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1815–1840 period of civil conflict in southern Africa
The Mfecane was a historical period of heightened military conflict and migration associated with state formation and expansion in Southern Africa. It
Mfecane
1816–1897 native state in southern Africa
KwaZulu-Natal province. The founding of the Zulu Kingdom was precipitated by the Mfecane, a period of widespread instability and state formation in Southern Africa
Zulu_Kingdom
1815–1848 state in southern Africa
mid-19th century as a result of the Mfecane. The founding of the Jere Ngoni Kingdom was precipitated by the Mfecane, a period of widespread instability
Jere_Ngoni_Kingdom
Zulu king from 1816 to 1828
in several battles. King Shaka's reign coincided with the start of the Mfecane/Difaqane ("upheaval" or "crushing"), a period of devastating warfare and
Shaka
Country in Southern Africa
1795, and the Battle of Blaauwberg in 1806 led to British occupation. The Mfecane, a period of significant upheaval, led to the formation of various African
South_Africa
Southern African Bantu cultural group
early 19th century, during a politically tumultuous era that included the Mfecane and Great Trek. In South Africa, the regions historically comprising the
Nguni_peoples
Bantu ethnic group
Sotho people have split into different clans over time as a result of the Mfecane (a series of wars and migrations that took place in the 19th century) and
Sotho_people
2007. "Background to the Mfecane". countrystudies.us/south-africa U.S. Library of Congress. 20 November 2006. "Zulu Rise & Mfecane". bbc.co.uk The Story
Military history of South Africa
Military_history_of_South_Africa
Country in Southern Africa
colonialists in the Cape and increased militarisation of the Zulu resulted in the Mfecane (the crushing). The Zulu expanded by assimilating the women and children
Zambia
Ethnic group in Southern Africa
affected by the regional instability known as the Difaqane (also called the Mfecane). This period was characterised by widespread warfare, population displacement
Tswana_people
Ethnic group
during the chaos of the Mfecane wars, many people were forced to migrate to safer areas of Southern Africa. During the Mfecane wars the scattered tribes
Bhele
Town in North West province, South Africa
Rustenburg (/ˈrʌstənbɜːrɡ/; Afrikaans pronunciation: [ˈrœstənbœrχ], Afrikaans and Dutch: Town of Rest) is a City at the foot of the Magaliesberg mountain
Rustenburg
Ethnic group native to South Africa
inhabitants because the thinking went, they had all fled in the face of the Mfecane. The Boers believed that the land was deserted and abandoned and therefore
Southern_Ndebele_people
King of the amaNgwane
seNgonyama (Lion’s Neck, near Vryheid). King Matiwane led the Ngwane during the Mfecane. Attacks from Zwide kaLanga of the Ndwandwe and Dingiswayo kaJobe of the
Matiwane
Monument in Gaborone, Botswana
provide information about Botswana's independence and struggles from the Mfecane period to Botswana's independence. The monument has been criticised for
Three_Dikgosi_Monument
1910–1994 province of South Africa
Sesotho people. From 1817 onwards the region was invaded, as part of the Mfecane, by several Nguni tribes, such as the Matabele, who have been expelled
Transvaal_(province)
King of Matabeleland (c. 1790–1868)
KwaZulu-Natal, Mzilikazi led his followers north from Zululand during the Mfecane, incorporating peoples of other tribes along the way, and established a
Mzilikazi
Ethnic descriptor
later alternative form of note were conformed around the "1830s concept of Mfecane", trying to hide and ignore the intrusion of Europeans on Bantu lands,
Bantu_peoples_of_South_Africa
Act of stealing cattle
European settler encroachment, and state formation in a period known as the Mfecane or Difaqane, as smaller chiefdoms were incorporated into larger polities
Cattle_raiding
Zulu queen, mother of Shaka
Character and Objects of Chaka': A Reconsideration of the Making of Shaka as 'Mfecane' Motor, The Journal of African History, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 37-63. Manfred
Nandi_(mother_of_Shaka)
period as the difaqane ("forced migration"); Nguni-speakers call it the mfecane ("crushing"). Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the
History_of_South_Africa
Bantu ethnic group in Southern Africa
first heard from the Sotho and Tswana peoples.[citation needed] During the Mfecane in the early 19th century, the Ndebele invaded and settled territories
Northern_Ndebele_people
Bantu language spoken in southern Africa
Senekal, Free State province of South Africa, fled northwards to escape the Mfecane under King Shaka Zulu (died 1828). They employed tactics learned from the
Lozi_language
Father of Govan Mbeki (1828–1918)
AmaFengu people, a Nguni clan displaced during the Mfecane. His paternal grandfather, Nonkasa, fled the Mfecane from Bergville in the 1830s, seeking refuge under
Skelewu_Mbeki
English historian and professor
historian to attempt to discredit conventional historical beliefs about the 'Mfecane' - a period of wars during the 1820s and 1830s that resulted in the emergence
Julian_Cobbing
Largest city in South Africa
emanating from Zululand during the late 18th and early 19th centuries (the mfecane or difaqane wars), and as a result, an offshoot of the Zulu kingdom, the
Johannesburg
Matriarchal state in South Africa
the stars. I go to unloose the black ants in the east [referring to the Mfecane]. They will bite you and kill you, but in the end you will overcome them
Lobedu_queendom
Xhosa Tribe
are a group of clans whose ancestors were refugees that fled from the Mfecane in the early- to mid 1800s to seek land and protection from the Xhosa.
