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Practical physics application
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) produce light (or infrared radiation) by the recombination of electrons and electron holes in a semiconductor, a process called
Light-emitting_diode_physics
Semiconductor light source
A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic component that uses a semiconductor to emit light when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor
Light-emitting_diode
Form of transistor that emits light
A light-emitting transistor or LET is a form of transistor that emits light. Higher efficiency than light-emitting diode (LED) is possible.[citation needed]
Light-emitting_transistor
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
An organic light-emitting diode (OLED), also known as organic electroluminescent (organic EL) diode, is a type of light-emitting diode (LED) in which
OLED
Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLED) are a type of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) that use the principle of phosphorescence to obtain
Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode
Phosphorescent_organic_light-emitting_diode
Two-terminal electronic component
diode is a light-emitting diode, which is used as electric lighting and status indicators on electronic devices. The most common function of a diode is
Diode
Semiconductor laser
laser diode (LD, also injection laser diode or ILD or semiconductor laser or diode laser) is a semiconductor device similar to a light-emitting diode in
Laser_diode
Type of computer monitor
A flexible organic light-emitting diode (FOLED) is a type of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) incorporating a flexible plastic substrate on which the
Flexible organic light-emitting diode
Flexible_organic_light-emitting_diode
Electric light that produces light using LEDs
An LED lamp or LED light is an electric light that produces light using light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LED lamps are significantly more energy-efficient
LED_lamp
Display technology
A LED display is a flat-panel display that uses an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as pixels for a video display. Their brightness allows them to
LED_display
Semiconductor diode based upon the p–n junction
Semiconductor diodes have multiple uses including rectification of alternating current to direct current, in the detection of radio signals, and emitting and detecting
P–n_diode
History of semiconductor light source
The history of the light-emitting diode begins with the 1906 discovery of electroluminescence from a solid state diode by Henry Joseph Round. In 1927
History_of_the_LED
Laser which emits light with blue wavelengths
phosphorescent direct diode blue organic light emitting diodes for lasers is impractical, due to poor lifetimes(<200hrs). Zener diodes can be incorporated into the
Blue_laser
Emerging flat-panel display technology
"Light emitting diodes for high AC voltage operating and general lighting" US 7210819, Jiang, Hongxing; Lin, Jingyu & Jin, Sixuan, "Light emitting diodes
MicroLED
Devices and processes that produce light
Light-emitting diode (LED) – Semiconductor light source Light-emitting electrochemical cell – Light generation methodology Organic LED (OLED) – Diode
List_of_light_sources
Light generation methodology
Electrochemiluminescence Light-emitting diode Organic light-emitting diode Photoelectrolysis Gao, J.; Dane, J. (2003). "Planar Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical
Light-emitting electrochemical cell
Light-emitting_electrochemical_cell
Optoelectronics component
A superluminescent diode (SLED or SLD) is an edge-emitting semiconductor light source based on superluminescence. It combines the high power and brightness
Superluminescent_diode
American electronics engineer (1928–2022)
semiconductor laser diode that emitted visible light. This device was the forerunner of the first generation of commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs). He was
Nick_Holonyak
Display technology for use in mobile devices and televisions
Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) screens are a type of OLED display device technology. OLED describes a specific type of thin-film-display
AMOLED
Type of semiconductor laser diode
The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL /ˈvɪksəl/) is a type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emission perpendicular from the top
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
Vertical-cavity_surface-emitting_laser
Solid-state photodetector
A single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD), also called Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (G-APD or GM-APD) is a solid-state photodetector within the same
Single-photon_avalanche_diode
Electronic component
A transient-voltage-suppression (TVS) diode, also transil, transorb or thyrector, is an electronic component used to protect electronics from voltage
Transient-voltage-suppression diode
Transient-voltage-suppression_diode
award's lack of recognition for other scientists who helped pioneer light-emitting diodes such as Oleg Losev, Nick Holonyak, Gertrude Neumark. In particular
2014_Nobel_Prizes
Type of lighting fixture
LED street light or road light is an integrated light-emitting diode (LED) light fixture that is used for street lighting. An LED street light is an integrated
LED_street_light
Form of electromagnetic radiation
