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Type of cryptographic algorithm
memory-hard function (MHF) is a function that costs a significant amount of memory to efficiently evaluate. It differs from a memory-bound function,
Memory-hard_function
2015 password-based key derivation function
Balloon Hashing: A Memory-Hard Function Providing Provable Protection Against Sequential Attacks RFC 9106 Argon2 Memory-Hard Function for Password Hashing
Argon2
Type of computing function
results or using lookup tables. Memory-bound functions and memory functions are related in that both involve extensive memory access, but a distinction exists
Memory-bound_function
Canadian computer scientist (born 1980)
Besides his work in delta compression and the introduction of memory-hard functions, he is also known for developing the Tarsnap online backup service
Colin_Percival
Israeli computer scientist, cryptographer
Daniel Dinu; Dmitry Khovratovich (26 December 2015). "Argon2: the memory-hard function for password hashing and other applications" (PDF). Alex Biryukov’s
Alex_Biryukov
Memory-hard key derivation function
Balloon hashing is a key derivation function presenting proven memory-hard password-hashing and modern design. It was created by Dan Boneh, Henry Corrigan-Gibbs
Balloon_hashing
Type of consensus algorithm
different from memory-hard functions in that the bottleneck is not in the number of memory access events, but in the amount of memory required. After
Proof_of_space
Cryptographer
computing, USENIX 2016, with Alex Biryukov Argon2: new generation of memory-hard functions for password hashing and other applications, Euro S&P 2016, with
Dmitry_Khovratovich
Mathematical game played on a graph
One application of pebbling games is in the security analysis of memory-hard functions in cryptography. The game of pebbling was first suggested by Lagarias
Graph_pebbling
Key derivation function
scrypt. As presented in "Stronger Key Derivation via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions". presented at BSDCan'09, May 2009. "New 25 GPU Monster Devours
PBKDF2
2009 password-based key derivation function
2017. Percival, Colin. "Stronger Key Derivation Via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved
Scrypt
Function that derives secret keys from a secret value
2009). "Stronger Key Derivation via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions" (PDF). BSDCan'09 Presentation. Retrieved 19 May 2009. Key Derivation Functions
Key_derivation_function
Faculty of mind to store and retrieve data
working memory processor. The working memory also retrieves information from previously stored material. Finally, the function of long-term memory is to
Memory
Dynamic memory management in the C programming language
memory allocation refers to performing manual memory management for dynamic memory allocation in the C programming language via a group of functions in
C_dynamic_memory_allocation
Family of archive file formats used by 7-Zip
Machine. As presented in "Stronger Key Derivation via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions" Archived 14 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. presented at BSDCan'09
7z
Directory entry (in a directory-based file system) that associates a name with a file
Unix System 6, released in 1975, the number of hard links allowed was 127. On Unix-like systems the in-memory counter is 4,294,967,295 (on 32-bit machines)
Hard_link
Storage of digital data readable by computers
is a core function and fundamental component of computers. Generally, the faster and volatile storage components are referred to as "memory", while slower
Computer_data_storage
Putting data in the source code of a program
runtime. Hard-coded data typically can be modified only by editing the source code and recompiling the executable, although it can be changed in memory or on
Hard_coding
Electro-mechanical data storage device
which use NAND flash memory, slightly exceeded those for HDDs in 2018. Flash storage products had more than twice the revenue of hard disk drives as of 2017[update]
Hard_disk_drive
perform this function by any of several mechanisms, including charge storage, photochromism, or changes in capacitance. In a perfect molecular memory device
Molecular_memory
State of computer where no additional memory can be allocated
additional data into memory during execution, these will cease to function correctly. This usually occurs because all available memory, including disk swap
Out_of_memory
Fixed-length contiguous block of virtual memory
physical memory into which memory pages are mapped by the operating system. A transfer of pages between main memory and an auxiliary store, such as a hard disk
Page_(computer_memory)
Mathematical model of memory
mapping of a huge binary memory onto a smaller set of physical locations, so-called hard locations. As a general guideline, those hard locations should be
Sparse_distributed_memory
Data storage device
expensive than non-volatile memory. This type is used for the main memory in most computers, since data is stored on the hard disk while the computer is
Semiconductor_memory
State of being protected from memory access bugs
when multiple allocators are in use, attempting to free memory with a deallocation function of a different allocator. Spatiotemporal Struct tearing or
Memory_safety
Form of computer memory
physical location of data inside the memory, in contrast with other direct-access data storage media (such as hard disks and magnetic tape), where the
Random-access_memory
Type of computer memory used from 1955 to 1975
core memory, or, informally, core. Core memory uses toroids (rings) of a hard magnetic material (usually a semi-hard ferrite). Each core stores one bit of
Magnetic-core_memory
Obsolete type of non-volatile computer memory
