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Mass community theory
The knowledge gap hypothesis is a mass communication theory created by Philip J. Tichenor, George A. Donohue, and Clarice. N Olien in 1970. The theory
Knowledge_gap_hypothesis
Journalistic adage on questions in headlines
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Betteridge's_law_of_headlines
Internet rage incitement technique
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Rage-baiting
Bias confirming existing attitudes
Peter Wason, as "a preference for information that is consistent with a hypothesis rather than information which opposes it." Confirmation biases are effects
Confirmation_bias
Communication used to influence opinion
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Propaganda
2010s social media data misuse
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
Facebook–Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal
Term used to explain attention distribution across social media
Empathy gap Famous for being famous Filter bubble First World privilege Kardashian index Knowledge gap hypothesis Law of triviality Ortega hypothesis Overconsumption
Attention_inequality
Compulsive consumption of negative online news
later found to exhibit the behaviour of doomscrolling, which highlights a gap between the awareness of the term itself and the practice of it. Infinite
Doomscrolling
Perceiving the world to be more dangerous than it really is
1968, Gerbner conducted a survey to validate cultivation theory and his hypothesis that watching extensive TV affects the attitudes and beliefs of an individual
Mean_world_syndrome
Form of online advertising
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Chumbox
Internal document leak
initiative to increase pro-Facebook news within user news feeds, and internal knowledge of how Instagram exacerbated negative self-image in surveyed teenage girls
2021_Facebook_leak
Knowledge: what is known, understood, proven; information and products of learning
science Knowledge deities Taxes on knowledge Intellectual capital Knowledge broker Knowledge Economic Index Knowledge economy Knowledge gap hypothesis Knowledge
Outline_of_knowledge
Proposed explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem
A hypothesis (pl.: hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. A scientific hypothesis must be based on observations and make a testable and
Hypothesis
Type of trolling or harassment
Zucca, Diego (May 2022). New Explorations in Plato's Theaetetus: Belief, Knowledge, Ontology, Reception. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 92. ISBN 978-9004516021
Sealioning
Tendency to give more importance to negative experiences than positive ones
negative differentiation is consistent with the mobilization-minimization hypothesis, which posits that negative events, as a consequence of this complexity
Negativity_bias
Time spent concentrating before being distracted
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Attention_span
Filtering process in communication
significant effect on the amount of coverage given to a bill, thus their first hypothesis was supported as well as the idea that newsworthiness would be more important
Gatekeeping_(communication)
Immediate opinionated/controversial statement on news events
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Hot_take
Journalism term
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Spike_(journalism)
Fear or discomfort with technology
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Technophobia
One who harasses other players in a game
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Griefer
Systematic pattern of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
for example, from: The two-factor theory of emotion The somatic markers hypothesis Introspection illusion Misinterpretations or misuse of statistics; innumeracy
Cognitive_bias
Psychological focus, perception and prioritising discrete information
visual domain. These models are often treated as metaphors that guide hypothesis generation and empirical testing. A common assumption is that visual attention
Attention
Situation that reinforces beliefs by repetition inside a closed system
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Echo_chamber_(media)
Bullying of an individual by a group
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Mobbing
Personality type characterized by an affinity for novelty
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Neophile
Snubbing a person for a mobile phone
creating challenges for advancing research in this area. To address these gaps, recent studies aim to create validated scales that capture the complex dimensions
Phubbing
Management of public communication of organizations
become and stay informed of the specialized knowledge needed in the field of Public Relations. Taking that knowledge and improving the field through development
Public_relations
Economic view of human attention as a commodity
Proceedings of the 27th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Cikm '18. pp. 347–356. arXiv:1908.07600. doi:10.1145/3269206
Attention_economy
Web content intended to entice users to click on a link
sensationalized, or otherwise misleading. A "teaser" aims to exploit the "curiosity gap", providing just enough information to make readers of news websites curious
Clickbait
Subdiscipline of psychology
much of the behaviorist literature, was Carl Jung. Jung introduced the hypothesis of cognitive functions in his 1921 book Psychological Types. Another pioneer
Cognitive_psychology
Designing systems to suit their users
factors research employs methods and approaches from these and other knowledge disciplines to study human behavior and generate data relevant to human-system
Ergonomics
Sensationalistic news
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Yellow_journalism
Psychological problem-solving tendency
of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. Usually people do not think rationally
Cognitive_miser
Practice of watching television for a long time span in one sitting or session
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Binge-watching
Study of social effects on people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
of their results before accepting them when evaluating an underlying hypothesis. Statistics and probability testing define what constitutes a significant
