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English language during the Middle Ages
Middle English (abbreviated to ME) refers to the variations of the English language that were spoken in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until
Middle_English
The term Middle English literature refers to the literature written in the form of the English language known as Middle English, from the late 12th century
Middle_English_literature
Historical, reconstructed phonology
corpus of Middle English. The dialects of Middle English vary greatly over both time and place, and in contrast with Old English and Modern English, spelling
Middle_English_phonology
Dictionary of Middle English published by the University of Michigan
The Middle English Dictionary is a dictionary of Middle English published by the University of Michigan. It comprises roughly 15,000 pages with a comprehensive
Middle_English_Dictionary
Anglian dialects had a greater influence on Middle English. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, Old English was replaced, for a time, by Anglo-Norman, also
History_of_English
West Germanic language
continent. Old English evolved into Middle English, which in turn evolved into Modern English. Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed
English_language
Linguistic hypothesis on the origin of the English language
The Middle English creole hypothesis is a proposal that Middle English was a creole, which is usually defined as a language that develops during contact
Middle English creole hypothesis
Middle_English_creole_hypothesis
Middle English Bible translations covers the age of Middle English (c. 1100–1500), beginning after the Norman Conquest (1066) and ending about 1500. The
Middle English Bible translations
Middle_English_Bible_translations
Stage of development of English, starting late 15th century
Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century. Before
Early_Modern_English
Dialect of English spoken in Ireland
of Ulster) whose features have been developing since the late 1970s. Middle English, as well as a small elite that spoke Anglo-Norman, was brought to Ireland
Hiberno-English
Extinct Middle English dialect of eastern Ireland
dialect of Early Middle English formerly spoken in Fingal, Ireland. It is thought to have been an offshoot of Early Middle English, which was brought
Fingallian
Pronunciation change in English between 1350 and 1700
vowels of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700 (the 15th century forming the transition period from Middle English to Early
Great_Vowel_Shift
26-letter Latin-script alphabet
Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of æ and œ into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are largely obsolete (see "Ligatures in recent
English_alphabet
the late 7th century, including translations into Old and Middle English. The Old English language started first from the Angle-Jute-Saxon invaders/settlers
Bible translations into English
Bible_translations_into_English
Earliest historical form of English language
Early Middle Ages. It developed from the languages brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th century, and the first Old English literature
Old_English
underwent a gradual transition into Middle English. While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out,
English_poetry
Sound changes
English OE = Old English EME = Early Middle English LME = Late Middle English ME = Middle English EModE = Early Modern English ModE = Modern English GA
Phonological history of English
Phonological_history_of_English
Letter of Old English and some Scandinavian languages
in the Old English, Old Norse, Old Swedish and modern Icelandic alphabets, as well as modern transliterations of the Gothic alphabet, Middle Scots, and
Thorn_(letter)
descendant of Middle English, spoken in County Wexford Fingallian, another presumed descendant of Middle English, spoken in Fingal Euro English English in Denmark
List_of_dialects_of_English
Ethnic group native to England
language evolved from Middle English (the form of language in use by the English people from the 12th to the 15th century); Middle English was influenced lexically
English_people
Literature written in the English language
parliament, and polite society. The English spoken after the Normans came is known as Middle English. This form of English lasted until the 1470s, when the
English_literature
Substantially regularized variety of English
In an English-speaking country, Standard English (SE) is the variety of English that has undergone codification to the point of being socially perceived
Standard_English
Stage of the English language from the contemporary period
Modern English, sometimes called New English (NE) or present-day English (PDE) as opposed to Middle and Old English, is the form of the English language
Modern_English
Genre of English literature
Middle English lyric a genre of English literature, is characterized by its brevity and emotional expression. Conventionally, the lyric expresses "a moment
Middle_English_lyric
Norms for writing the English language
the spelling conventions in Modern English were derived from the phonemic spelling of a variety of Middle English, and generally do not reflect the sound
English_orthography
Words in English that substitute for a noun or noun phrase
the Middle English period, yielding "they," "them," and "their." Middle English personal pronouns were mostly developed from those of Old English, with
Pronouns_in_English
Efforts to reduce foreign terms in English
government in the following century. Notwithstanding, some texts of early Middle English engaged in linguistic purism, deliberately avoiding excessive Anglo-Norman
Linguistic_purism_in_English
Social structure of British society
and non-U English usage, with "U" representing upper and upper middle class vocabulary of the time, and "Non-U" representing lower middle class vocabulary
Social class in the United Kingdom
Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom
Digraph representing a sound that has changed
Before rounded vowels, a different reduction process took place in Middle English, as a result of which the ⟨wh⟩ in words like who and whom is now pronounced
Pronunciation_of_English_⟨wh⟩
14th-century English poem
Pearl (Middle English: Perle) is a late 14th-century Middle English poem that is considered one of the most important surviving Middle English works.