to core memory, memory density similar to hard drives, and no moving parts. This led many to consider it a contender for a "universal memory" that could
Bubble_memory
Form of non-volatile memory used in computers and other electronic devices
plug-in cartridges containing ROM. Strictly speaking, read-only memory refers to hard-wired memory, such as diode matrix or a mask ROM integrated circuit (IC)
Read-only_memory
General-purpose programming language
low-level access to computer memory via pointers, procedure-like constructs in the form of functions returning void, and dynamic memory allocation through standard
C_(programming_language)
Password cracking dataset
is a precomputed table for caching the outputs of a cryptographic hash function, usually for cracking password hashes. Passwords are typically stored not
Rainbow_table
Magnetic data storage device
storage memory controllers. Tauschek's original drum memory (1932) had a capacity of about 500,000 bits (62.5 kilobytes). One of the earliest functioning computers
Drum_memory
Learning technique that helps in remembering
(/nəˈmɒnɪk/ nə-MON-ik), memory trick or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating
Mnemonic
Software that manages computer hardware resources
storage, peripherals, and other resources. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary
Operating_system
Key derivative function
Competition. Percival, Colin. "Stronger Key Derivation via Sequential Memory-Hard Functions" (PDF). TARSNAP. The Technical BSD Conference. "Cryptology ePrint
Lyra2
Computer keyboard shortcut that triggers a reboot or system security function
Ctrl+Alt+Delete. The function of the key combination differs depending on the context but it generally interrupts or facilitates interrupting a function. For instance
Control-Alt-Delete
Cognitive system for temporarily holding information
working memory. Other suggested names were short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory. Short-term memory is
Working_memory
Form of automatic memory management
automatic memory management. The garbage collector attempts to reclaim memory that was allocated by the program, but is no longer referenced; such memory is
Garbage collection (computer science)
Garbage_collection_(computer_science)
Cognitive processes necessary for control of behavior
Executive functions include basic cognitive processes such as attentional control, cognitive inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive
Executive_functions
BIOS interrupt call for disk access
block device drivers for hard disks and floppy disks. This allows INT 25h and INT 26h to provide absolute disk read/write functions for logical sectors to
INT_13H
Form of artificial neural network
advance in memory storage capacity was developed by Dimitry Krotov and Hopfield in 2016 through a change in network dynamics and energy function. This idea
Hopfield_network
Low level firmware interface to the hardware
support system functions, although they use the BIOS interrupt calls to probe and initialize hardware during booting. Real mode has the 1MB memory limitation
BIOS_interrupt_call
Electronic non-volatile computer storage device
Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. The two main types of flash
Flash_memory
Computer storage device with no moving parts
hard disk drives, which all use a mechanically driven storage medium. SSDs rely on non-volatile memory, typically NAND flash, to store data in memory
Solid-state_drive
Component that stores information
types of memory to be used. For example, some data can be stored in RAM while other data is stored on a hard drive (e.g. in a swapfile), functioning as an
Computer_memory
Data storage device
return. The company also invented a feature called "write-protect" function on its USB memory sticks. A Singaporean company named Trek 2000 International is
USB_flash_drive
Damage to the brain's memory capacity
cause cognitive problems and memory loss as a side effects, common in adults. Common drugs that affect memory and brain function include sleeping pills, antihistamines
Memory_disorder
Part of the brain's cerebral cortex
perceptual and memory functions, particularly in the spatial domain. However, its exact contribution to either space or memory processing has been hard to pin
Retrosplenial_cortex
Instructions a computer can execute
each memory cell to zero. For string variables, C provides the strdup() function. It executes both the allocation function and the copy function. The
Computer_program
American electronics company
Radio-Electronics, MITS announced a 14 digit calculator (Model 1440) with memory and square root function for $199.95 kit and $249.95 assembled. The original 816 kit
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems
Micro_Instrumentation_and_Telemetry_Systems
Data structure that maps virtual addresses with physical addresses
storage, typically to a hard disk drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD). When a process requests access to data in its memory, it is the responsibility
Page_table
Core of a computer operating system
currently in memory. The layer of indirection provided by virtual addressing allows the operating system to use other data stores, like a hard drive, to
Kernel_(operating_system)
Novel type of computer memory
head, which waits for the requested memory location to pass under the head while the disk spins. As a result, a hard drive's performance is limited by the
Millipede_memory
Electronic data storage device
announced. SD was envisioned as a single memory card format for several kinds of electronic devices, that could also function as an expansion slot for adding new
Memory_card
Password-based key derivation function
bcrypt is a password-hashing function designed by Niels Provos and David Mazières. It is based on the Blowfish cipher and presented at USENIX in 1999.