Social_psychology
In economics, an imposed cost or benefit
externalities originates from Duesenberry's Relative Income Hypothesis. This hypothesis challenges the conventional microeconomic model, as outlined
Externality
The knowledge divide is the gap between those who can find, create, manage, process, and disseminate information or knowledge, and those who are impaired
Knowledge_divide
Theory about the occurrence of mass shootings in relation to media coverage
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Mass_shooting_contagion
Fear that some evil threatens society
Cohen stated that the mass media is the primary source of the public's knowledge about deviance and social problems. He further argued that moral panic
Moral_panic
Bias towards recently acquired information
get an A, regardless of the study method. The results supported this hypothesis and gave evidence to the fact that levels of uncertainty affect the use
Availability_heuristic
Decision making with too much information
conducted an experiment on 192 housewives which was said to confirm the hypothesis that more information about brands would lead to poorer decision making
Information_overload
Radicalization via social media algorithms
Retrieved March 10, 2021. "How Can Social Media Firms Tackle Hate Speech?". Knowledge at Wharton. Retrieved November 22, 2022. "Internet Association – We Are
Algorithmic_radicalization
Publicly declaring support for a candidate
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Political_endorsement
Type of soft news
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Human-interest_story
Branch of social psychology
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Crowd_psychology
Societal phenomenon
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Bandwagon_effect
Inequality of access to information and communication technologies
shifting from a gap in access to ICTs to a knowledge divide. A knowledge divide concerning technology presents the possibility that the gap has moved beyond
Digital_divide
defines political polarization in the United States as "the vast and growing gap between liberals and conservatives, Republicans and Democrats". According
Political polarization in the United States
Political_polarization_in_the_United_States
Media consisting of both information and entertainment
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Infotainment
Ability to perform activities simultaneously
French fMRI study published in 2010 indicated preliminary support for the hypothesis that the brain can pursue at most two goals simultaneously, one for each
Human_multitasking
Strong enthusiasm for technology
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Technophilia
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Least_objectionable_program
Organizations focused on producing infotainment
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Soft_media
Publicized controversy about journalistic actions
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Journalistic_scandal
Overview of and topical guide to communication
Heuristic-Systematic Model Hyperpersonal Model Information theory Knowledge gap hypothesis Media ecology Narrative paradigm Network analysis Nonviolent Communication
Outline_of_communication
Voters who are poorly informed
(June 2012). "Does Inattention to Political Debate Explain the Polarization Gap Between the U.S. Congress and Public?" (PDF). Unpublished.[permanent dead
Low_information_voter
Thought experiment in the philosophy of mind
"ability hypothesis", and Conee argues for the "acquaintance hypothesis". Both approaches attempt to demonstrate that Mary gains no new knowledge, but instead
Knowledge_argument
Time spent on any device with a screen
Retrieved 9 November 2019. Bowles, Nellie (26 October 2018). "The Digital Gap Between Rich and Poor Kids Is Not What We Expected". The New York Times.
Screen_time
Field of study that deals with media
television programs than studying. He shared how there was a significant cultural gap between those who had grown up in the “electronic age”, which included television
Media_studies
Person overengaged with digital technology
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Digital_zombie
Human interest throughout history
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Fascination_with_death
Information theory concept
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Information–action_ratio
Divergence of political attitudes
can even aggravate political polarization. Morris Fiorina posits the hypothesis that polarization is a phenomenon which does not hold for the public,
Political_polarization
Anger directed towards a computer
images, such as petting an animal. Adopting a goal of improving computer knowledge may also be beneficial, as users are less likely to report computer rage
Computer_rage
Branch of psychology
Chimpanzee intelligence Cooperative eye hypothesis Origin of language Origin of speech Ovulatory shift hypothesis Neuroethology r/K selection theory Sociobiology
Evolutionary_psychology
Scientific concept
energy as fat. This trait serves as the main basis for the "thrifty gene hypothesis", the idea that "feast-or-famine conditions during human evolutionary
Evolutionary_mismatch
Incarceration rate of the United States
intelligently about a specific issue. Once a reporter has achieved that level of knowledge, it is easier to write subsequent stories. However, major advertisers
United States incarceration rate
United_States_incarceration_rate
Type of editorial tactic used in mass media
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Sensationalism
Software agent that communicates on social media
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Social_bot
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Smartphones and pedestrian safety
Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety
Practice of publishing poor-quality outsourced reports as local news
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Pink-slime_journalism
Cultural impact of the video sharing app
"What Happened When TikTok Songs Went Silent for Three Months | Working Knowledge". Harvard Business School. 2025-03-05. Retrieved 2026-04-18. Matsa, Katerina
Cultural_impact_of_TikTok
Bias towards individual narratives
