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Late-stage functionalization (LSF) is a desired, chemical or biochemical, chemoselective transformation on a complex molecule to provide at least one analog
Late-stage_functionalization
Chemical reaction which adds one or more halogen elements to a compound
Heteroarenes with DMSO and Hydrogen Halide: A Mild Protocol for Late-Stage Functionalization". Organic Letters. 17 (12): 2886–2889. doi:10.1021/acs.orglett
Halogenation
Chemical reaction
shorten syntheses, provide atom economical routes, and enable late stage functionalization of complex molecules. Despite the potential of the Fujiwara-Moritani
Fujiwara–Moritani_reaction
Steroidal alkaloid found in plants of the lily family
derivatized under relatively mild reaction conditions, allowing late stage functionalization of the toxin. Veratridine has a pKa of 9.54. It is slightly soluble
Veratridine
South Korean chemist (born 1962)
"Iridium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Amidation of sp3 C–H Bonds: Late-Stage Functionalization of an Unactivated Methyl Group". Journal of the American Chemical
Sukbok_Chang
Class of chemical compounds
precursors to functionalization of 9-borafluorenes at the boron center. The main strategies to accomplish late-stage functionalization at the boron center
9-Borafluorene
Concept involving selective reactions
"Coarctate reaction for synthesis of fluorescent N-heterocycles, late-stage functionalization, and photo-triggered drug delivery". Nature Communications. 16
Orthogonality_(chemistry)
Organic reaction
synthesis of lithospermic acid employs guided C–H functionalization late stage to a highly functionalized system. The directing group, a chiral nonracemic
Carbon–hydrogen bond activation
Carbon–hydrogen_bond_activation
Type of document
up the results of the requirements analysis stage. On more complex systems multiple levels of functional specifications will typically nest to each other
Functional_specification
Chemical reaction in organic chemistry
Investigations into CMD paved the way for the development of many new C–H functionalization reactions, especially in the areas of direct arylation and alkylation
Concerted metalation deprotonation
Concerted_metalation_deprotonation
Extinction of large animals at the end of the last Ice Age
The Late Pleistocene to the beginning of the Holocene saw the extinction of the majority of the world's megafauna, typically defined as animal species
Late_Pleistocene_extinctions
Freudian Psychosexual development
If weaned either too early or too late, the infant might fail to resolve the emotional conflicts of the oral stage of psychosexual development and might
Oral_stage
Cancelled wireless charger produced by Apple, Inc.
AirPower's design and functionality but were unable to fully replicate Apple's planned features, such as freely placing devices. Apple later sold three-device
AirPower_(Apple)
Freudian psychology
psychosexual developmental stages, they would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder. Sigmund
Psychosexual_development
Soccer tournament in Canada, Mexico, and the United States
suggest that penalty shootouts could be used to prevent draws in the group stage, although even then some risk of collusion would remain, as it was possible
2026_FIFA_World_Cup
Checking software against expectations
when identified at early stages of development, compared to traditional approaches in which testing is deferred to later stages. A case study presented
Software_testing
Rare neurodegenerative disease
increase the risk of choking or of aspirating food into the lungs. In later stages of the disorder, aspiration pneumonia can develop, and maintaining a
ALS
Inability of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach to open
esophagus and may be inhaled into the lungs (aspiration). Untreated, mid-stage achalasia can fully obstruct the passage of almost any food or liquid –
Esophageal_achalasia
Time of offspring development in mother's body
used for the number of times that a female carries a pregnancy to a viable stage. Twins and other multiple births are counted as one pregnancy and birth
Pregnancy
Mass extinction event c. 444 million years ago
between the Katian and Hirnantian stages of the Late Ordovician epoch. This extinction pulse is typically attributed to the Late Ordovician glaciation, which
Late Ordovician mass extinction
Late_Ordovician_mass_extinction
Most common type of rocket, used to launch satellites
rocket stages, each of which contains its own engines and propellant. A tandem or serial stage is mounted on top of another stage; a parallel stage is attached
Multistage_rocket
Species of single-celled organism
fungus-like microorganism (oomycete) that causes the serious crop disease known as late blight or potato blight. The Early blight caused by Alternaria solani is
Phytophthora_infestans
Buddhist meditation of a decaying corpse
"unattractive" (aśubha). The nine stages later became a popular subject of Buddhist art and poetry. In Japan, images of the stages are called kusōzu (九相図, lit
Nine_stages_of_decay
Architectural style of Medieval Europe
architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries
Gothic_architecture
American organic chemist (born 1977)
Radical-mediated C-H functionalization (alcohols to 1,3-diols) (2008) Chemoselective N-tert-Prenylation of Indoles by C–H Functionalization (2009) C-H trifluoromethylation
