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Alloy of lead and bismuth used as a coolant in nuclear reactors
Lead-bismuth eutectic or LBE is a eutectic alloy of lead (44.5 at%) and bismuth (55.5 at%) used as a coolant in some nuclear reactors, and is a proposed
Lead-bismuth_eutectic
Fast-neutron nuclear reactor cooled by molten lead
The lead-cooled fast reactor is a nuclear reactor design that uses molten lead or lead-bismuth eutectic as its coolant. These materials can be used as
Lead-cooled_fast_reactor
Nuclear reactor where the coolant is liquid metal
lead with bismuth, but lead-bismuth eutectic is highly corrosive to most metals used for structural materials. The high density and viscosity of lead
Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor
Nuclear submarine of the Soviet Navy
experimental VT-1 nuclear reactors that used a liquid-metal coolant (lead-bismuth eutectic) into the modified hull of a Project 627A (November-class) vessel
Soviet_submarine_K-27
NASA administrator (1921–1992)
Review: 53–78. Paine, Thomas O. (1949). The effect of a molten lead-bismuth eutectic alloy on steel (Ph.D.). Stanford University. OCLC 489292511. ProQuest 301841027
Thomas_O._Paine
Design project of a nuclear reactor coupled to a proton accelerator
a first research project with a small proton accelerator and a lead-bismuth eutectic target: GUINEVERE. MYRRHA is anticipated to be constructed in 2036
MYRRHA
Nuclear reactor where fast neutrons maintain a fission chain reaction
trap. From the liquid lead or lead-bismuth eutectic designs, only the liquid eutectic lead-bismuth will have activation. As pure lead will have virtually
Fast-neutron_reactor
Coolant in a nuclear reactor
have been liquid metal cooled reactors using molten sodium. Lead, lead-bismuth eutectic, and other metals have also been proposed and occasionally used
Nuclear_reactor_coolant
Type of nuclear fission reactor
and supplies a sufficient amount of reactor heat. Sodium, lead, and lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) are liquid metal coolants studied for 4th generation
Small_modular_reactor
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
view. Often a reactor of this type would use a lead-bismuth eutectic mixture. In this case, the bismuth would present some minor radiation problems, as
Nuclear_reactor
Alloy used to join metal pieces
even more in synergy with bismuth. Nickel presence stabilizes the copper-tin intermetallics, inhibits growth of pro-eutectic β-tin dendrites (and therefore
Solder
Isotope of polonium
is a downside to reactors cooled with lead-bismuth eutectic rather than pure lead. However, given the eutectic properties of this alloy, some proposed
Polonium-210
Chemical element with atomic number 83 (Bi)
components to form almost isostatic bismuth-lead eutectic alloys. Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive, colorful hopper
Bismuth
Nuclear-powered attack submarine class
OK-550 by the OKBM design bureau in Nizhniy Novgorod, both using a eutectic lead-bismuth solution for the primary cooling stage, and both producing 155 MW
Alfa-class_submarine
Nuclear reactor generating more fissile material than it consumes
options. Lead-cooled fast reactor as well as those utilizing Lead-bismuth eutectic saw extensive use in the Soviet Union, with liquid Lead seeing use
Breeder_reactor
New nuclear reactor technologies under development
largely as a byproduct. The lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR) features a fast-neutron-spectrum lead or lead/bismuth eutectic (LBE) coolant with a closed
Generation_IV_reactor
Chemical element with atomic number 85 (At)
no-carrier-added astatine radionuclides from α-particle irradiated lead bismuth eutectic target: A classical method". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 127
Astatine
Material with the ability to reflect neutrons; used to control fission reactions
reducing neutron kinetic energy, while a heavy material like lead or lead-bismuth eutectic will have less effect on neutron velocity. In power reactors
Neutron_reflector
American physicist
primary research interest was the corrosion of steel by exposure to lead-bismuth eutectic. He also conducted some research into molecular ions, and presented
John_W._Farley
US company, 2012 to 2018
thermal hydraulics of the lead-bismuth reactor are dictated by the high heat capacity and properties of the lead-bismuth eutectic coolant. This coolant is
Gen4_Energy
Electrical generator that uses heat from radioactive decay
occurring isotope of bismuth. It is this accidental production that is cited as an argument against the use of lead-bismuth eutectic as a coolant in liquid
Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator
Nuclear-powered cruise-missile submarine
reactor were potentially available at this time, pressurized water or lead-bismuth eutectic. The Soviets had some experience with the former, but none with
Soviet_submarine_K-222
classified as a fusible alloy. It has a melting point lower than the eutectic point of the tin–lead alloy. The most common application of the Bi-In alloy is as
Bismuth–indium
Alloy of bismuth, lead, tin and cadmium
who invented and patented the alloy in 1860. It is a eutectic alloy of 50% bismuth, 26.7% lead, 13.3% tin, and 10% cadmium by mass. It has a melting
Wood's_metal
Hypothetical chemical compound of carbon and lead
had been used to heat a lead-bismuth eutectic alloy for 100 hours at 1073 K in a helium atmosphere. Several reports of "lead carbide" synthesis appeared
Lead_carbide
Propulsion system for marine vessels utilizing a nuclear powerplant
module is considered. This is a small fast-neutron reactor using lead–bismuth eutectic cooling and able to operate for ten full-power years before refueling
Nuclear_marine_propulsion
Fusible alloy with a low melting point
fusible alloy with a low melting point. It is a non-eutectic mixture consisting of 42.5% bismuth, 37.7% lead, 11.3% tin, and 8.5% cadmium that melts between
Cerrosafe
Topics referred to by the same term
bomb prototype Landing Barge, Emergency repair, a WWII ship type Lead-bismuth eutectic, an alloy Location-based entertainment Lübeck-Büchen Railway Company
LBE
Type of nuclear reactor that uses normal water
production vessels, specifically the Alfa class submarine, which used lead-bismuth eutectic as a reactor moderator and coolant, but the vast majority of Russian
Light-water_reactor
Fusible alloy made of a eutectic of bismuth, indium, and tin
It is named after its inventor, Simon Quellen Field. It is a eutectic alloy of bismuth, indium, and tin, with the following mass fractions: 32.5% Bi
Field's_metal
Easily fused metal alloy
Gallium-containing alloys (but neither alkali metal nor mercury) Only bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium, zinc, indium, and sometimes thallium-containing alloys
Fusible_alloy
Chemical element with atomic number 50 (Sn)
much solid solubility. Tin mixes well with bismuth, gallium, lead, thallium and zinc, forming simple eutectic systems. Tin becomes a superconductor below
Tin
Metallic material
w/Lead. Retrieved on February 6, 2015. "Indium Corp. Indalloy 21 Bismuth Solder Alloy". Retrieved 20 July 2016. "Indium Corp. Indalloy 147 Bismuth Solder
Solder_alloys
Swiss federal research institute
summer 2006. By replacing the solid target with a target made of a lead-bismuth eutectic, the neutron yield could be increased by about another 80%. Since
Paul_Scherrer_Institute
Simulates a nuclear reactor's coolant system and core
Molten salts (e.g. FLiBe and FLiNaK) Liquid metals (e.g. sodium and lead-bismuth eutectic) Alternative fluids (e.g. glycerin and ammonia) Refrigerants (e
RELAP5-3D
Alloy used for soldering
that becomes liquid at approximately 58 °C (136 °F). It is a eutectic alloy of bismuth, lead, indium, and tin, with the following percentages by weight:
Cerrolow_136
Process of joining metal pieces with heated filler metal
aluminium and corrosion resistance, and tin-silver and tin-bismuth for electronics. A eutectic formulation has advantages when applied to soldering: the
Soldering
Alloy with a low melting point
fusible alloy with a low melting point. Rose's metal consists of 50% bismuth, 25–28% lead and 22–25% tin. Its melting point is between 94 and 98 °C (201 and
Rose's_metal
Reactor accident due to core overheating
core damage from occurring. Recently heavy liquid metal, such as lead or lead-bismuth, has been proposed as a reactor coolant. Because of the similar densities
Nuclear_meltdown
Solder by immersion in a bath of molten solder
binary tin-lead alloys) or 350 to 400 °C (for lead-free alloys) Solder composition: 60% Sn, 40% Pb or eutectic alloy. The workpieces to be joined are treated
Dip_soldering
metals (such as sodium and lithium), lead or lead-based eutectic alloys like lead-bismuth, and NaK, a eutectic alloy of sodium and potassium. Gas cooled
Nuclear_reactor_heat_removal
Metal-joining technique
simultaneously. Eutectic alloys melt at single temperature, without mushy region. Eutectic alloys have superior spreading; non-eutectics in the mushy region
Brazing
Chart used to show conditions at which physical phases of a substance occur
greater separation of water molecules. Other exceptions include antimony and bismuth. At very high pressures above 50 GPa (500 000 atm), liquid nitrogen undergoes