and metal-halide arc lamps.[citation needed] Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be manufactured to emit radiation in the ultraviolet range. In 2019, following
Ultraviolet
Dental equipment
device. There are four basic types of dental curing light sources: tungsten halogen, light-emitting diodes (LED), plasma arcs, and lasers. The two most common
Dental_curing_light
Device that emits light via optical amplification
laser therapy (LLLT) is a treatment in which low-power light from lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is applied to the surface of the body. This is
Laser
Tunneling diode
A resonant-tunneling diode (RTD) is a diode with a resonant-tunneling structure in which electrons can tunnel through some resonant states at certain energy
Resonant_tunneling_diode
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
spontaneous, as in light-emitting diodes, gas discharge lamps (such as neon lamps and neon signs, mercury-vapor lamps, etc.) and flames (light from the hot
Light
American electrical engineer and inventor (1931–2022)
Some of his more significant patents include the first infrared light-emitting diode (LED), the optical isolator, Schottky clamped logic circuits, silicon
James_R._Biard
Semiconductor diode
Schottky diode (named after the German physicist Walter Schottky), also known as Schottky barrier diode or hot-carrier diode, is a semiconductor diode formed
Schottky_diode
Heat-activated light emission
TADF compounds belong to the three main light-emitting material groups used in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The first evidence of thermally
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence
Thermally_activated_delayed_fluorescence
In semiconductor devices, a backward diode (also called back diode) is a variation on a Zener diode or tunnel diode having a better conduction for small
Backward_diode
Highly sensitive semiconductor electronic device
sensitive type of photodiode, which in general are semiconductor diodes that convert light into electricity via the photovoltaic effect. APDs use materials
Avalanche_photodiode
Diode that works using quantum tunneling
A tunnel diode or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode that has effectively "negative resistance" due to the quantum mechanical effect called
Tunnel_diode
Branch of electronics involving optics
used in: injection laser diodes quantum cascade lasers Lossev effect, or radiative recombination, used in: light-emitting diodes or LED OLEDs Photoemissivity
Optoelectronics
Full range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies
tubes, and with solid state devices such as Gunn and IMPATT diodes. Although they are emitted and absorbed by short antennas, they are also absorbed by
Electromagnetic_spectrum
Spontaneous emission of light by a substance
when a substance is heated Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light via electro-luminescence. Phosphors, materials that emit light when irradiated by higher-energy
Luminescence
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
manipulation of the emitted light's properties. These semiconductors are used in the construction of light-emitting diodes and fluorescent quantum dots
Semiconductor
Chemical compound
circuits, monolithic microwave integrated circuits, infrared light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, solar cells and optical windows. GaAs is often used as a
Gallium_arsenide
Japanese manufacturing company
phosphors, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, battery materials, and calcium chloride. 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics recipient Shuji Nakamura
Nichia
Japanese materials scientist (1929–2021)
2014 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright
Isamu_Akasaki
Overview of and topical guide to semiconductors
circuits, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and many other electronic and optoelectronic devices. Semiconductor Solid-state physics Electronic band structure
Outline_of_semiconductors
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
chemistry, quantum optics, quantum computing, superconducting magnets, light-emitting diodes, the optical amplifier and the laser, the transistor and semiconductors
Quantum_mechanics
Optical and electrical phenomenon
p-n junction (in semiconductor electroluminescent devices such as light-emitting diodes) or through excitation by impact of high-energy electrons accelerated
Electroluminescence
American chemist (born 1956)
American chemist, best known for his co-invention of the Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) with Ching Wan Tang and his contributions to the commercial
Steven_Van_Slyke
American physicist and educator (1922–2018)
later won the Nobel Prize in Physics, has told an anecdote about Braunstein's early use of an infrared emitting GaAs diode to transmit information. See
Rubin_Braunstein
Semiconductor–semiconductor junction
allow for the creation of integrated circuits. Solar cells and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are essentially p–n junctions where the semiconductor materials
P–n_junction
Energy range in a solid where no electron states exist
Condensed matter physics Direct and indirect bandgaps Electrical conduction Electron hole Field-effect transistor Light-emitting diode Photodiode Photoresistor
Band_gap
Japanese–American electronics engineer (born 1954)
semiconductor light-emitting device Shuji Nakamura wins the 2006 Millennium Technology Prize Nichia's Shuji Nakamura: Dream of the Blue Laser Diode 2008 Prince