Pearl_(poem)
Body of medieval literature
and Battle of Camlann Breton mythology and Cornish mythology English historians in the Middle Ages Historicity of King Arthur List of Arthurian characters
Matter_of_Britain
Variety of English language
English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States. English
American_English
Old and Middle English periods. The sound changes discussed here involved at least one phoneme which historically was a diphthong. Old English diphthongs
Phonological history of English diphthongs
Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs
Location in Germanic cosmology
Miðgarðr; Old English Middangeard, Old Saxon Middilgard, Old High German Mittilagart, and Gothic Midjun-gards; "middle yard", "middle enclosure") is
Midgard
Variety of English spoken in Northern Ireland
searched for whist". 11 May 2022. "Middle English Dictionary Entry". umich.edu. "Results of Headword Search in Middle English Dictionary". umich.edu. [20] Archived
Ulster_English
Definite article in English
percent of all printed English-language words. It is derived from gendered articles in Old English which combined in Middle English and now has a single
The
Most of these go back to the low vowel (the "short A") of earlier Middle English, which later developed both long and short forms. The sound of the long
Pronunciation_of_English_⟨a⟩
Sound changes
often ⟨ō⟩ in modern editions). The same four vowels existed in the Middle English system. The short vowels were still written ⟨u⟩ and ⟨o⟩, but long /uː/
Phonological history of English close back vowels
Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels
Dialect of Old English
non-Wessex dialects after Alfred the Great's unification, until the Middle English period. The Mercian dialect was spoken as far east as the border of
Mercian_dialect
Sovereign state in Europe before 1707
by Bede). The name Engla land became England by haplology during the Middle English period (Engle-land, Engelond).[page needed] The Latin name was Anglia
Kingdom_of_England
in the Old English period, and with who, whom and whose in Middle English (the latter words having had an unrounded vowel in Old English). Reduction
Phonological history of English consonant clusters
Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters
Pronunciation of 'r' across English dialects
consonants, especially /s/, giving modern ass 'buttocks' (Old English: ears, Middle English: ers or ars), and bass (fish) (OE bærs, ME bars). A second phase of
Rhoticity_in_English
back vowels of the English language has undergone changes both overall and with regional variations, through Old and Middle English to the present. The
Phonological history of English open back vowels
Phonological_history_of_English_open_back_vowels
Period of English history from the 5th–15th centuries
of the English nobility. Henry VII's victory in 1485 over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field conventionally marks the end of the Middle Ages in
England_in_the_Middle_Ages
Literature of Anglo-Saxon England
the grammar and syntax of Old English had almost completely deteriorated, giving way to the much larger Middle English corpus of literature. In descending
Old_English_literature
The Index of Middle English Verse (IMEV) is a bibliographic index of poetry in Middle English. Its first print publication, in 1943, was an extension of
Index_of_Middle_English_Verse
Latin influences on the Germanic language of English
the time Middle English arose as the dominant language in the late 14th century, the Normans had contributed roughly 10,000 words to English, about three-quarters
Latin_influence_in_English
English words "the", "a(n)", and sometimes "some"
which have different articles for different genders and/or numbers. In Middle English, the digraph ⟨th⟩ was written using the letter thorn, þ and thus the
English_articles
Varieties of English spoken in the Southern United States
Southern American English or Southern U.S. English is a regional dialect or collection of dialects of American English spoken throughout the Southern United
Southern_American_English
Although acre was spelled æcer in Old English and aker in Middle English, the acre spelling of Middle French was introduced in the 15th century. Similarly
American and British English spelling differences
American_and_British_English_spelling_differences
Old English diphthongs. All of the remaining Old English diphthongs were monophthongised in the early Middle English period: see Middle English stressed
Phonological history of Old English
Phonological_history_of_Old_English
Third letter of the Latin alphabet
Old English ⟨cw⟩ was also at length displaced by the French ⟨qu⟩ so that the Old English cwēn ('queen') and cwic ('quick') became Middle English quen
C
Eighth letter of the Latin alphabet
English via Old French [atʃ], and by Middle English was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language derives it from French
H
Humanoid race from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth
scholar Tom Shippey notes that one Middle English source which he presumes Tolkien must have read, the South English Legendary from c. 1250, describes
Elves_in_Middle-earth
pairs /y/–/yː/ (spelled with ⟨y⟩) and /i/–/iː/ (spelled with ⟨i⟩). By Middle English, the distinction in quality collapsed, leaving only the short–long pair
