scholar Al-Biruni referred to both the Telugu language as well as its script as "Andhri"
Telugu_script
Iranian religious figure
millennium. In Islamic sources, Al-Biruni refers to him as Mazhdaq, while Al-Masudi uses both Mazdaq and Mazdaqiyah. Al-Tabari records the name as Mazdak
Mazdak
Aspect of the Golden Age of Islam
of India was temporarily halted. Al Biruni in the early 11th century traveled widely in India and became an important source of knowledge about India in
Indian influence on Islamic science
Indian_influence_on_Islamic_science
Iranian ethnic group
Al-Biruni, a native speaker of Khwarezmian, refers to "the people of Khwarizm" as "a branch of the Persian tree". See: Al-Biruni (2001). Al-Athar al-Baqiyya
Persians
Type of roadside inn
identified example of an Islamic caravanserai is a courtyard structure at Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi, an Umayyad complex from the early 8th century located in the middle
Caravanserai
Holy site of Judaism in Jerusalem
Volume for Rabbi Shlomo Goren, ed. Yitzhak Alfasi, p. 268. Similarly, Al-Biruni (c. 1000 CE) refers to a ritual on Simchat Torah in which the Jews would
Western_Wall
Historical region in India
it is written, Mheropatan" as does the tenth century Arab geographer Al-Biruni, as Marhat country beginning seventy-two miles south of the Narmada with
Marhatta_(region)
Hindu calendar era
legend has been mentioned in the writings of Brahmagupta (7th century CE), Al-Biruni (973–1048 CE), and others. However it is an obvious fabrication. Over
Shaka_era
Country in West Asia
variety of scholars from the Middle Ages, such as the Khwarazmian polymath Al-Biruni, also used terms like "Xuniras" (Avestan: Xvaniraθa-, transl. "self-made
Iran
travel, tourism, insurance
INDIA AL-BIRUNI
INDIA AL-BIRUNI
Girl/Female
American, British, English
The Country India
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Pilgrim of India; Name of Indian City
Boy/Male
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sikh, Tamil, Telugu
India; Conqueror of Lord Indra
Biblical
praise; law
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Knowledgeable
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Goddess Lakshmi
Female
English
English name derived from the country name, INDIA means "land of the Indus (river)."Â
Girl/Female
Hindi
Indian.
Girl/Female
Australian, British, English
From India
Girl/Female
Bengali, German, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit, Telugu
God of the Sky; Rain; Thunder; Lighting; A God
Girl/Female
English American Biblical
The country India.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Beauty
Boy/Male
Biblical
Praise, law.
Boy/Male
Bengali, Celebrity, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Mythological, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Traditional
Leader of the Gods; The God of the Atmosphere and Sky; King of Gods
Girl/Female
Christian, Hindu, Indian
Born in India; Indian
Girl/Female
American, British, English, Indian
Moon; Abbreviation of Cynthia and Lucinda
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, Hindu, Indian, Sanskrit
River; Name of a Country; Body of Water; Land of the Indus (River)
Boy/Male
Hindi Indian
Supreme god.
Female
Hindi/Indian
(इनà¥à¤¦à¤¿à¤°à¤¾) Hindi myth name borne by Lakshmi, wife of Vishnu, INDIRA means "beauty."
Female
Irish
Irish Gaelic form of Latin Isabella, SIBÉAL means "God is my oath."
INDIA AL-BIRUNI
INDIA AL-BIRUNI
INDIA AL-BIRUNI
INDIA AL-BIRUNI
INDIA AL-BIRUNI
INDIA AL-BIRUNI
INDIA AL-BIRUNI
travel, tourism, insurance