Fengu_people
Wakkerstroom they were forced to move due to colonialism and upheavals of the Mfecane, they then settled in the area now known as Sekhukhuneland in Limpopo Province
Batau_clan
Bantu Nguni-speaking people
majority of the Ndwandwe was absorbed into the Zulu Kingdom. Thus, the Mfecane contributed to the creation and spread of a lasting Ndwandwe legacy across
Ndwandwe
History of the Khumalo clan
most famous issue was Mzilikazi and Mbulazi, an influential figure in the mfecane, and founder of the Northern Ndebele nation of Zimbabwe (mthwakazi) Until
Khumalo_clan
Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa
composite state today called Eswatini. Sobhuza I's rule occurred during the Mfecane. Under Sobhuza's leadership, the Nguni and Sotho peoples as well as remnant
Swazi_people
Bantu language of Zimbabwe and Botswana
generals), who left the Zulu Kingdom in the early 19th century, during the Mfecane, arriving in present-day Zimbabwe in 1839. Although there are some differences
Northern_Ndebele_language
1854–1902 Boer republic in Southern Africa
parts by the chief Mzilikazi and his Matabele in what was known as the Mfecane, and also by the Difaqane, in which three tribes roamed across the land
Orange_Free_State
Mthethwa King and mentor of Shaka Zulu (c. 1760–1817)
1812 and drove them across the Buffalo river. It was the first of the Mfecane migrations – tribes displaced, latterly by the Zulus, and who in turn displaced
Dingiswayo
King of the Bapedi
reign focused on rebuilding the Marota Empire at the conclusion of the Mfecane and maintaining peaceful relations with the Boer Voortrekkers and neighboring
Sekwati
Bantu languages spoken by the Nguni people
the massive political and social upheaval within southern Africa, the mfecane, which lasted until the 1830s, and is now extinct. IsiNgqumo is an argot
Nguni_languages
confederacy, attack by the Ngoni and slave raids from the Yao. Mutapa Empire & Mfecane As Great Zimbabwe was in decline. One of its princes, Nyatsimba Mutota
History_of_Zambia
Detailed history
marauding Zulu clans, displaced from Zululand as part of the Lifaqane (or Mfecane), wrought havoc on the Basotho peoples they encountered as they moved first
History_of_Lesotho
South African system of racial segregation
Kaditshwene Venda kingdom Lobedu queendom Dutch colonisation Dutch Cape Colony Mfecane Ndwandwe Paramountcy Mthethwa Paramountcy Zulu Kingdom British colonisation
Apartheid
Ngoni warrior-queen
Nyamazana was an Ngoni warrior-queen during the Mfecane in the mid-19th century. In 1835, she led an attack on the capital of the Rozvi Empire in present-day
Nyamazana
1980 novel by James A. Michener
Grahamstown, the missionary work of the LMS, and arrival of English settlers. "Mfecane" (Lion): Details the lifestyles of the various tribes in the Natal region
The_Covenant_(novel)
Continent
international trade, environmental instability, and European colonisation set the Mfecane ("Crushing") in motion, as various African states were founded. By the
Africa
Country in Southeast Africa
their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the Mfecane. When Dutch trekboers converged on the Transvaal in 1836, they drove the
Zimbabwe
Former secessionist political party in South Africa
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Referendum Party (South Africa)
Referendum_Party_(South_Africa)
Mass murder by the Spanish during their colonization of the Caribbean
Nama genocide Ikiza Maji Maji Rebellion Menelik II's conquests in Ethiopia Mfecane Americas Conquest of the Desert Enslavement Forced sterilization in Peru
Taíno_genocide
1986 South African television miniseries