Shuji_Nakamura
Device that controls current between electrodes
vacuum tube, the diode or Fleming valve, was invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming. It contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode
Vacuum_tube
Electronic component that exploits the electronic properties of semiconductor materials
DIAC Diode (rectifier diode) Gunn diode IMPATT diode Laser diode Light-emitting diode (LED) Photocell Phototransistor PIN diode Schottky diode Solar
Semiconductor_device
Device for producing light from electricity
High-Brightness InGaN/AlGaN Double-Heterostructure Blue-Light-Emitting-Diodes". Applied Physics Letters. 64 (13): 1687. Bibcode:1994ApPhL..64.1687N. doi:10
Electric_light
Discrete device in an electronic system
applied. Laser diode Light-emitting diode (LED) – a diode that emits light Photodiode – passes current in proportion to incident light Avalanche photodiode
Electronic_component
Field of materials science
and transistors. An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) consists of a thin film of organic material that emits light under stimulation by an electric current
Organic_electronics
Disfigurement of an electronic display
electronic visual display such as a cathode-ray tube (CRT) or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) in a computer monitor or television set. It is caused by cumulative
Screen_burn-in
Russian scientist and inventor (1903–1942)
his discoveries. He observed light emission from carborundum point-contact junctions, constructing a light-emitting diode (LED), did the first research
Oleg_Losev
American scientist
recognized for his work on plant responses to light, particularly the application of light-emitting diode (LED) technology to horticulture and controlled-environment
Bruce_Bugbee
Optical diode invented by Jun-Ichi Nishizawa
A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, undoped intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. The p-type
PIN_diode
Early radio receiver component
greenish, bluish, or yellowish light was given off at the contact point. Round had constructed a light emitting diode (LED). However he just published
Crystal_detector
Solid-state electrically operated switch also used as an amplifier
between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base. Because the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode, a
Transistor
Type of laser
A diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) is a solid-state laser made by pumping a solid gain medium, for example, a ruby or a neodymium-doped YAG crystal
Diode-pumped solid-state laser
Diode-pumped_solid-state_laser
Observation of LED production efficiency
over many years, of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It claims that every decade, the cost per lumen (unit of useful light emitted) falls by a factor of
Haitz's_law
Electronic display technology
light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in
Flat-panel_display
Light fixture that emits long-wave ultraviolet light and very little visible light
mercury-vapor lamps, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, or incandescent lamps. In medicine, forensics, and some other scientific fields, such a light source is
Blacklight
Electric light bulb with a resistively heated wire filament
Sanjay J. (9 July 2020). The Fundamentals and Applications of Light-Emitting Diodes: The Revolution in the Lighting Industry. Woodhead Publishing. p
Incandescent_light_bulb
Type of high-power semiconductor diode
An IMPATT diode (impact ionization avalanche transit-time diode) is a form of high-power semiconductor diode used in high-frequency microwave electronics
IMPATT_diode
Chemical compound
been used in the manufacture of low-cost red, orange, and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with low to medium brightness since the 1960s. It is used
Gallium_phosphide
Theories, models and concepts that go back to the quantum hypothesis of Max Planck
Another application is for making laser diodes and light-emitting diodes, which are a high-efficiency source of light. The global positioning system (GPS)
Applications of quantum mechanics
Applications_of_quantum_mechanics
Metal–insulator–metal (MIM) diode is a type of nonlinear device very similar to a semiconductor diode and capable of very fast operation. Depending on
Metal–insulator–metal_diode
Electrical Engineer and Physicist
Engineering at the University of Michigan. He has worked in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic solar cells, and organic thin-film transistors
Stephen_Forrest
Vacuum tube used to display images
color sub-pixels. This technology has largely been replaced with light-emitting diode displays. Unfocused and undeflected CRTs were used as grid-controlled
Cathode_ray_tube
Type of field-effect transistor
a light-emitting device, thus integrating current modulation and light emission. In 2003, a German group reported the first organic light-emitting field-effect
Organic field-effect transistor
Organic_field-effect_transistor
focusing on using these systems in photovoltaic devices, organic light emitting diodes (OLED), and molecular wires. Discotics have also been suggested
Discotic_liquid_crystal
Chemical semiconductor compound
binary III/V direct bandgap semiconductor commonly used in blue light-emitting diodes since the 1990s. The compound is a very hard material that has a
Gallium_nitride
American inventor
the journal Applied Physics Letters in 2004, Milton Feng and Nick Holonyak, the inventor of the first practical light-emitting diode (LED) and the first