Phil_S._Baran
Progressive neurodegenerative disease
generally described in three stages, with a progressive pattern of cognitive and functional impairment. The three stages are described as early or mild
Alzheimer's_disease
Species of cockroach
small non-functional wings. The female is shorter and wider than the male. A colony, containing many different life stages Nymph (immature stage with no
Oriental_cockroach
Prehistoric period before metal tools
1947. It adopted Goodwin and Lowe's 3-stage system at that time, the stages to be called Early, Middle and Later. The problem of the transitions in archaeology
Stone_Age
American medium-range air-to-air missile
Hornet and the pending retirement of the F-14 Tomcat from active service in late 2006. The Department of Defense conducted an extensive evaluation of air
AIM-120_AMRAAM
Stage of electronic circuit design validation
verify the functionality of a small piece of the design before it is integrated into a larger system. Subsystem/IP-level verification: At this stage, multiple
Functional_verification
Play written by Aaron Sorkin
Farnsworth Invention is a stage play by Aaron Sorkin adapted from an unproduced screenplay about Philo Farnsworth's first fully functional and completely all-electronic
The_Farnsworth_Invention
History of Arabia from the third to seventh centuries CE
course of time, late antique Arab leaders were capable of achieving increasingly greater authority and status on the international stage. Means to achieving
Arabia_in_late_antiquity
Time when menstrual periods stop permanently
as hot flashes disappear. Finally, late postmenopause, formally categorized as Stage +2 by the gold-standard Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW
Menopause
Chemical compound found in some species of mushrooms
approved for treatment-resistant depression in Australia in 2023. It is in late-stage clinical trials in the United States for major depressive disorder and
Psilocybin
US National Historic Landmark in St. Louis, Missouri
founding of St. Louis on the west bank of the Mississippi River. Around late 1933, civic leader Luther Ely Smith, returning to St. Louis from the George
Gateway_Arch
Chiral ligands
ligand assisted C–H functionalization introduces high complexity via intramolecular ortho olefination. The use of C–H functionalization in the synthesis
Mono-N-protected_amino_acids
American super heavy-lift expendable rocket
Marshall Space Flight Center in late September 1964. The third stage, the S-IVB-D arrived at MSFC before any other Saturn V stage because it was first needed
Saturn_V
Parts of the vulva
lead to changes in labia size, appearance, and elasticity at various life stages. At birth, the labia minora are well-developed, and the labia majora appear
Labia
Study of compounds with carbon to zinc bonds
Zakarian, Armen (2013). "Total Synthesis of Maoecrystal V: Early-Stage C–H Functionalization and Lactone Assembly by Radical Cyclization". Journal of the
Organozinc_chemistry
Island country in Southeast Asia
the end of the secondary stage, GCE O-Level or GCE N-Level exams are taken; at the end of the following pre-university stage, the GCE A-Level exams are
Singapore
Central nervous system stimulant
discovered as a chemical in 1887 by Lazăr Edeleanu, and then as a drug in the late 1920s. It exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine
Amphetamine
Australian singer (born 1949)
the surgeries to my mouth and face over the past few years, singing on stage is not something I can consider again". John Peter Farnham was born in Mile
John_Farnham
Australian rock singer (1947–2026)
(The Angels), Phil Emmanuel and Matt Sorum (drummer for Guns N' Roses) on-stage to celebrate the opening of a Hard Rock Cafe in Darling Harbour. In January
Angry_Anderson
Area of research analysing the modification of carbon nanotubes
be functionalized to attain desired properties that can be used in a wide variety of applications. The two main methods of CNT functionalization are
Carbon_nanotube_chemistry
Bridge in Vestland county, Norway
set to NOK 20 for five years, and then after the completion of the first stage, the toll will be NOK 40 for fifteen years. The toll plaza was scheduled
Nordhordland_Bridge
American whistleblower (born 1983)
conference. Later that month, Snowden appeared by teleconference at the TED conference in Vancouver, British Columbia. Represented on stage by a robot
Edward_Snowden
Capital and largest city of France
Enlightenment in the 18th century. In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage of the French Revolution. On 14 July, a mob seized the arsenal at the Invalides
Paris
Businessman and entrepreneur (born 1971)
rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on a land platform. Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport drone
Elon_Musk
DC and Vertigo Comics character
released an album called Venus of the Hardsell. John also performed as a stage magician in the 1980s, where he became famous for predicting the assassination
John_Constantine
Tiger population in Northeast Asia
region is therefore unsuitable for the reintroduction, at least at this stage of development. A second possible introduction site in Kazakhstan is the
Siberian_tiger
1970 film by Joseph Sargent
