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ionization instability occurs from a feedback effect, when electrons produced by ionization go on to produce still more electrons through ionization in
Ionization_instability
The electrothermal instability (also known as ionization instability, non-equilibrium instability or Velikhov instability in the literature) is a magnetohydrodynamic
Electrothermal_instability
Magnetohydrodynamic converter that transforms thermal and kinetic energy into electricity
Conference on Ionization Phenomena in Gases. Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Shapiro, G. I.; Nelson, A. H. (12 April 1978). "Stabilization of ionization instability in a
Magnetohydrodynamic_generator
State of matter
temperatures are usually needed to sustain ionization, which is a defining feature of a plasma. The degree of plasma ionization is determined by the electron temperature
Plasma_(physics)
Electromagnetic machine with no moving parts
Shipuk, I. Ya (1965). Ionization instability of a plasma with hot electrons (PDF). 7th International Conference on Ionization Phenomena in Gases. Belgrade
Magnetohydrodynamic_converter
Analytical technique based on determining mass to charge ratio of ions
formation. For example, ionized NF3 contains F−, which abstracts proton. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and thermospray ionization (TSI) are suited for high
Mass_spectrometry
Region of an astronomical diagram
temperature reaches 25,000–30,000 K, begins the He II layer (first He ionization). Second ionization of helium (He III) starts at depths where the temperature is
Instability_strip
Particle, atom or molecule with a net electrical charge
with less net electric charge is called the ionization potential, or ionization energy. The nth ionization energy of an atom is the energy required to
Ion
Star formation process
The Jeans instability is a concept in astrophysics that describes an instability that leads to the gravitational collapse of a cloud of gas or dust. It
Jeans_instability
Degree to which disturbing a plasma system at equilibrium will destabilize it
(drift) instability (in the Critical ionization velocity mechanism) Magnetic drift instability, Slow Drift Instability Electrothermal instability Fan instability
Plasma_stability
Type of giant planet
magnetically is likely to have magnetic dead zones, due to varying degrees of ionization, where mass moved by magnetic forces could pile up, eventually becoming
Ice_giant
Type of crystallographic defect
to move also. c) Multiple ionization. This process requires the most energy. A photon interacts with a halide ion, ionizing it twice, leaving it positively
F-center
American mathematician
Richtmyer, Robert Davis (1935). Quantum Mechanical Study of Multiple-Ionization Collisions of a Fast Electron with an Atom. Massachusetts Institute of
Robert_D._Richtmyer
Usage of mass spectrometry to measure remaining isotopes
depend on IRMS using thermal ionization of a solid sample loaded into the source of the mass spectrometer (hence thermal ionization mass spectrometry, TIMS)
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
Isotope-ratio_mass_spectrometry
Plasma and magnetic field structure
820–825. ISSN 0004-637X. Bostick, Winston H (1956). "Experimental Study of Ionized Matter Projected across a Magnetic Field". Physical Review. 104 (2): 292–299
Plasmoid
Chemical element with atomic number 87 (Fr)
refinement of the value for francium. Francium has a slightly higher ionization energy than caesium, 392.811(4) kJ/mol as opposed to 375.7041(2) kJ/mol
Francium
High frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage
Genome instability (also genetic instability or genomic instability) refers to a high frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage. These
Genome_instability
Vehicle propulsion using electromagnetic fields
fluid is the air (a gas instead of a liquid) ionized to become electrically conductive (a plasma). Air ionization is achieved at high altitude (electrical
Magnetohydrodynamic_drive
Dynamical instability of thin or elongated galaxies
The firehose instability (or hose-pipe instability) is a dynamical instability of thin or elongated galaxies. The instability causes the galaxy to buckle
Firehose_instability
Cause of changes in luminosity in pulsating variable stars
Technology, 2010 Cox, John P. (1963). "On Second Helium Ionization as a Cause of Pulsational Instability in Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 138: 487. Bibcode:1963ApJ
Kappa–mechanism
Critical ionization velocity (CIV), or critical velocity (CV), is the relative velocity between a neutral gas and plasma (an ionized gas), at which the
Critical_ionization_velocity
Low calcium levels in one's blood serum
electrical instability (and this is therefore a more critical condition than constant QTc prolongation). This type of electrical instability puts the person
Hypocalcemia
Type of variable star that pulsates radially
threshold is reached at which point double ionization cannot be sustained and the layer becomes singly ionized hence more transparent, which allows radiation
Cepheid_variable
Hypothetical formation of planetesimals
the ionization rate is too low to sustain the magnetorotational instability. In the inner Solar System the formation of streaming instabilities requires
Streaming_instability