Phase_diagram
Substance used to reduce or regulate the temperature of a system
employed. Another liquid metal used as a coolant is lead, in e.g. lead cooled fast reactors, or a lead-bismuth alloy. Some early fast neutron reactors used mercury
Coolant
Any binary chemical compound containing just silicon and another chemical element
The antimony–silicon system comprises a single eutectic close to the melting point of Sb. The bismuth system is a monotectic. In group 16 silicon dioxide
Binary_compounds_of_silicon
Wafer bond with glass central layer
730 °F) by reducing the lead(II) oxide content down from 70%, increasing the zinc oxide content, adding titanium dioxide and bismuth(III) oxide and some other
Glass_frit_bonding
Chemical element with atomic number 47 (Ag)
for coinage and jewellery is in reality a silver–copper alloy, and the eutectic mixture is used in vacuum brazing. The two metals are completely miscible
Silver
Chemical element with atomic number 11 (Na)
liquid state, sodium is completely miscible with lead. There are several methods to make sodium-lead alloys. One is to melt them together and another
Sodium
Chemical Property
borne out by the extraction of metallic lithium by the electrolysis of a eutectic mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride: lithium metal is formed
Reactivity_series
Type of battery that uses molten salts
Youngsik; Paik, Ungyu (2018). "Li Cl-LiI molten salt electrolyte with bismuth-lead positive electrode for liquid metal battery". Journal of Power Sources
Molten-salt_battery
2003 European Union directive on hazardous materials
however at this temperature most typical lead-free solders have longer wetting times than eutectic Pb/Sn (lead/tin) 37:63 solder. Additionally wetting
RoHS
additives of magnesium, manganese and silicon to increase strength. Lead and bismuth form small inclusions that melt at low temperatures, resulting in better
Aluminium–copper_alloys
Group of chemical elements
scandium was produced for the first time in 1937 by electrolysis of a eutectic mixture, at 700–800 °C, of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides.
Group_3_element
Chemical element with atomic number 81 (Tl)
ischemic coronary artery disease. A mercury–thallium alloy, which forms a eutectic at 8.5% thallium, is reported to freeze at −60 °C, some 20 °C below the
Thallium
Pyrotechnic composition of metal powder and metal oxide
common because of its high boiling point and low cost. Oxidizers include bismuth(III) oxide, boron(III) oxide, silicon(IV) oxide, chromium(III) oxide, manganese(IV)
Thermite
Chemical element with atomic number 90 (Th)
store thorium in proposed future thorium nuclear reactors. Thorium forms eutectic mixtures with chromium and uranium, and it is completely miscible in both
Thorium
Chemical element with atomic number 42 (Mo)
ductile and more weldable, yet in tests it resisted corrosion of a standard eutectic salt (FLiBe) and salt vapors used in molten salt reactors for 1100 hours
Molybdenum
Mixture or metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements
to increase strength and hardness. These metals were typically lead, antimony, bismuth or copper. These solutes were sometimes added individually in varying
Alloy
Explosive with focused effect
low-melting-point metal insoluble in copper, such as bismuth, 1–5% lithium, or up to 50% (usually 15–30%) lead; the size of inclusions can be adjusted by thermal
Shaped_charge
Chemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)
that a significantly high amount (12%) of silicon in aluminium forms a eutectic mixture which solidifies with very little thermal contraction. This greatly
Silicon
Chemical element with atomic number 19 (K)
materials, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and sodium nitrite form a eutectic, which remains liquid from 142 to 600 °C. Sodium and potassium salts display
Potassium
21-32. Pearson, C., The viscous properties of extruded eutectic alloys of lead-tin and bismuth-tin. J. Inst. metals, 1934. 54(1): p. 111-124. Barnes AJ
Superplasticity
original on 8 August 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010. "Gold Tin – The Unique Eutectic Solder Alloy". Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved
List_of_brazing_alloys
Material fuelling nuclear reactors
uranium dissolved in liquid bismuth. The proposed dual fluid reactor (DFR) has a variant DFR/m which works with eutectic liquid metal alloys, e.g. U-Cr
Nuclear_fuel
Type of nuclear reactor that uses molten material as fuel
with molten bismuth. In a redox-reaction some metals can be transferred to the bismuth melt in exchange for lithium added to the bismuth melt. At low