Phonological history of English close front vowels
Phonological_history_of_English_close_front_vowels
Western Christianity through the Middle Ages. Since then, the Bible has been translated into many more languages. English Bible translations also have a
List of English Bible translations
List_of_English_Bible_translations
Single-handed striking tool
hewing hatchet. The earliest known use of the noun hatchet is in the Middle English period (1150—1500) Although 'hand axe' and 'hatchet' are often used
Hatchet
West Germanic language
early Northumbrian Middle English. Subsequently, the orthography of Middle Scots differed from that of the emerging Early Modern English standard that was
Middle_Scots
English writer (1343–1400)
Chaucer has been seen as crucial in legitimising the literary use of Middle English at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were still
Geoffrey_Chaucer
Phonology of the English language
of English has undergone many changes throughout the history of the language, from the phonological system of Old English, to that of Middle English, through
English_phonology
Third-person plural or gender-neutral pronoun
Barbour's Bruce, have the th- form in all cases. The development in Middle English is shown in the following table. At the final stage, it had reached
They
Sounds spelled with the digraph ⟨th⟩
dental fricative have /θ/. A small number of common function words (the Middle English anomalies mentioned below) begin with /ð/. The words in this group are:
Pronunciation_of_English_⟨th⟩
transformation of Middle English into Modern English. The most famous surviving work from Old English is Beowulf; the most famous Middle English work being Geoffrey
English_language_in_Europe
Pause or break in poetry or music
caesura is defined as a natural phrase end, especially when occurring in the middle of a line. A masculine caesura follows a stressed syllable, while a feminine
Caesura
Historic linguistic effect of British Celtics
underestimated. Some of the developments differentiating Old English from Middle English have been proposed as an emergence of a previously unrecorded
Brittonicisms_in_English
inflection or agreement, existed in Old English, but fell out of use during the Middle English period. Thus, Modern English largely does not have grammatical
Gender_in_English
Variety of the English language
Antarctic English is a variety of the English language spoken by people living on the continent of Antarctica and within the subantarctic islands. Spoken
Antarctic_English
First part of "The Canterbury Tales"
tales. The frame story of the poem, as set out in the 858 lines of Middle English which make up the General Prologue, is of a religious pilgrimage. The
General_Prologue
Old French, which via Anglo-Norman were then indirectly loaned into Middle English; an example is flâneur, via French from the Old Norse verb flana "to
List of English words of Old Norse origin
List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin
Goidelic language
c. 900–1200 AD; it is therefore a contemporary of Late Old English and Early Middle English. Early Modern Irish, and by extension the modern Goidelic languages—later
Middle_Irish
This list contains Germanic elements of the English language which have a close corresponding Latinate form. The correspondence is semantic—in most cases
List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English
List_of_Germanic_and_Latinate_equivalents_in_English
Being, thing, or spirit
and between regions. In Old English, it could refer to anything in existence, with more specificity arising in Middle English, perhaps due to the term of
Wight
the 20th century with upper-middle- and upper-class residents. Now spread throughout the South East region, Estuary English is the resulting mainstream
English language in Southern England
English_language_in_Southern_England
Singular, neuter, third-person pronoun in English
Middle English period, grammatical gender was gradually replaced with natural gender in English. Middle English gradually gave way to Modern English in
It_(pronoun)
Process in historical linguistics
nother issue". apron: Middle English a napron taken for an apron. auger: Middle English a nauger taken for an auger. chord: Middle English accord (harmony)
Rebracketing
Closed lexical category of the English language
but the Modern English system of personal pronouns has preserved some of the inflectional complexity of Old English and Middle English. Unlike nouns which
Personal_pronouns_in_English
Ninth letter of the Latin alphabet
developed from Middle English /iː/ through a series of vowel shifts. In the Great Vowel Shift, Middle English /iː/ changed to Early Modern English /ei/, which
I
Twentieth letter of the Latin alphabet
(October 5, 2020). "L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2020
T
Proposals to phoneticise English spelling
Many proposals have been made to change the system of English orthography with the aim of making it more consistent and closer to the spoken language
English-language spelling reform
English-language_spelling_reform
Genus of mammals
considered synonymous with the American marten. The Modern English "marten" comes from the Middle English martryn, in turn borrowed from the Anglo-French martrine
Marten
Historic vowel shift
followed. Later in Middle English, the process was expanded to all vowels when two or more syllables followed. The Middle English sound change remained