Ionizing radiation that presents as free neutrons
nucleus recoiling from a neutron interaction is ionized and causes more traditional subsequent ionization in other atoms. Because neutrons are uncharged
Neutron_radiation
Type of radioactive decay
and ionizing photons. However, the recoil of the parent nucleus (alpha recoil) gives it a significant amount of energy, which also causes ionization damage
Alpha_decay
Type of transient electric discharge
electron loses the corresponding energy. Impact ionization, where the neutral particle becomes ionized, with the incident electron losing the energy. Attachment
Streamer_discharge
Cancer causing exposure to ionizing radiation in spaceflight
radiation from nuclear reactions from spacecraft parts or tissue. The ionization patterns in molecules, cells, tissues and the resulting biological effects
Effects of ionizing radiation in spaceflight
Effects_of_ionizing_radiation_in_spaceflight
Compression of an electrically conducting filament by magnetic forces
S2CID 250763028. Kruskal, M D; Schwarzschild (1954). "Some Instabilities of a Completely Ionized Plasma". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A. 223 (1154): 348–360. Bibcode:1954RSPSA
Pinch_(plasma_physics)
Type of genomic instability
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a type of genomic instability in which chromosomes are unstable, such that either whole chromosomes or parts of chromosomes
Chromosome_instability
Chemical compound
peroxide explosives by desorption electrospray ionization and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization". Analytical Chemistry. 80 (5): 1512–9. doi:10
Acetone_peroxide
Cancer caused by ionizing radiation exposure
not ionization, which is usually dissipated as heat with relatively little chemical damage. Ultraviolet light is usually categorized as non-ionizing, but
Radiation-induced_cancer
Type of electric propulsion system
preferred because its high atomic mass and relatively low ionization energy reduce ionization losses and support efficient thrust production. Lower-cost
Hall-effect_thruster
Conditional symmetric instability, or CSI, is a form of convective instability in a fluid subject to temperature differences in a uniform rotation frame
Conditional symmetric instability
Conditional_symmetric_instability
Study of the atmosphere, its processes, and its interactions with other systems
the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary
Atmospheric_science
Atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind
precipitate into the upper atmosphere (thermosphere/exosphere). The resulting ionization and excitation of atmospheric constituents emit light of varying colour
Aurora
The interchange instability, also known as the Kruskal–Schwarzschild instability or flute instability, is a type of plasma instability seen in magnetic
Interchange_instability
Type of interstellar cloud
suggested by astronomers. Cloud growth by collision and gravitational instability in the gas layer spread throughout the galaxy. Models for the collision
Molecular_cloud
energy is on the same order of magnitude as electron ionization energy (for reference, the ionization energy of hydrogen is 13.6 eV), the decay rate of 229mTh
Isotopes_of_thorium
nuclear waste. It is the isotope used in normal ionization smoke detectors, which work as an ionization chamber. It is a potential fuel for long-lifetime
Isotopes_of_americium
Diffuse nebula in the constellation Orion
showed six unresolved high-ionization sources near the Trapezium Cluster. These sources were interpreted as partly ionized globules (PIGs). The idea was
Orion_Nebula
Chemical compound
linked to higher ionization potential due to the centrality of fluorine. This higher ionization potential is indicative of electron ionization of deeper shell
Fluorine_nitrate
Tumor or other abnormal growth of tissue
usually has genome instability. This instability is likely due to reduced DNA repair or excessive DNA damage. Because of such instability, the cancer continues
Neoplasm
Measure of the size of an atom
Ionic radius: the nominal radius of the ions of an element in a specific ionization state, deduced from the spacing of atomic nuclei in crystalline salts
Atomic_radius
Apparatus that employs electricity to disperse a liquid into fine aerosol
Fenn (2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) and others discovered electrospray ionization for mass spectrometry. To simplify the discussion, the following paragraphs
Electrospray
Type of variable star
instability strip, it has been suggested that the driving mechanism may be similar, i.e. the opacity mechanism operating in the hydrogen ionization zone
Rapidly_oscillating_Ap_star
Rapid oscillations of electron density
the electromagnetic spectrum. The oscillations can be described as an instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas. The frequency depends
Plasma_oscillation
Genetic changes leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation
basic cause of sporadic (non-familial) cancers is DNA damage and genomic instability. A minority of cancers are due to inherited genetic mutations. Most cancers
Causes_of_cancer
Dust ring surrounding large stars thousands of solar radii wide
unresolved high-ionization sources near the Trapezium Cluster. These sources were not interpreted as proplyds, but as partly ionized globules (PIGs).