Liquid fluoride thorium reactor
Liquid_fluoride_thorium_reactor
State of matter
though the individual elements are solid under the same conditions (see eutectic mixture). Everyday liquid mixtures include aqueous solutions like household
Liquid
Chemical element with atomic number 31 (Ga)
short list of other materials that includes water, silicon, germanium, bismuth, lead, and plutonium. In gallium, this anomalous behaviour is a result of
Gallium
Chemical element with atomic number 21 (Sc)
scandium was produced for the first time in 1937 by electrolysis of a eutectic mixture of potassium, lithium, and scandium chlorides, at 700–800 °C. The
Scandium
Group of chemical elements
nuclear graphite have limited this to niche applications. In the FLiBe eutectic used in molten salt reactors, beryllium's role as a moderator is more incidental
Alkaline_earth_metal
Chemical compounds with at least one silicon atom
silicides. Instead, most form eutectic mixtures, although the heaviest stable ones – mercury, thallium, lead, and bismuth – are completely immiscible with
Silicon_compounds
Nuclear reactor design
lead coolant, is that sodium is chemically reactive, especially with water or air. Lead may be substituted for the eutectic alloy of lead and bismuth
Integral_fast_reactor
Group of highly reactive chemical elements
eliminated the possibility of the unknown element being thorium, radium, lead, bismuth, or thallium. The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali
Alkali_metal
Chemical element with atomic number 58 (Ce)
synthesis. Cerium is used as alloying element in aluminium to create castable eutectic aluminium alloys with 6–16 wt.% Ce, to which other elements such as Mg
Cerium
Chemical element with atomic number 73 (Ta)
sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or electrochemical deposition from a eutectic molten salt solution. Natural tantalum consists of two stable isotopes:
Tantalum
Temperature at which a solid turns liquid
while the temperature where melting is complete is called the liquidus. Eutectics are special types of mixtures that behave like single phases. They melt
Melting_point
Group of elements in the periodic table
sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or electrochemical deposition from a eutectic molten salt solution. A direct relativistic effect is that as the atomic
Group_5_element
Chemical element with atomic number 4 (Be)
properties. Beryllium fluoride is one of the constituent salts of the eutectic salt mixture FLiBe, which is used as a solvent, moderator and coolant in
Beryllium
LEAD BISMUTH-EUTECTIC
LEAD BISMUTH-EUTECTIC
Female
Hebrew
(לֵ×ָה) Hebrew name LEAH means "weary." In the bible, this is the name of Jacob's first wife. Compare with other forms of Leah.
Female
English
(Λήδα) Greek name LEDA means "woman." In mythology, this is the name of the mother of Castor, Pollux and Helen.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Devon)
English (chiefly Devon) : nickname for a thin or lean person, from Middle English lene ‘lean’ (Old English hlǣne).Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Liatháin (see Lehane).Reduced form of Scottish McLean.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a meadow, from Middle English mede ‘meadow’ (Old English mǣd).English : metonymic occupational name for a brewer or seller of mead (Old English meodu), an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting honey.
Female
Hebrew
(בָּשְׂמַת) Hebrew name BOSMATH means "spice" or "sweet smelling." In the bible, this is the name of a wife of Esau, and a daughter of Solomon.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Famous; Much Heard of; Celebrated; Pleased; Delighted; Happy; Son of Vasudeva; Lord Vishnu
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from an Old English byname, Red, READ means "red-headed or ruddy-complexioned."Â
Female
Hebrew
 Variant spelling of Hebrew Leah, LEA means "weary." Compare with another form of Lea.
Female
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Bosmath, BASMATH means "spice" or "sweet smelling." In the bible, this is the name of a wife of Esau, and a daughter of Solomon.
Female
English
 Old English name LEA means "meadow." Compare with another form of Lea.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Kent)
English (chiefly Kent) : from Middle English heved ‘head’, applied as a nickname for someone with some peculiarity or disproportion of the head, or a topographic name for someone who lived on a hill or at the head of a stream or valley. This surname has long been established in Ireland.
