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Elements with atomic numbers 57-70
A lanthanide (/ˈlænθənaɪd/) is any of the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–71, from lanthanum through lutetium. In the periodic table
Lanthanide
Decrease of ionic radii across the lanthanide series
The lanthanide contraction is the steady decrease in the ionic radii of the elements in the lanthanide series, from left to right. It is caused by the
Lanthanide_contraction
Non-invasive analytical tool
Lanthanide probes are a non-invasive analytical tool commonly used for biological and chemical applications. Lanthanides are metal ions which have their
Lanthanide_probes
Triflate salts of the lanthanides
Lanthanide triflates are triflate salts of the lanthanides. These salts have been investigated for application in organic synthesis as Lewis acid catalysts
Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates
Lanthanide_trifluoromethanesulfonates
Chemical compounds containing a lanthanide element
Lanthanide compounds are compounds formed by the 15 elements classed as lanthanides. The lanthanides are generally trivalent, although some, such as cerium
Lanthanide_compounds
Chemical compounds between a lanthanide element and chlorine
Lanthanide chlorides are inorganic compounds that contain a lanthanide (Ln) and chloride. The simplest members, the Lanthanide trichlorides, have the formula
Lanthanide_chlorides
Chemical element with atomic number 67 (Ho)
the lanthanide series of elements. It is a relatively soft, silvery, fairly corrosion-resistant and malleable metal. Like many other lanthanides, holmium
Holmium
Chemical element with atomic number 57 (La)
slowly when exposed to air. It is the first and the prototype of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium
Lanthanum
Chemical element with atomic number 39 (Y)
similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a rare-earth element. Yttrium is almost always found in combination with lanthanide elements in
Yttrium
Lanthanide tribromides are a family of inorganic compounds with the formula LnBr3, where Ln stands for a lanthanide metal. The tribromides are similar
Lanthanide_tribromide
Tabular arrangement of the chemical elements
than the lanthanides towards low oxidation states: mendelevium is more easily reduced to the +2 state than thulium or even europium (the lanthanide with the
Periodic_table
Enzyme
Lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase is an oxidoreductase enzyme involved in methane metabolic pathways in microbial metabolism. This enzyme was
Lanthanide-dependent methanol dehydrogenase
Lanthanide-dependent_methanol_dehydrogenase
Chemical element with atomic number 71 (Lu)
in dry air, but not in moist air. Lutetium is the last element in the lanthanide series, and it is traditionally counted among the rare earth elements;
Lutetium
Chemical element with atomic number 58 (Ce)
that tarnishes when exposed to air. Cerium is the second element in the lanthanide series, and while it often shows the oxidation state of +3 characteristic
Cerium
Chemical element with atomic number 65 (Tb)
rare earth metal that is malleable and ductile. The ninth member of the lanthanide series, terbium is a fairly electropositive metal that reacts with water
Terbium
Chemical element with atomic number 59 (Pr)
it has symbol Pr and atomic number 59. It is the third member of the lanthanide series and is considered one of the rare-earth metals. It is a soft, silvery
Praseodymium
Group of chemical elements
and have a less rich coordination chemistry. Due to the effects of the lanthanide contraction, yttrium and lutetium are very similar in properties. Yttrium
Group_3_element
Chemical compound
the lanthanides increase as their atomic number increases due to the lanthanide contraction. It is possible by bringing a mixture of lanthanides in a
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric_acid
class, lanthanide oxychlorides, lanthanide oxybromides, and lanthanide oxyiodides, can be prepared by hydrolysis of the corresponding lanthanide trihalides :
Lanthanide_oxyhalide
Chemical element with atomic number 61 (Pm)