Milton_Feng
Projection Ltd in 1997. 1995 Full-color plasma display: 2003 Organic light-emitting diode display (OLED) 2003 Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED): 2004 Electronic
History_of_display_technology
Transistor type used in the flat-panel display industry
hybrid-oxide and polycrystalline silicon (HOP). Indium gallium zinc oxide Light-emitting diode Monocrystalline silicon Photovoltaics Wafer (electronics) Fonash
Low-temperature polycrystalline silicon
Low-temperature_polycrystalline_silicon
Relation between properties of diodes
a light-emitting diode does the inverse, namely converting electrical power into electromagnetic radiation. A solar cell and a light emitting diode are
Reciprocity_(optoelectronic)
Japanese scientist
recognized as an innovator in the development of materials for organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). He has pioneered a new technology known as thermally activated
Chihaya_Adachi
British physicist and science communicator (born 1988)
light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Her public engagement work in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) advocates for women in physics as
Jess_Wade
Form of diode
A Gunn diode, also known as a transferred electron device (TED), is a form of diode, a two-terminal semiconductor electronic component, with negative differential
Gunn_diode
Microchip manipulating light instead of electricity
laser and laser diode were invented in the 1960s, the term "photonics" fell into more common usage to describe the application of light to replace applications
Photonic_integrated_circuit
Controversies around the Nobel Prize in Physics
The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for the blue light-emitting diode, did not recognize the decades
Nobel Prize in Physics controversies
Nobel_Prize_in_Physics_controversies
High frequency semiconductor
and the output power is substantially lower than in an IMPATT diode. Sze, SM (1981). Physics of Semiconductor Devices. second edition. John Wiley & Sons
BARITT_diode
Transistor that uses both electrons and holes as charge carriers
current of the base–emitter diode (on the order of 10−15 to 10−12 amperes) V BE {\displaystyle V_{\text{BE}}} is the base–emitter voltage D n {\displaystyle
Bipolar_junction_transistor
Electrode where reduction takes place
are heated enough by the current to keep emitting electrons to sustain the discharge. Cold cathodes may also emit electrons by photoelectric emission. These
Cathode
Chinese-Australian electronics engineer
optoelectronics and quantum mechanical electronic devices, including light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, solar cells, quantum dots, nanowires, and metamaterials
Lan_Fu_(engineer)
Semiconductor diode producing short impulses
electronics, a step recovery diode (SRD, snap-off diode or charge-storage diode or memory varactor) is a semiconductor junction diode with the ability to generate
Step_recovery_diode
Electronic component
use PIN diodes in photoconductive mode. An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near infrared light-emitting diode (LED)
Opto-isolator
First successful type of transistor, developed in 1947
a plastic triangle—a configuration which is essentially a point-contact diode. He then carefully sliced through the gold at the tip of the triangle. This
Point-contact_transistor
Type of flat-panel display
liquid-crystal display (LCD), vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) and light-emitting diode (LED) during the 1980s. Fujitsu's research and development in cooperation
Plasma_display
Theoretical transistor
vacuum-channel transistor. The concept of using conventional field-emitted electron beam in a diode was first mentioned in a 1961 article by Kenneth Shoulders
Nanoscale vacuum-channel transistor
Nanoscale_vacuum-channel_transistor
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
light-emitting diode (LED) design, including quantum dot light-emitting diode (QD-LED or QLED) displays, and quantum dot white-light-emitting diode (QD-WLED)
Quantum_dot
Device for producing coherent EM waves in the sub-visible spectrum
University in 1953. Townes, Basov and Prokhorov won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Physics for theoretical work leading to the maser. Masers are used as timekeeping
Maser
Topics referred to by the same term
diffractionless propagation of a light beam LED filament, a light-emitting diode string, which resembles an incandescent light bulb filament 3D printing filament
Filament
Chemical compound
InGaN quantum wells, are efficient light emitters in green, blue, white and ultraviolet light-emitting diodes and diode lasers. The indium-rich regions have
Indium_gallium_nitride
Technical applications of optics
uses semiconductor-based light sources, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), superluminescent diodes, and lasers. Other light sources include single photon
Photonics
Blue-light toxicity
While LED displays emit white by exciting all RGB LEDs, white light from lighting is generally produced by pairing a blue LED emitting primarily near 450 nm
Biological effects of high-energy visible light
Biological_effects_of_high-energy_visible_light
Nitride of aluminum
2012.02.018. Taniyasu, Y.; et al. (2006). "An Aluminium Nitride Light-Emitting Diode with a Wavelength of 210 Nanometres". Nature. 441 (7091): 325–328
Aluminium_nitride
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