Bcrypt
When a computer program fails to release unnecessary memory
systems have both main memory which is physically housed in RAM microchips, and secondary storage such as a hard drive. Memory allocation is dynamic –
Memory_leak
Early form of read-only memory
represents a '0' or a '1'. There are three main types of functions a wire can have in core rope memory: Set/reset: These are used to change all of the cores
Core_rope_memory
Type of computer memory
1964, Arnold Farber and Eugene Schlig, working for IBM, created a hard-wired memory cell, using a transistor gate and tunnel diode latch. They replaced
Static_random-access_memory
Numeric value with an unclear meaning
randomInt(53 - i) - 1 a.swapEntries(i, j) where a is an array object, the function randomInt(x) chooses a random integer between 1 and x, inclusive, and swapEntries(i
Magic_number_(programming)
Type of computer memory
random-access memory (NVRAM) is random-access memory that retains data without applied power. This is in contrast to dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and
Non-volatile random-access memory
Non-volatile_random-access_memory
Additional storage that enables faster access to main storage
block of memory for temporary storage of data likely to be used again. Central processing units (CPUs), solid-state drives (SSDs) and hard disk drives
Cache_(computing)
extrinsic stress on memory functions, using for both of them Pavlovian conditioning and spatial learning. In regard to intrinsic memory functions, the study evaluated
Effects_of_stress_on_memory
Philosophical problem about why neural processes give rise to inner experience at all
"Why is the performance of these functions accompanied by experience?" To bolster their case, proponents of the hard problem frequently turn to various
Hard_problem_of_consciousness
local variables at the start of a program or function Freeing local memory on the stack on exit from a function Garbage collection Data conversion Backup
Housekeeping_(computing)
Development of human memory
Prenatal memory, also called fetal memory, is important for the development of memory in humans. Many factors can impair fetal memory and its functions, primarily
Prenatal_memory
Nonlinear two-terminal fundamental circuit element
A memristor (/ˈmɛmrɪstər/; a portmanteau of memory resistor) is a non-linear two-terminal electrical component relating electric charge and magnetic flux
Memristor
Memory card format
switch to NAND type memory later. The IBM Microdrive format, later made by Hitachi, implements the CF Type II interface, but is a hard disk drive (HDD) as
CompactFlash
Non-functioning electronic device
system. Bricking is classified into two types, hard and soft, depending on the device's ability to function. A "soft bricked" device may show signs of life
Brick_(electronics)
Mental process dealing with knowledge
performing distinct functions within the human mind. They are sometimes divided into basic processes, like perception and memory, and higher-order processes
Cognition
Type of computer memory
random-access memory (dynamic RAM or DRAM) is a type of random-access semiconductor memory that stores each bit of data in a memory cell. A DRAM memory cell usually
Dynamic_random-access_memory
IBM home computer models, 1990–1994
on-board memory (expandable to 2.5 MB with proprietary memory modules), built-in modem (in American models only) and an optional 30 MB hard disk. Later
IBM_PS/1
Recurrent neural network architecture
Long short-term memory (LSTM) is a type of recurrent neural network (RNN) aimed at mitigating the vanishing gradient problem commonly encountered by traditional
Long_short-term_memory
Software package for Amiga computers
calling a resload_Abort internal function. The OS will be restored with all hardware registers and original display. The memory and all allocated resources
WHDLoad
Hardware that translates virtual addresses to physical addresses
memory, the MMU sends an interrupt to the operating system. The OS selects a lesser-used block in memory, writes it to backing storage such as a hard
Memory_management_unit
Computation model defining an abstract machine
or use less memory, or their instruction set might be smaller, but they cannot compute more powerfully (i.e. more mathematical functions). (The Church–Turing
Turing_machine
Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition
Muscle memory is a form of procedural memory that involves consolidating a specific motor task into memory through repetition, which has been used synonymously
Muscle_memory
American data storage company
2025, Western Digital spun off its flash memory business as Sandisk Corporation, leaving WD solely focused on hard disk drives; the spin-off would effectively
Western_Digital
Portable device capable of storing and playing digital media