stable forms, the other being technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide. Promethium shows only one stable oxidation state of +3. In 1902 Bohuslav
Promethium
Chemical element with atomic number 70 (Yb)
element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. Like the other lanthanides, its most common
Ytterbium
Measure of the size of an atom
the weak shielding of the 4f-subshell. This phenomenon is known as the lanthanide contraction. A similar phenomenon exists for actinides; however, the general
Atomic_radius
Pyrophoric rare-earth metal alloy
15~18% neodymium, with traces of other rare earth metals totaling 95% lanthanides, plus 5% iron. Its most common use is in the pyrophoric ferrocerium "flint"
Mischmetal
Optical process
LiYF4, YF3, CaF2 or oxides such as Gd2O3) doped with lanthanide ions. The most common lanthanide ions used in photon upconversion are the pairs erbium-ytterbium
Photon_upconversion
Row 6 of the periodic table
period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements, including the lanthanides. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic)
Period_6_element
Study of chemical compounds containing lanthanide-carbon bonds
the field of chemistry that studies organolanthanides, compounds with a lanthanide-carbon bond. Organolanthanide compounds are different from their organotransition
Organolanthanide_chemistry
Chemical compound
Tb(C5H7O2)3(H2O)2 is a more plausible formula based on the behavior of other lanthanide acetylacetonates. The dihydrate has been characterized by X-ray crystallography
Terbium_acetylacetonate
Chemical compounds
Praseodymium compounds are chemical compounds containing the lanthanide element praseodymium (Pr). The chemistry of praseodymium is dominated by the +3
Praseodymium_compounds
Chemical element with atomic number 63 (Eu)
is a soft, silvery-white lanthanide metal that tarnishes rapidly in air and is the most chemically reactive of the lanthanides. Europium has an unusually
Europium
Chemical compound
Sm(C5H7O2)3(H2O)2 is a more plausible formula based on the behavior of other lanthanide acetylacetonates. The dihydrate has been characterized by X-ray crystallography
Samarium(III)_acetylacetonate
Chemical element with atomic number 69 (Tm)
69. It is the thirteenth element in the lanthanide series of metals. It is the second-least abundant lanthanide in the Earth's crust, after radioactively
Thulium
Proposal of a second inner transition series in the periodic table
second inner transition series homologous to the lanthanides. Its origins stem from observation of lanthanide-like properties in transuranic elements in contrast
Actinide_concept
Reagent for converting a chemical compound to a chiral derivative
Jean-Claude; Rao, V. Ramachandra; Rayudu, G.V.S; Perumareddi, J.R (2003). "Lanthanide Nmr Shift Reagents". Modern Aspects of Rare Earths and Their Complexes
Chiral_derivatizing_agent
Chemical element with atomic number 66 (Dy)
in the lanthanide series with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though, like other lanthanides, it is found
Dysprosium
Chemical compound
with the molecular formula CePO4, is a phosphate of cerium, the second lanthanide. It is usually found as an odorless, dark yellow powder which is insoluble
Cerium(III)_phosphate
Class of chemical compounds
lanthanocene is a type of metallocene compound that contains an element from the lanthanide series. The most common lanthanocene complexes contain two cyclopentadienyl
Lanthanocene
Mineral containing rare-earth elements
the largest producer of lanthanides in the world. Steenkampskraal monazite provided a supply of the complete set of lanthanides. Very low concentrations
Monazite
Pyrophoric alloy whose primary components are cerium and iron
mischmetal (cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, other trace lanthanides and some iron – about 95% lanthanides and 5% iron) hardened by blending in oxides of iron
Ferrocerium
Chemical compound
radius and high preferred coordination number of early lanthanides. The bonding in lanthanide cyclopentadienyl complexes is substantially more ionic than
Tris(cyclopentadienyl)praseodymium
Tris(cyclopentadienyl)praseodymium