became the first production in which he started using "Eric Braeden" as his stage name. Braeden's casting enabled Peck to star in I Walk the Line (1970) and
Colossus:_The_Forbin_Project
Computer expansion bus standard
often even start developing for any new protocol features. At the Draft 0.5 stage, however, there is still a strong likelihood of changes in the actual PCIe
PCI_Express
Resurrection Stone drove its first owner to kill himself because he brought his late fiancée back from the dead, and she was very unhappy in the living world
Magical objects in Harry Potter
Magical_objects_in_Harry_Potter
American diplomat and politician (1923–2023)
amendments, and on December 13, 1972, left Paris for Hanoi. Kissinger by this stage was worked up into a state of fury after Thọ walked out of the Paris talks
Henry_Kissinger
Prion disease of the human brain
bilateral hypometabolism of the thalamus—a functional defect detectable even in the earliest presymptomatic stages of the disease. Because the prion-damaged
Fatal_insomnia
Humanoid robot being developed by Tesla
September 2022, semi-functional prototypes of Optimus were displayed at Tesla's second AI Day. One prototype was able to walk about the stage and another, sleeker
Optimus_(robot)
Japanese casual-wear brand and retailer
simple, functional, and continually improved everyday clothing. Technology has played an important role in this model, ranging from functional-material
Uniqlo
itself did not become a province of Canada until 1949. In practice, since the late 1960s, DST across Canada has been closely or completely synchronized with
Daylight saving time in Canada
Daylight_saving_time_in_Canada
MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
Functional magnetic resonance imaging or functional MRI (fMRI) measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow. This technique
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
American actor (born 1941)
composer Eric Salzman. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Keach established himself as a leading American classical stage actor. His work with the New
Stacy_Keach
Complete life cycle of an institution
enter the next stage, whilst others are unsuccessful in achieving this and consequently fail to survive. Stage 3: Maturity : This stage signifies the organization
Organizational_life_cycle
Soviet composer and pianist (1906–1975)
include two sonatas, an early set of 24 preludes, and a later set of 24 preludes and fugues. Stage works include three completed operas and three ballets
Dmitri_Shostakovich
Ukrainian cinematographer (1979–2021)
International Cinematographers Guild and the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, labor unions that represent entertainment industry's crew and
Halyna_Hutchins
American rapper (1970–2021)
four Grammy Award nominations. Regarded as an influential figure in the late 1990s and early 2000s and one of the greats of hip-hop, his music is characterized
DMX
Principal metro system serving Singapore
mentioned earlier. Early stages of the MRT's construction paid scant attention to station design, with an emphasis on functionality over aesthetics. This
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
Mass_Rapid_Transit_(Singapore)
Representation or imitation of a person or thing
language in the late 16th century, used to describe a representation, such as a statue or a painting, especially of a god. By the late 19th century, it
Simulacrum
British rock guitarist (born 1948)
built in Gyumri, Armenia. In January 2012, when Iommi was announced to have stage three lymphoma, the Armenian Prime Minister sent a letter of support: "We
Tony_Iommi
Indian actor and film producer (born 1976)
"Unforgettable World Tour" stage production. The first leg covered the US, Canada, Trinidad, and London. Bachchan is also involved in the functional and administrative
Abhishek_Bachchan
Naturally recurring resting state of mind and body
while procedural memory during late sleep (dominated by REM sleep) does so. With regard to declarative memory, the functional role of SWS has been associated
Sleep
Single-celled algae with silica cell walls
to marine isotope stage 5e, which coincides with the last interglacial period. Peaks in opal productivity in the marine isotope stage are associated with
Diatom
Drug mixture used mainly to treat ADHD and narcolepsy
or severe. Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control
Adderall
Full-size SUV
wins (1st place) in the "Cars Class" and 150 stage wins (the second best being Peugeot with only 78 stage wins in comparison). Mitsubishi earned the title
Mitsubishi_Pajero
Russian general-purpose machine gun and its variants
Military Districts, as well as at the Vystrel officer training courses in late 1960. The Main Missiles and Artillery Directorate and the Ministry of the
PK_machine_gun
Autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks healthy tissue
patients. Studies that report different rates of disease progression in late-stage SLE are most likely reflecting differences in socioeconomic status and
Lupus
Juvenile dog
functional sense of smell. They are unable to open their eyes. During their first two weeks, a puppy's senses all develop rapidly. During this stage the
Puppy
Species of moth
among a tangle of stems. Although dependent on warmth and sun, the larval stage can be as rapid as 20 days. Larva of Macroglossum stellatarum Larva of Macroglossum