include: Information transmission: Stories allow individuals to share knowledge about the physical environment, social norms and rules, and potential
Narrative_bias
Term for disproportionate media attention
discrimination as a policy within a society or organisation Male expendability – Hypothesis in anthropology Mean world syndrome – Perceiving the world to be more
Missing_white_woman_syndrome
Hypothesis in language acquisition
output hypothesis. Developed by Merrill Swain, the comprehensible output (CO) hypothesis states that learning takes place when learners encounter a gap in
Comprehensible_output
Transition of human species to anthropologically modern behavior
'sudden' appearance of the behaviors to Africa. Building on the FOXP2 gene hypothesis, cognitive scientist Philip Lieberman has argued that proto-language behaviour
Behavioral_modernity
Form of tabloid journalism
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Tabloid_television
Awareness of facts, or competency
Knowledge is an awareness of facts (descriptive knowledge), a familiarity with individuals and situations (knowledge by acquaintance), or a practical skill
Knowledge
Area of psychology
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Media_psychology
Relationship between violence and video games
establishments with pinball machines, which created fear across the generation gap of older Americans unsure of the intents of this younger crowd. To some,
Violence_and_video_games
Matching opinions and behaviors to group norms
Conventional wisdom Countersignaling Cultural assimilation Honne and tatemae Knowledge falsification Milieu control Preference falsification Propaganda: The
Conformity
Major part of media consumption in Western culture
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Television_consumption
Contamination of information supply
cannot have too much information", "the more information the better", and "knowledge is power". The publishing and marketing industries have become used to
Information_pollution
Intellectual isolation through internet algorithms
mathematical model called the "stochastic block model" to test their hypothesis on the environments of Reddit and Twitter. The researchers gauged changes
Filter_bubble
Bias within the mass media
Robert Lichter described how in academic circles, media bias is more of a hypothesis to explain various patterns in news coverage than any fully-elaborated
Media_bias
Style of web content
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Sticky_content
Dangerous use of cell phones
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Texting_while_driving
Study of directing and maintaining human attention
Völpel, Sven C. (September 2001). "The rise of knowledge towards attention management". Journal of Knowledge Management. 5 (3): 212–222. doi:10.1108/13673270110400816
Attention_management
Sharing knowledge for problem solving
methods and reduce the so called research practice gap. With the production factors of the knowledge economy having broadly reshaped and supplanted those
Knowledge_transfer
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Fake news websites in the United States
Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States
Process by which platform algorithms increase the reach of certain content
has provided limited support for the strong form of the filter bubble hypothesis. A 2015 study of 10.1 million United States Facebook users found that
Algorithmic_amplification
Techniques in which partisans create an image that favours their interests
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Media_manipulation
Rapid spread of accurate and inaccurate information
COVID-19: How Education Level and Information Sources Contribute to Knowledge Gaps". International Journal of Communication. 15: 22. Agley, Jon; Xiao,
Infodemic
Donald Trump while 11 million users follow Joe Biden. Despite the significant gap between the two, Biden's top tweets have outperformed Donald Trump's top
Social_media_use_in_politics
Criteria that influence the selection of events as published news
additivity hypothesis that the more factors an event satisfies, the higher the probability that it becomes news; the complementary hypothesis that the factors
News_values
website Post-truth politics United States Filter bubble Knowledge divide Knowledge gap hypothesis Political polarization in the United States Social media
Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election
Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election
Causes of cognitive abilities in animals
differentiate individuals from their group and resolve social conflicts. Another hypothesis for the evolution of cognition is that cognition allowed individuals access
Evolution_of_cognition
Overview of the electronic medium's effects on large groups of consumers
favorite TV show. They refer to this finding as the social surrogacy hypothesis. Furthermore, when an event such as a fight or argument disrupts a personal
Social_aspects_of_television
Supposed links between fictional and actual violence
social organization. These hierarchical organizational systems shape our knowledge and beliefs, creating a ferment in which violence is normalized and authorized
Effects of violence in mass media
Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media
KNOWLEDGE GAP-HYPOTHESIS
KNOWLEDGE GAP-HYPOTHESIS
Girl/Female
Indian
Who bridges the gap
Female
English
English name derived from the vocabulary word, GAY means "happy." Compare with masculine Gay.
Girl/Female
Indian
Who bridges the gap
Male
French
Masculine form of French Gaëlle, GAËL means "holy and generous."
Male
Greek
(Γάδ) Greek form of Hebrew Gad, GAD means "troop." In the bible, this is the name of a tribe descended from Gad, mentioned in the New Testament in Rev vii. 5. Compare with other forms of Gad.
Female
Hebrew
(גַּל) Hebrew unisex name GAL means "mound, wave."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Gadd.Danish : from a medieval nickname Gad meaning ‘sting’, ‘point’, or from the Biblical male personal name Gad.Muslim : from a personal name based on Arabic jÄd ‘serious’, ‘earnest’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English gappe, Old Norse gap ‘chasm’, ‘breach’, hence a topographic name for someone who lived near a gap in a wall, hedge, or (in Norfolk and Suffolk) cliffs.German : from the personal name Gabo, a short form of Gebolf (see Gebhardt).