Compound with a metal center bound to ligands
Superficially lanthanide complexes are similar to those of the transition metals in that some are colored. However, for the common Ln3+ ions (Ln = lanthanide) the
Coordination_complex
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
& Holleman 2001, p. 1073. Müller, Bernd G. (1991). "Lanthanide Fluorides". Synthesis of Lanthanide and Actinide Compounds. Vol. 2. pp. 55–65. doi:10
Difluoride
Phosphate mineral
phosphates" group. Xenotime is used chiefly as a source of yttrium and heavy lanthanide metals (dysprosium, ytterbium, erbium and gadolinium). Occasionally, gemstones
Xenotime
Australian chemist
Parker, graduating in 2010. Her work looked at the cellular behaviour of lanthanide complexes. She was appointed a Royal Commission for the Exhibition of
Elizabeth_New
Thermodynamic Properties of the 𝑓-Elements and Their Compounds. I. The Lanthanide and Actinide Metals". Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data
List_of_chemical_elements
Chemical element with atomic number 101 (Md)
lanthanides and actinides, in the metallic state, can exist as either divalent (such as europium and ytterbium) or trivalent (most other lanthanides)
Mendelevium
Chemical element with atomic number 95 (Am)
member of the actinide series in the periodic table, located under the lanthanide element europium and was thus named after the Americas by analogy. Americium
Americium
American inorganic chemist
a wide range of topics in inorganic chemistry, including actinide and lanthanide chemistry, microbial iron transport, and metal-based supramolecular assemblies
Ken_Raymond
Energy needed to remove an electron
They therefore have smaller atomic radii and higher ionization energies. Lanthanide and actinide contraction (and scandide contraction): The shrinking of
Ionization_energy
F-block chemical elements
the 6d shell due to interelectronic repulsion. In comparison with the lanthanides, also mostly f-block elements, the actinides show much more variable
Actinide
Chemical elements in groups 1, 2, 13–18
elements as well as the lanthanides and actinides have been included, because especially the group 3 elements and many lanthanides are electropositive elements
Main-group_element
Chemical compounds
Cerium compounds are compounds containing the element cerium (Ce), a lanthanide. Cerium exists in two main oxidation states, Ce(III) and Ce(IV). This pair
Cerium_compounds
Different forms of the table of elements
paramagnetic ions; and [a] lack of reasonable positions for hydrogen, the lanthanide elements, and the actinide elements". Some other notable short periodic
Types_of_periodic_tables
A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long-term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds
List_of_chemistry_mnemonics
Series of chemical elements
elements of group 12 (and less often group 3) are sometimes excluded. The lanthanide and actinide elements (the f-block) are called inner transition metals
Transition_metal
Any of the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium
nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals. The 15 lanthanides (or lanthanoids), along with scandium, and yttrium, are usually included
Rare-earth_element
Chemical compound
the formula Lu2(C2O4)3. It forms hydrated phases and, like other heavy-lanthanide oxalates, is normally obtained as a hexahydrate. On heating it decomposes
Lutetium_oxalate
Chemical compound
contraction and is similar to the f-block contraction normally termed the lanthanide contraction. Although AsCl5 is quite unstable, adducts with phosphorus
Arsenic_pentachloride
Set of adjacent groups
corresponds to the inner transition metals and encompasses nearly all of the lanthanides (like lanthanum, praseodymium and dysprosium) and the actinides (like
Block_(periodic_table)
Property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms
Allotropy or allotropism (from Ancient Greek ἄλλος (allos) 'other' and τρόπος (tropos) 'manner, form') is the property of some chemical elements to exist
Allotropy
Chemical compound
Tm(C5H7O2)3(H2O)2 is a more plausible formula based on the behavior of other lanthanide acetylacetonates. The dihydrate has been characterized by X-ray crystallography