Hummingbird_hawk-moth
Genus of Late Cretaceous theropod
set of footprints in Glenrock, Wyoming dating to the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous and hailing from the Lance Formation were described by
Tyrannosaurus
American singer-songwriter (born 2002)
comparisons to Mercury due to his wide vocal range, theatrical musical style and stage presence. Boone has addressed the comparisons, calling them a "compliment"
Benson_Boone
Family of beetles
development stage varies based on climate and between species. For Adalia bipunctata, eggs hatch after four to eight days, the larva stage lasts around
Coccinellidae
Species of wasp
cycle of a colony can be divided into the founding stage, the ergonomic stage, and the reproductive stage. Colonies show annual cycling. New nests are generally
Dolichovespula_maculata
Main nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system
Parvat; Das, Joe M. (2025), "Neuroanatomy, Neural Tube Development and Stages", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491346
Vagus_nerve
Earth's most severe extinction event
intensity during Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago (H) K–Pg Tr–J P–Tr Cap Late D O–S The Permian–Triassic extinction event, colloquially known as the Great
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Plants in the family Fabaceae
germination through to harvest, and they can destroy an entire crop in early stage. Black bean aphids are a serious pest to broad beans and other beans. Common
Legume
Field of study in neuroscience and psychology
ends at the formal operational stage that is usually developed in early adulthood. It does not take into account later stages of adult cognitive development
Cognitive_development
Mental distress due to gender incongruence
gender dysphoria tends to be early-onset (starting prior to puberty) or late-onset (starting during or after puberty) in non-intersex individuals. Those
Gender_dysphoria
International airport serving Zurich, Switzerland
of 1961, the extension of the terminal building was still at the design stage. After the passenger terminal with two finger docks had failed in the cantonal
Zurich_Airport
Cognitive decline
in three major stages (early or mild, middle or moderate, and late or severe) that show a pattern of progressive cognitive and functional impairment. Other
Dementia
Country in West Asia
consolidated the remaining rebel groups in its stronghold in northwestern Syria. In late 2024, HTS and other opposition forces launched a series of offensives, culminating
Syria
Human transition from puberty to adult
Adolescence (from Latin adolescere 'to mature') is a transitional stage of human physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the
Adolescence
Type of computer memory
Ryan (July 14, 2020). "DDR5 Memory Specification Released: Setting the Stage for DDR5-6400 and Beyond". AnandTech. Archived from the original on July
DDR5_SDRAM
Inventor of the telephone (1847–1922)
Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston "laboratory" (a rented facility)
Alexander_Graham_Bell
1985 video game
to rescue Princess Toadstool from King Koopa (later named Bowser). They traverse side-scrolling stages while avoiding hazards such as enemies and pits
Super_Mario_Bros.
Result of nuclear radiation exposure
chromosome and chromatid aberrations, and their effects depend on in which stage of the mitotic cycle the cell is when the irradiation occurs. If the cell
Acute_radiation_syndrome
MSDOS-like operating system
without success. Immediately after the completion of the pre-trial deposition stage (where the parties list the evidence they intend to present), there was
DR-DOS
Cognitive process independent of the senses
reality, in the stage of concrete operations, and then operate on abstract principles that organize concrete properties, in the stage of formal operations
Thought
Video editing application by Blackmagic Design
around task-specific workspaces called "pages," each designed for a distinct stage of the post-production workflow. The Cut and Edit pages support video editing;
DaVinci_Resolve
Country in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
opera stages, and conservatories, and through the incorporation of Kazakh traditional music into these structures. Under the Russian Empire and later the
Kazakhstan
Sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era
the stage. The ages of the Permian, from youngest to oldest, are: For most of the 20th century, the Permian was divided into the Early and Late Permian
Permian
Species of aquatic flowering plant
mature to a suitable stage for eating in approximately six to nine months. Early varieties are harvested in July until September and late varieties from October
Nelumbo_nucifera
1990 film by Rob Reiner
roles of Sheldon and Wilkes before Caan and Bates were hired; Bates was a stage actress, mostly unknown to film audiences. Principal photography began in
Misery_(film)
travel, tourism, insurance
LATE STAGE-FUNCTIONALIZATION
LATE STAGE-FUNCTIONALIZATION
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LATE STAGE-FUNCTIONALIZATION
LATE STAGE-FUNCTIONALIZATION
LATE STAGE-FUNCTIONALIZATION
LATE STAGE-FUNCTIONALIZATION
LATE STAGE-FUNCTIONALIZATION
LATE STAGE-FUNCTIONALIZATION
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