Proplyd
Star whose brightness fluctuates, as seen from Earth
two layers where hydrogen and helium ionization occurs, respectively. These are referred to as partial ionization zones. The location of these layers determine
Variable_star
emission, and ions are created through contact ionization of atoms of alkali metals that have low ionization potentials. The hot plate is made of a metal
Q-machine
Linear accelerator
plasma armature in that case is subject to the "blow-by" instability. This is an instability in which the magnetic pressure front can out-run or "blow-by"
Plasma_railgun
Rare neurodegenerative disease
DSBs are defective. The result is genomic instability, which can lead to the development of cancers. Ionizing radiation (such as X-rays and gamma rays)
Ataxia–telangiectasia
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
a theory of ionization by extending well-known ideas in physical chemistry pertaining to the dissociation of molecules to the ionization of atoms. First
Stellar_classification
Isotope of plutonium
immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four
Plutonium-241
in cancer cells can result in instability in multiple chromosomes. These recent results suggest that telomere instability could be an important early event
Radiobiology evidence for protons and HZE nuclei
Radiobiology_evidence_for_protons_and_HZE_nuclei
Subfield of astronomy
self‑consistent electric and magnetic fields. Critical ionization velocity – Threshold limiting plasma ionization in cosmic shocks and aurorae. Dissociative recombination
Outline_of_astrophysics
Type of electric spacecraft propulsion system
propulsion (FEEP) is an electrostatic propulsion method based on field ionization of a liquid metal, and subsequent acceleration of the ions by a strong
Field-emission electric propulsion
Field-emission_electric_propulsion
Outermost layer of the Sun's atmosphere
a specialized coronagraph. Spectroscopic measurements indicate strong ionization in the corona and a plasma temperature in excess of 1000000 kelvins, much
Solar_corona
Form of electromagnetic radiation
harmful interactions of non-ionizing radiation in living organisms, conventionally demarcated around 10 eV, the first ionization energy of oxygen. UV ranges
Ultraviolet
Luminescence induced by sound waves
(even a small drop in temperature causes a large drop in ionization, due to the large ionization energy relative to photon energy). This description is
Sonoluminescence
Astrophysical models for the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies
containing few galaxies. Structure formation applies models of gravitational instability to small ripples in mass density to predict these shapes. The modern
Structure_formation
American nuclear fusion energy company
United Kingdom. At first, it appeared these designs were free from the instabilities of the earlier devices. However, further investigation showed that new
Zap_Energy
Russian physicist (1935–2024)
Bibcode:1959JETP....9..995V. E.P. Velikhov (1962). "Hall instability of current-carrying slightly-ionized plasmas". Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. 1st International
Evgeny_Velikhov
Problem in internal combustion engines
Combustion and knock in a spark-ignition engine (Archived) NACA Report 774 - Ionization in the knock zone of an internal combustion engine (Archived) NACA Report
Engine_knocking
radiation therapy expose the individual to ionizing radiation. Irradiated cells can also induce genomic instability in neighboring un-radiated cells via the
Biological effects of radiation on the epigenome
Biological_effects_of_radiation_on_the_epigenome
Group of diseases involving cell growth
in the progression to cancer and are a possible cause of the genetic instability characteristic of cancers. Reduced expression of DNA repair genes disrupts
Cancer
Topics referred to by the same term
interferometry, a radio and optical communication coding technology Chemical ionization, a technique used in mass spectrometry Configuration interaction, a post-Hartree–Fock
CI
Isotope of helium
estimate of the key atomic properties of helium-4, such as its size and ionization energy. The size of the 4He nucleus has long been known to be in the order
Helium-4
Magnetic field around the Jovian system
of plasma diffusion due to interchange instability. The process is similar to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in hydrodynamics. In the case of the Jovian
Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter
Single-use source of very short and extremely bright flash of light
processes, while noble gases are monatomic and can only undergo ionization; the ionized gas then produces the light. The low specific heat capacity of
Argon_flash
Periodic table of the elements with eight or more periods
Hence, its first ionization energy would be smaller than thorium's (Th: 6.3 eV; element 122: 5.6 eV) because of the greater ease of ionizing unbibium's 8p1/2
Extended_periodic_table
heliosphere are ionized by either solar ultraviolet radiation, charge exchange with solar wind protons or electron impact ionization. Pickup ions are
Pickup_ion
Diffractionless propagation of a light beam
self-focusing is not possible. Multiphoton ionization, inverse Bremsstrahlung and electron avalanche ionization are three major results of gas and laser
Filament_propagation
Persons exposed to nuclear test fallout
"Non-targeted and Delayed Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: II. Radiation-Induced Genomic Instability and Bystander Effects Clastogenic Factors and
Downwinders
Plasma outside of the Solar System
Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "Ionization". doi:10.1351/goldbook.I03183 Lazarian, A.; Boldyrev, S.; Forest, C.;
Astrophysical_plasma
Reflection nebula in the constellation Cepheus
first is gravitational instabilities occurring on small scales forming dense shells and chains of YSOs along fronts of ionization. The sections scenario
Iris_Nebula
Electricity generation by nuclear fusion
once it is heated past its ionization energy. The resultant bare nucleus is a type of ion. The result of this ionization is plasma, which is a heated
Fusion_power
Gas and dust surrounding a newly formed star
proplyd 177-341W in the Orion Nebula observed with VLT MUSE, showing an ionization front, protoplanetary disk, and tail HOPS-315, a still-forming planetary
Protoplanetary_disk
Magnetic confinement device used to produce thermonuclear fusion power
of magnetic confinement had attempted this, but demonstrated serious instabilities. The safety factor (labelled q in mathematical notation) guided tokamak
Tokamak
History and future of the universe
possible to study the state of ionization at many different times in the past. Reionization began as "bubbles" of ionized hydrogen which became larger over
Chronology_of_the_universe
Theoretical chemical element with atomic number 122 (Ubb)
first ionization energy of 5.651 eV and second ionization energy of 11.332 eV are predicted for unbibium; this and other calculated ionization energies
Unbibium
Sub-field of physics dealing with the atmosphere's structure, composition, and motion
concerning the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Remote sensing is the small or large-scale acquisition
Atmospheric_physics
Cavity in the solar wind created by Saturn
gradually moves out from the inner magnetosphere via the interchange instability mechanism and then escapes through the magnetotail. The interaction between
Magnetosphere_of_Saturn
Chemical compound
spectrometry (NRMS). In the synthesis, N+ 4 (which was first formed in the ionization chamber of the mass spectrometer) underwent two high energy collision
Tetranitrogen
Chemical element with atomic number 116 (Lv)
reflected in the expected ionization energies of livermorium, where there are large gaps between the second and third ionization energies (corresponding
Livermorium
Cloud of debris and smoke from a large explosion
volume of lower-density gases at any altitude, causing a Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The buoyant mass of gas rises rapidly, resulting in turbulent vortices
Mushroom_cloud
Explosion of a star 8 to 45 times the mass of the Sun
ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 253107572. Utrobin, V. P. (1996). "Nonthermal ionization and excitation in Type IIb supernova 1993J". Astronomy and Astrophysics
Type_II_supernova
Stellar classification distinguished by bright blue luminosity
B[e] stars are distinct from Be stars in having unusual neutral or low ionization emission lines that are considered to have 'forbidden mechanisms', something
B-type_main-sequence_star
Study of how patterns form by self-organization in nature
ISSN 1520-6106. Igor Grabec (1974). "Nonlinear Properties of High Amplitude Ionization Waves". The Physics of Fluids. 17 (10): 1834–1840. Bibcode:1974PhFl..