Girl/Female
Tamil
Anvita | அநà¯à®µà®¿à®¤à®¾
Who bridges the gap
Anvita | அநà¯à®µà®¿à®¤à®¾
Female
French
Possibly a contracted form of French Gwenaëlle, GAËLLE means "holy and generous."
Male
French
French form of Roman Latin Caietanus, GAËTAN means "from Caieta (Gaeta, Italy)."
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Gay, GAE means "happy."
Male
Slovene
Slovene form of Portuguese/Spanish Gaspar, GAÅ PER means "treasure bearer."Â
Female
French
Feminine form of French Gaëtan, GAËTANE means "from Caieta (Gaeta, Italy)."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Anvitha | அநà¯à®µà®¿à®¤à®¾
Who bridges the gap
Anvitha | அநà¯à®µà®¿à®¤à®¾
Male
English
 Short form of English names beginning with Gay-, such as Gabriel "man of God" or "warrior of God," and Gaylord, GAY means "dandy." Compare with feminine Gay.
Male
Native American
Native American Navajo name GAD means "juniper tree."
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : nickname for a lighthearted or cheerful person, from Middle English, Old French gai. In Middle English the term could also mean ‘wanton’, ‘lascivious’ and this sense may lie behind the surname in some instances.English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from places in Normandy called Gaye, from an early proprietor bearing a Germanic personal name cognate with Wade.probably from the Catalan personal name Gai (Latin Gaius), or in some cases a nickname from Catalan gay ‘cheerful’.Variant of German Gau.North German : from a Frisian personal name Gay.A Congregational clergyman and one of the forerunners of the Unitarian movement in New England, Ebenezer Gay (1696–1787) was born in Dedham, MA, which had been founded by his grandfather, John Gay, who came to America from Wiltshire, England, about 1630 and settled in Watertown, MA. Ebenezer’s great-grandson Howard was editor of the American Anti-Slavery Standard.
Male
Hebrew
(גָּד) Hebrew name GAD means "troop." In the bible, this is the name of a prophet and the seventh son of Jacob by Zilpah. Compare with other forms of Gad.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a clever or cunning person, from Middle English yap ‘devious’, ‘deceitful’, ‘bent’; ‘shrewd’.Americanized spelling of North German Japp.Chinese : variant of Ye.Filipino : unexplained.
KNOWLEDGE GAP-HYPOTHESIS
KNOWLEDGE GAP-HYPOTHESIS
Boy/Male
Tamil
Tuvijat | தà¯à®µà®¿à®œà®¾à®¤
Lord Indra
Female
African
born while Father is away.
Female
Egyptian
, the wife of Ua.
Girl/Female
German
Mighty with a spear.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
One who is Preferred; He who is Honoured
Girl/Female
Hindu
Life, Immortal
Boy/Male
Tamil
Lord Shiva, The Sun
Boy/Male
Spanish
Blooming.
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Union with God
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
Praise
KNOWLEDGE GAP-HYPOTHESIS
KNOWLEDGE GAP-HYPOTHESIS
KNOWLEDGE GAP-HYPOTHESIS
KNOWLEDGE GAP-HYPOTHESIS
KNOWLEDGE GAP-HYPOTHESIS
n.
A servant. See Gyp.
v. i.
Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as, it has not come to my knowledge.
v. i.
To pen or part widely; to exhibit a gap, fissure, or hiatus.
n.
An opening in anything made by breaking or parting; as, a gap in a fence; an opening for a passage or entrance; an opening which implies a breach or defect; a vacant space or time; a hiatus; a mountain pass.
n.
A large size of writing paper; as, flat cap; foolscap; legal cap.
n.
Knowledge of one's self, or of one's own character, powers, limitations, etc.
v. t.
To represent by a map; -- often with out; as, to survey and map, or map out, a county. Hence, figuratively: To represent or indicate systematically and clearly; to sketch; to plan; as, to map, or map out, a journey; to map out business.
v. t.
To deprive of cap.
v. i.
Sexual intercourse; -- usually preceded by carnal; as, carnal knowledge.
v. t.
To strike with a slight or gentle blow; to touch gently; to rap lightly; to pat; as, to tap one with the hand or a cane.
v. i.
That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as, a knowledge of life.
v.
The gar pike. See Alligator gar (under Alligator), and Gar pike.
n.
That which closes or fills up an opening or gap; hence, a temporary expedient.
n.
Laughing gas.
v. t.
To acknowledge.
v. t.
To rest or recline in a lap, or as in a lap.
v. t.
To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God.
v. t.
To salute by removing the cap.
v. t.
To cover with a cap, or as with a cap; to provide with a cap or cover; to cover the top or end of; to place a cap upon the proper part of; as, to cap a post; to cap a gun.
v. t.
To feed with pap.