Girl/Female
Bengali, Danish, Finnish, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Swedish, Telugu
Lead
Boy/Male
Hindu
Celebrated or renowned, Much heard of, Famous, Pleased, Delighted, Happy, Son of Vasudeva (Brahma purana, Lord Vishnu
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a person with red hair or a ruddy complexion, from Middle English re(a)d ‘red’.English : topographic name for someone who lived in a clearing, from an unattested Old English rīed, r̄d ‘woodland clearing’.English : Read in Lancashire, the name of which is a contracted form of Old English rǣghēafod, from rǣge ‘female roe deer’, ‘she-goat’ + hēafod ‘head(land)’; Rede in Suffolk, so called from Old English hrēod ‘reeds’; or Reed in Hertfordshire, so called from an Old English ryhð ‘brushwood’.English : A family called Read were established in America in the early 18th century by John Read, who was born in Dublin, sixth in descent from Sir Thomas Read of Berkshire, England. His son, George Read (1733–98), was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and as a lawyer helped frame the Constitution.
Surname or Lastname
English, Spanish, and Portuguese
English, Spanish, and Portuguese : nickname for a loyal or trustworthy person, from Old French leial, Spanish and Portuguese leal ‘loyal’, ‘faithful (to obligations)’, Latin legalis, from lex, ‘law’, ‘obligation’ (genitive legis).
Female
English
 Variant spelling of Old English Lea, LEAH means "meadow." Compare with other forms of Leah.
Female
Greek
(Λήδα) Greek name LEDA means "woman." In mythology, this is the name of the mother of Kastor, Pollux and Helen.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived near a loud, rushing stream, Old English hl̄de, or a habitational name from Lead in West Yorkshire, which is named from Old English lǣd ‘water course’ or Old English hlēda ‘ledge’.
Male
Hebrew
(×ֶלְעַד) Contracted form of Hebrew El'adah, ELAD means "whom God puts on."
LEAD BISMUTH-EUTECTIC
LEAD BISMUTH-EUTECTIC
Girl/Female
Indian
Like King Rama; Good Nature
Girl/Female
American, Arabic, Australian, Chinese, French, Latin, Spanish
Valley of the Wolves; River of the Wolf
Surname or Lastname
English and Irish
English and Irish : variant of Grew.German : variant of Greve.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Hinckley.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Girl/Female
German, Latin
Victory; Form of Victoria
Girl/Female
Tamil
Tarshita | தாரà¯à®·à¯€à®¤à®¾
Thirsty, Desirous
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Sagacious; Endowed with Insight; Wise; Female Version of Basir
Male
African
the child that has been thrown away.
Boy/Male
Norse
Son of Osvin.
LEAD BISMUTH-EUTECTIC
LEAD BISMUTH-EUTECTIC
LEAD BISMUTH-EUTECTIC
LEAD BISMUTH-EUTECTIC
LEAD BISMUTH-EUTECTIC
imp. & p. p.
of Lead.
a.
Resembling lead.
n.
Hydrous carbonate of bismuth, an earthy mineral of a dull white or yellowish color.
v. t.
To begin a game, round, or trick, with; as, to lead trumps; the double five was led.
a.
Still as death; motionless; inactive; useless; as, dead calm; a dead load or weight.
n.
A small cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils.
a.
Containing bismuth.
imp. & p. p.
of Lead
n.
An article made of lead or an alloy of lead
v. t.
To place leads between the lines of; as, to lead a page; leaded matter.
v. t.
To cover, fill, or affect with lead; as, continuous firing leads the grooves of a rifle.
a.
Of or pertaining to bismuth; containing bismuth, when this element has its higher valence; as, bismuthic oxide.
n.
A plummet or mass of lead, used in sounding at sea.
n.
The act of leading or conducting; guidance; direction; as, to take the lead; to be under the lead of another.
n.
One of the elements; a metal of a reddish white color, crystallizing in rhombohedrons. It is somewhat harder than lead, and rather brittle; masses show broad cleavage surfaces when broken across. It melts at 507¡ Fahr., being easily fused in the flame of a candle. It is found in a native state, and as a constituent of some minerals. Specific gravity 9.8. Atomic weight 207.5. Symbol Bi.
n.
Bismuth trioxide, or bismuth ocher.
n.
Sheets or plates of lead used as a covering for roofs; hence, pl., a roof covered with lead sheets or terne plates.
n.
A blackish gray mineral, a sulphide of antimony, bismuth, and lead.
v. t.
To be at the head of; to put one's self at the head of; to lead; to direct; to act as leader to; as, to head an army, an expedition, or a riot.
n.
precedence; advance position; also, the measure of precedence; as, the white horse had the lead; a lead of a boat's length, or of half a second.