Pattern_formation
Active galactic nucleus (AGN) containing a supermassive black hole
these lines range from neutral to highly ionized, leaving them highly charged. This wide range of ionization shows that the gas is highly irradiated by
Quasar
American mathematician
Proof of modulational instability of Stokes waves in deep water, submitted, with Huy Q. Nguyen. Steady states of gas ionization with secondary emission
Walter_Alexander_Strauss
instability Riggatron Ring current Rocket engine nozzle Runaway breakdown Rydberg atom Rydberg matter Safety factor (plasma physics) Saha ionization equation
List of plasma physics articles
List_of_plasma_physics_articles
Type of Soviet nuclear power reactor
void coefficient, the 'positive scram effect' of the control rods and instability at low power levels—which contributed to the 1986 Chernobyl disaster
RBMK
Physical and chemical properties of pure water
and OH− ions. Related to its amphoteric character, it undergoes self-ionization. The product of the activities, or approximately, the concentrations of
Properties_of_water
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
chloride and potassium chloride. The nucleus of the lithium atom verges on instability, since the two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the
Lithium
Gas layer surrounding Earth
includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night. The ionosphere forms
Atmosphere_of_Earth
Star at the centre of the Solar System
ISBN 978-0-935702-64-4. Rast, M.; Nordlund, Å.; Stein, R.; Toomre, J. (1993). "Ionization Effects in Three-Dimensional Solar Granulation Simulations". The Astrophysical
Sun
free ions and halt light emission. Light pulse time is dependent on the ionization energy of the noble gas with argon having a light pulse of 160 picoseconds
Mechanism_of_sonoluminescence
Single yellow-hued star in the constellation Cetus
Heating Models for the Basal Flux Star τ Ceti Including Time-dependent Ionization: Results for Ca II and Mg II Emission", The Astrophysical Journal, 594
Tau_Ceti
IONIZATION INSTABILITY
IONIZATION INSTABILITY
IONIZATION INSTABILITY
IONIZATION INSTABILITY
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Part of Love
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Old French balon ‘bundle’, ‘roll’, ‘pack’, hence a nickname for a small, rotund man or possibly a metonymic occupational name for a carrier of goods and merchandise.French (Bâlon) : generally regarded as a habitational name from Baalons in the Ardennes, it may however simply be from balon ‘ball’, ‘roll’ (see 1) or a derivative of Bal.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Gaultney in Rushton, Northamptonshire, probably so named from Old Norse gǫltr ‘boar’ + Old Danish klint ‘steep cliff or bank’ with the later addition of Middle English heye ‘enclosure’. The surname is not found in the U.K. In the U.S., it is concentrated in GA. Compare Gautney.
Girl/Female
Finnish Teutonic
Girl/Female
Tamil
Yahavi | யாகவீ/யஹாவீÂ
Bright
Boy/Male
Muslim
Comfort
Girl/Female
Basque, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu
River; Of the Ocean
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, Swedish
Branch
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
To Look Thoroughly
Boy/Male
Tamil
IONIZATION INSTABILITY
IONIZATION INSTABILITY
IONIZATION INSTABILITY
IONIZATION INSTABILITY
IONIZATION INSTABILITY
n.
The act of treating with ozone; also, the act of converting into, or producing, ozone; ozonization.
n.
The quality or condition of being unstable; want of stability, firmness, or steadiness; liability to give way or to fail; insecurity; precariousness; as, the instability of a building.
n.
Denization; denizening.
n.
The state or quality of being solid; density; consistency, -- opposed to fluidity; compactness; fullness of matter, -- opposed to openness or hollowness; strength; soundness, -- opposed to weakness or instability; the primary quality or affection of matter by which its particles exclude or resist all others; hardness; massiveness.
n.
The quality of turning; instability; tergiversation.
n.
Instability; inconstancy.
n.
Instability; unstableness.
n.
Ozonation.
a.
Uncertainty; instability.
n.
Lack of determination of fixedness; inconstancy; fickleness; mutability; changeableness; as, instability of character, temper, custom, etc.
n.
The quality of being fickle; instability; inconsonancy.
pl.
of Instability
n.
The act of making one a denizen or adopted citizen; naturalization.
n.
The quality or condition of being fugitive; evanescence; volatility; fugacity; instability.
n.
Slipperiness; instability; as, the lubricity of fortune.