the British traders with whom he interacted. It also covers the broader Mfecane period alongside the rapid expansion of the Zulu state. The story is described
Shaka_Zulu_(TV_series)
South Africa under apartheid period
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Republic of South Africa (1961–1984)
Republic_of_South_Africa_(1961–1984)
Mountain in South Africa
the Wolkberg Group, with a granite-gneiss layer forming the base. The Mfecane disturbances of the 19th century were responsible for the settlement of
Mariepskop
Practice of humans eating other humans
disruption, particularly during a violent period that became known as Mfecane. Acts of cannibalism in Europe seem to have been relatively prevalent in
Human_cannibalism
1836–1852 Boer migrations away from the British Cape Colony
Some officials were concerned for the Nguni Kingdoms, as a result of the Mfecane, the Boers were certain to encounter, and whether these Kingdoms could
Great_Trek
Former confederation in modern day South Africa (1780-1817)
earlier. The Mthethwa were amongst the first Nguni Chiefdoms to use guns. Mfecane Zululand Muzi Mthethwa (1995), "The History of abakwaMthethwa, Research
Mthethwa_Kingdom
Name of the Ndebele kingdom in Zimbabwe
centralized Ndebele kingdom. After leading his followers northward during the Mfecane, Mzilikazi arrived in the region around the 1830s. His arrival brought
Mthwakazi
Ongoing genocide of non-Arabs in Sudan
Nama genocide Ikiza Maji Maji Rebellion Menelik II's conquests in Ethiopia Mfecane Americas Conquest of the Desert Enslavement Forced sterilization in Peru
Darfur genocide (2023–present)
Darfur_genocide_(2023–present)
Ethnic group in Southern Africa
were mostly unoccupied due to conflicts in the course of the genocidal Mfecane wars of the Zulus on the local Basuthu population who used it as summer
Afrikaners
1850–1930 genocide of indigenous people in Tierra del Fuego
Nama genocide Ikiza Maji Maji Rebellion Menelik II's conquests in Ethiopia Mfecane Americas Conquest of the Desert Enslavement Forced sterilization in Peru
Selkʼnam_genocide
disruption, particularly during a violent period that became known as Mfecane. Cameroonian anthropologist Francis B. Nyamnjoh notes that accusations
Cannibalism_in_Africa
Great Trek. John Murray. Great Britain. 1972. p. 26, ISBN 978-0719526251 "Mfecane Never Happened". Culture Review. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2026
List of massacres in South Africa
List_of_massacres_in_South_Africa
1976 student-led anti-apartheid protests in South Africa
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Soweto_uprising
international trade, environmental instability, and European colonisation set the Mfecane ("Crushing") in motion, as various African states were founded. By the
History_of_Africa
indigenous people and later historians came to call the Mfecane. In the Transvaal, the Mfecane severely weakened and disrupted the towns and villages of
Military_history_of_Zimbabwe
Nama genocide Ikiza Maji Maji Rebellion Menelik II's conquests in Ethiopia Mfecane Americas Conquest of the Desert Enslavement Forced sterilization in Peru
Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples
Denial_of_genocides_of_Indigenous_peoples
Precolonial state in Southern Africa
kingdom was conquered around 1840 by the Makololo, a Sotho group fleeing the Mfecane. A rebellion in 1864 restored the kingdom, but it was followed by factional
Lozi_kingdom
South African football club
Ndlovu 6 MF RSA Muhammad Carrim 7 FW CMR Bienvenu Eva Nga 8 FW RSA Khaya Mfecane 9 FW SWZ Justice Figuareido 10 MF RSA Azola Matrose 11 MF RSA Banele
Chippa_United_F.C.