Normally, they refer to small, battery-powered devices utilising flash memory or a hard disk for storing various media files. MP3 players has been a popular
Portable_media_player
Array that replaces runtime computation with a simpler array indexing operation
(LUT) is an array that replaces runtime computation of a mathematical function with a simpler array indexing operation, in a process termed as direct
Lookup_table
Self-correcting computer data storage
Error correction code memory (ECC memory) is a type of computer data storage that uses an error correction code (ECC) to detect and correct n-bit data
ECC_memory
Memory about one's environment and spatial orientation
visuo-spatial memory construct have been conducted in accordance to the paradigm advanced by Baddeley and Hitch. Research into the exact function of the visuo-spatial
Spatial_memory
IBM PC compatible home computer system
many 8-bit cards meet this length requirement, some cards such as hard cards, EMS memory cards, and multifunction cards that require the standard 13-inch
Tandy_1000
Process of starting a computer
boot sequence to begin functioning, and when turned on, may simply run operational programs that are stored in read-only memory (ROM). All computing systems
Booting
General-purpose programming language
allocator as an input, memory allocation is never "hidden" within another function, it is always exposed to the API by the function that is ultimately calling
Zig_(programming_language)
Programmable digital computer used to control machinery
which PLCs have traditionally been supplemented with hard-wired safety relays and areas of the memory dedicated to the safety instructions. The standard
Programmable_logic_controller
fixed-function hardware, or even memories and caches. Increasingly common in system on a chip designs. non-uniform memory access (NUMA) non-volatile memory
Glossary of computer hardware terms
Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms
Type of vivid, enduring autobiographical memory
A flashbulb memory is a vivid, long-lasting memory about a surprising or shocking event. The term flashbulb memory suggests the surprise, indiscriminate
Flashbulb_memory
Unit of digital information
than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of hard disk drives and flash-memory disk devices continue to define one gigabyte as 1000000000bytes
Gigabyte
economics. A memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled
List_of_cognitive_biases
Term for abstraction in computer programming
often hard to understand where the function magic() gets its value from. It is preferred to write that code using the following concept: function noMagic($myvariable)
Magic_(programming)
Technique in computer security
Exploiting security issues is often hard because various factors can influence this process. Chance alignments of memory and timing introduce a lot of randomness
Heap_spraying
Hewlett-Packard handheld RPN calculator
data to and from main memory. To the calculator (and the user), data located in the extended memory looked like files on a modern hard disk do for a PC (user)
HP-41C
Flash memory card format
Windows and Mac OS X. SD/SDHC/SDXC memory cards have a "Protected Area" on the card for the SD standard's security function. Neither standard formatters nor
SD_card
Loss or modification of information encoded in an individual's memory
helps to transfer information into long-term memory. Forgetting curves (amount remembered as a function of time since an event was first experienced)
Forgetting
Hannes Jaenicke, Arnd Klawitter, Katharina Müller-Elmau Comedy Shadows of Memory Claudia von Alemann Documentary Die Spur meiner Tochter Hajo Gies [de] Götz
List of German films of the 2000s
List_of_German_films_of_the_2000s
Hash function that is suitable for use in cryptography
A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of n {\displaystyle n}
Cryptographic_hash_function
Series of British microcomputers by Acorn
Teletext-based Mode 7 that used minimal memory, and came with a full-travel keyboard and ten user-configurable function keys. Hardware interfaces were catered
BBC_Micro
Low-level computer software
store (a small specialized high-speed memory) into which microcode firmware would be loaded. Many software functions would be moved to microcode, and instruction
Firmware
(256 Mbit) flash memory chip is also fitted. System Software 4.50, which was introduced on March 9, 2017, enabled the use of external USB hard drives up to
PlayStation 4 technical specifications
PlayStation_4_technical_specifications
Programmable machine that processes data
special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from. The control system's function is as
Computer
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