Thulium_acetylacetonate
Group of chemicals
it is more common to see the preparation of lanthanide bis(trimethylsilyl)amides from anhydrous lanthanide chlorides, as these are cheaper. The reaction
Metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides
Metal_bis(trimethylsilyl)amides
Samarium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal samarium (Sm). Samarium most commonly occurs in the +3 oxidation state, as in Sm2O3, SmCl3
Samarium_compounds
Chemical compound
Gadolinium acetate is the acetate salt of the lanthanide element gadolinium with the chemical formula Gd(CH3COO)3. It is a colorless crystal that is soluble
Gadolinium_acetate
Class of chemical compounds
CuH AgH AuH RgH (predicted) ZnH2 CdH2 HgH Hg2H2 HgH2 CnH2 (predicted) Lanthanide hydrides LaH2 LaH3 LaH10 CeH2 CeH3 PrH2 PrH3 NdH2 NdH3 SmH2 SmH3 EuH2
Boranes
Mineral flourite
Yttrocerite is a variety of the mineral fluorite with a chemical formula CaF2+(Y,Ce)F3. It is bluish red with isometric crystals and is named for the yttrium
Yttrocerite
English physicist (1887–1915)
of the large family of the lanthanide series of rare earth elements. Moseley was able to demonstrate that these lanthanide elements, i.e. lanthanum through
Henry_Moseley
Chemical compound
C2Cl3F3 C2H3F C3H5F C6H5F C6H11F C7H5F3 C15F33N with transition metal, lanthanide, actinide, ammonium (NH4)3CrF6 NH4F (NH4)3FeF6 (NH4)3GaF6 (NH4)2GeF6 (NH4)3InF6
Benzoyl_fluoride
Class of chemical substance
photoluminescence. A large subset of luminescent MOFs use lanthanides in the metal clusters. Lanthanide photoluminescence has many unique properties that make
Metal–organic_framework
Chemical compound
largest-cell member of the hexagonal lanthanide-perchlorate series. Across the series from La to the later lanthanides, the lattice parameters decrease progressively
Lanthanum_perchlorate
Chemical compound
also produces other compounds, such as neodymium oxide. Chemistry portal Lanthanide "Neodymium nitride (NDN)". Adachi, Jun; Katayama, Masahito; Kurosaki,
Neodymium(III)_nitride
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
FeCl3 Lanthanum trichloride, LaCl3 Lanthanide trichloride, LnCl3, a class of chemical compound composed of a lanthanide atom and three chloride atoms. Lawrencium
Trichloride
Chemical compound
of anhydrous lanthanide perchlorates extending from lanthanum through the low-temperature form of thulium. In this structure the lanthanide ions are nine-coordinate
Holmium_perchlorate
Chemical compound
C2Cl3F3 C2H3F C3H5F C6H5F C6H11F C7H5F3 C15F33N with transition metal, lanthanide, actinide, ammonium (NH4)3CrF6 NH4F (NH4)3FeF6 (NH4)3GaF6 (NH4)2GeF6 (NH4)3InF6
Ammonium_hexafluoroferrate
Number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom
However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not obvious, led to inconsistency and
Atomic_number
Chemical compound
"Transition metal iodates. V. Preparation and characterization of the smaller lanthanide iodates". Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 11 (4): 314–318. Bibcode:1974JSSCh
Lutetium_iodate
Species of bacterium
radiation-tolerating Gram-negative bacteria. It has been shown that it can use lanthanide as a cofactor to increase its methanol dehydrogenase activity Methylacidiphilum
Methylobacterium radiotolerans
Methylobacterium_radiotolerans
Chemical compound
CuH AgH AuH RgH (predicted) ZnH2 CdH2 HgH Hg2H2 HgH2 CnH2 (predicted) Lanthanide hydrides LaH2 LaH3 LaH10 CeH2 CeH3 PrH2 PrH3 NdH2 NdH3 SmH2 SmH3 EuH2
Cyclohexasilane
earth metals are the group 3 metals scandium, yttrium, lutetium and the lanthanides; scandium is the only such metal shown as being capable of forming an
List of aqueous ions by element
List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element
actinoid series. Divalents Lanthanides are extremely reducing (can reduce alkali cations) compounds. Of these divalent lanthanides, Samarium(II) iodide, SmI2
Sterically_induced_reduction
Chemical element with atomic number 21 (Sc)
is classified as a rare-earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanides. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite
Scandium
Chemical compound composed of a metal ion bound to water ligands
and platinum(II) form square planar aquo complexes. Aquo complexes of lanthanide(III) ions are eight- and nine-coordinate, reflecting the large size of
Metal_aquo_complex
Chemical element with atomic number 62 (Sm)
silvery metal that slowly oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually has the oxidation state +3. Compounds of samarium(II)
Samarium
Chemical compound
bacterial endospores. It is also used to prepare dipicolinato ligated lanthanide and transition metal complexes for ion chromatography. Dipicolinic acid
Dipicolinic_acid
Chemical element with atomic number 68 (Er)
is always found in chemical combination with other elements. It is a lanthanide, a rare-earth element, originally found in the gadolinite mine in Ytterby
Erbium
Rare-earth boro-silicate mineral
Stillwellite-(Ce) is a rare-earth boro-silicate mineral with chemical formula (Ce,La,Ca)BSiO5. It occurs as a metasomatic replacement of metamorphosed
Stillwellite-(Ce)
Form of water
CuH AgH AuH RgH (predicted) ZnH2 CdH2 HgH Hg2H2 HgH2 CnH2 (predicted) Lanthanide hydrides LaH2 LaH3 LaH10 CeH2 CeH3 PrH2 PrH3 NdH2 NdH3 SmH2 SmH3 EuH2
Deuterium-depleted_water
Chemical compounds containing the element ytterbium
Ytterbium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide element ytterbium (Yb). Ytterbium commonly occurs in the +3 oxidation state, with the 4f13 electronic
Ytterbium_compounds
Chemical compound
lattice dimensions decrease systematically across the lanthanide series as a result of the lanthanide contraction. Several hydrated forms of erbium perchlorate
Erbium_perchlorate
Topics referred to by the same term
Mellowhype from their album BlackenedWhite The atomic number of gadolinium, a lanthanide 64 Angelina (asteroid 64), a main-belt asteroid Base64 encoding Commodore
64
Russian chemist (1834–1907)
the time were at fault. He was puzzled about where to put the known lanthanides, and predicted the existence of another row to the table which were the
Dmitri_Mendeleev
Chemical compound
nitrogen atoms) ring. DOTA is used as a complexing agent, especially for lanthanide ions. Its complexes have medical applications as contrast agents and cancer
DOTA_(chelator)
Chemical element with atomic number 80 (Hg)
liquid-state range of any metal under standard conditions. This effect is due to lanthanide contraction and relativistic contraction reducing the orbit radius of
Mercury_(element)
Concentration of cerium vs. other rare-earth metals
is a rare-earth element (lanthanide) characterized by two different redox states: III and IV. Contrary to other lanthanide elements, which are only trivalent
Cerium_anomaly
Family of minerals
had been purchased by Molycorp (Molybdenum Corporation of America). The lanthanide composition of the ore included 0.1% europium oxide, which was needed
Bastnäsite
Photoluminescent particles
electromagnetic spectrum. UCNPs are usually composed of rare-earth based lanthanide- or actinide-doped transition metals and are of particular interest for
Upconverting_nanoparticles
In part because of this similarity, scandium is often classified as a lanthanide-like element. The oxide Sc 2O 3 and the hydroxide Sc(OH) 3 are amphoteric:
Scandium_compounds
Chemical compound
generating a three-dimensional structure containing channels. The smaller late-lanthanide ion causes Lu(ClO4)3 to adopt a different structure from the hexagonal
Lutetium_perchlorate
Nesosilicate mineral
Gadolinite, sometimes known as ytterbite, is a silicate mineral consisting principally of the silicates of cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, yttrium, beryllium
Gadolinite
Chemical compound containing polonium
effect of the lanthanide contraction is clear, in that the 6-coordinate telluride ion (Te2−) has an ionic radius of 221 pm. The lanthanides also form sesquipolonides
Polonide
Chemical compound
Erbium tetraboride is a boride of the lanthanide metal erbium with the chemical formula ErB4. It is hard and has a high melting point. Industrial applications
Erbium_tetraboride
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