South African Iron Age settlement
1400s on the site of iron and copper ore deposits. In 1821, during the Mfecane, the town was sacked by the Batlokwa under the warrior queen Mantatisi
Kaditshwene
Bantustan in South Africa (1977–1994)
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Bophuthatswana
British colony from 1806 to 1910
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Cape_Colony
1966–1990 war between South Africa and PLAN
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
South_African_Border_War
King of the Ndwandwe kingdom from c.1802 to 1820)
which gave the impression that Shaka's victory was the beginning of the Mfecane or the scattering. Zwide's generals fled north, where they established
Zwide_kaLanga
1852–1902 Boer republic in Southern Africa
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
South_African_Republic
Precolonial state in southeastern Africa
In the 1830s, the region was invaded by Nguni groups who had fled the Mfecane, and a puppet ruler was installed by Nxaba. Mudenge, S. I. G. (1988). "Munhumutapa
Teve_kingdom
Empire (c. 1683–1866) in present-day Zimbabwe
1820s, but invasions in quick succession from Nguni groups during the Mfecane in the 1830s spelled its end; the Rozvi army managed to fend off the first
Rozvi_Empire
18th and 19th-century state in South Africa
In the early-19th century the Venda were raided by groups fleeing the Mfecane (Mushavho; "times of flight"), and several Venda groups moved to higher
Venda_kingdom
1960 South African Police killing of protestors
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Sharpeville_massacre
Records of Earth's people
the 19th century, Dutch settlers formed various Boer Republics while the Mfecane ravaged the region and led to the establishment of various African kingdoms
Human_history
Bantu language of the Tsonga people of Southern Africa
Much of the written history about the Tsonga regards the aftermath of the mfecane where the Nguni people overran many of the pre-existing African tribes
Tsonga_language
Military conquest during 1580–1778
Nama genocide Ikiza Maji Maji Rebellion Menelik II's conquests in Ethiopia Mfecane Americas Conquest of the Desert Enslavement Forced sterilization in Peru
Russian_conquest_of_Siberia
Office of the King of the Zulu Nation
the throne with the support of his suzerain, King Dingiswayo. During the Mfecane, the Zulu Kingdom expanded significantly until the cession of territory
King_of_the_Zulu_Nation
Leader of the Tlokwa people
boo-Mmanthatisi or Manthatee Horde by the English. In the midst of the Mfecane/Difaqane wars - a period of mass migration, Mmanthatisi used her power
Mmanthatisi
British colony from 1843 to 1910
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Colony_of_Natal
Zulu–Boer War in 1838, the battle of the Great Trek
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Battle_of_Blood_River
Colonial history of the African continent
among the Ovambo. A moment of great disorder in southern Africa was the Mfecane, "the crushing." It was started by the northern Nguni kingdoms of Mthethwa
Colonial_Africa
History of the Kingdom of Eswatini from precolonial times to the present
Somhlolo was a strategic leader between 1815 and 1839 a period including the Mfecane period of Shaka Zulu a Zulu illegitimate child of Senzangakhona who created
History_of_Eswatini
Systematic murder of Darfuris in Sudan
Nama genocide Ikiza Maji Maji Rebellion Menelik II's conquests in Ethiopia Mfecane Americas Conquest of the Desert Enslavement Forced sterilization in Peru
Darfur_genocide_(2003–2005)
Archaeological site in South Africa
outside invaders on the Bokoni people. Because of invaders, propelled by the Mfecane, the Bokoni built ‘refugee’ settlements in kloofs (steep sided wooded valleys)
Blaauboschkraal_stone_ruins
Nama genocide Ikiza Maji Maji Rebellion Menelik II's conquests in Ethiopia Mfecane Americas Conquest of the Desert Enslavement Forced sterilization in Peru
Colonisation_of_Hokkaido
Kaditshwene Venda kingdom Lobedu queendom Dutch colonisation Dutch Cape Colony Mfecane Ndwandwe Paramountcy Mthethwa Paramountcy Zulu Kingdom British colonisation
List of mayors of Pietermaritzburg
List_of_mayors_of_Pietermaritzburg
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Crime_in_South_Africa
British colonial war in 1879
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Anglo-Zulu_War
1949–1994 social movement in South Africa
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Internal resistance to apartheid
Internal_resistance_to_apartheid
First South African election held under nonracial, universal suffrage
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
1994 South African general election
1994_South_African_general_election
Raid on the South African Republic
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Jameson_Raid
Peruvian forced sterilization campaign
Nama genocide Ikiza Maji Maji Rebellion Menelik II's conquests in Ethiopia Mfecane Americas Conquest of the Desert Enslavement Forced sterilization in Peru
Forced_sterilization_in_Peru
Kaditshwene Venda kingdom Lobedu queendom Dutch colonisation Dutch Cape Colony Mfecane Ndwandwe Paramountcy Mthethwa Paramountcy Zulu Kingdom British colonisation
History of South Africa (1948–1994)
History_of_South_Africa_(1948–1994)
1900 battle of the Second Boer War
the rear, and said that unless they ..." Elmar Lehmann, Erhard Reckwitz. Mfecane to Boer War: versions of South African history . 1992. "His most celebrated
Battle_of_Spion_Kop
South African chemical weapons program
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Project_Coast
Mass murder of Circassians by the Russian Empire
Nama genocide Ikiza Maji Maji Rebellion Menelik II's conquests in Ethiopia Mfecane Americas Conquest of the Desert Enslavement Forced sterilization in Peru
Circassian_genocide
1980s and onwards taxi turf wars
of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815–1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Piet Retief Delegation massacre Weenen massacre
Taxi_wars_in_South_Africa
1858–1868 series of Boer Wars in Southern Africa
helped to gain power over small clans who had been displaced during the Mfecane. Mfecane is a Zulu word and in the Sesotho language it's called Difaqane, which
Free_State–Basotho_Wars
Precolonial state in Southern Africa
In the 1830s the region was invaded by Nguni groups who had fled the Mfecane, and during the 1840s and '50s Manyika paid tribute to Soshangane's Gaza
Manyika_kingdom
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