Trisyllabic_laxing
Legendary knights of Charlemagne's court
word paladin in the English language dates to 1592, in Delia (Sonnet XLVI) by Samuel Daniel. It entered English through the Middle French word paladin
Paladin
Digital repository of Early Middle English texts
Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME) is a digital, corpus-driven, historical dialect resource for Early Middle English (1150–1325). LAEME combines
A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English
A_Linguistic_Atlas_of_Early_Middle_English
Word used in English language for several purposes
was phased out by the Romantic þͭ (). During the latter Middle English and Early Modern English periods, thorn, in its common script or cursive, form,
That
Word modified to convey a slighter degree
cygnet from Old French cigne; French cygne (both: 'swan') kitten from Middle English kitoun, Old French chitoun, diminutive of chat, 'cat' ringlet from 'ring'
Diminutive
First letter of the Latin alphabet
occasionally two, consonants and then another vowel letter—this results from Middle English lengthening followed by the Great Vowel Shift a schwa /ə/ in many unstressed
A
Lord's Prayer has been translated and updated throughout the history of the English language. Here are examples which show the major developments: The text
History of the Lord's Prayer in English
History_of_the_Lord's_Prayer_in_English
Common bovine draft and riding animal
Middle Dutch osse, Old High German ohso, German ochse, and Gothic auhsa. The term then evolved into the Old English oxa and later into Middle English
Ox
Pronunciation and sounds of Old English
English as well. The back low vowels /ɑ ɑː/ also generally show a qualitative distinction in Middle English: short /ɑ/ usually became Middle English /a/
Old_English_phonology
Form of the letter g in Insular script
and after it had passed into Old English, it developed into the Middle English letter yogh (Ȝ ȝ). Middle English, having reborrowed the familiar Carolingian
Insular_G
'Golden Age' of medieval English historiography, was during the High Middle Ages in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, when English chronicles produced
Historians in England during the Middle Ages
Historians_in_England_during_the_Middle_Ages
Story collection by Geoffrey Chaucer
The Canterbury Tales (Middle English: Tales of Caunterbury) is an anthology of twenty-four short stories written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between
The_Canterbury_Tales
A New Index of Middle English Verse, edited by Julia Boffey and A. S. G. Edwards (published in London by the British Library in 2005) is a 344-page first-line
New Index of Middle English Verse
New_Index_of_Middle_English_Verse
Middle English translations of the Bible
(also known as the Middle English Bible [MEB], Wycliffite Bibles, or Wycliffian Bibles) is a sequence of orthodox Middle English Bible translations from
Wycliffe's_Bible
Species of conifer
Celtic forms such as Old Irish ēo, Welsh ywen. It became Old English iw, eow and Middle English eu. Baccata is Latin for 'bearing berries'. Yews are small
Taxus_baccata
Transcontinental geopolitical region
description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, "Near East" was used in English to refer to the
Middle_East
First-person plural personal pronoun in English
*nes-. The following table shows the old English first-person plural and dual pronouns: By late Middle English, the dual form was lost, and the dative
We
Wooden African javelin pointed with iron or fire-hardened tip
Spanish: azagaya; Italian: zagaglia; Middle English: lancegay) The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin:
Assegai
Uncrystallized syrup
dishes as treacle tart and treacle sponge pudding. Historically, the Middle English term treacle was used by herbalists and apothecaries to describe a medicine
Treacle
England English or Northern English. The strongest influence on modern varieties of Northern English was the Northumbrian dialect of Middle English. Additional
English language in Northern England
English_language_in_Northern_England
travel, tourism, insurance
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MIDDLE ENGLISH
Surname or Lastname
English (Somerset)
English (Somerset) : possibly from the Welsh patronymic ap Ridel ‘son of Ridel’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Beadle.Americanized spelling of German Bittel or its variant Büttel.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Riddle.
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Madge, MIDGE means "pearl."
Surname or Lastname
English (northeastern)
English (northeastern) : variant spelling of Tindall.
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire and Yorkshire)
English (Lancashire and Yorkshire) : habitational name from Windhill in West Yorkshire or Windle in Lancashire, both named from Old English wind ‘wind’ + hyll ‘hill’, i.e. a mound exposed to fierce gusts. There is a Windhill in Kent (with the same etymology), but this does not appear to have contributed significantly to the modern surname.
Surname or Lastname
English (northern)
English (northern) : variant of Siddall.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a pet form of the medieval personal name Hudde (see Hutt 1).
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Kendall.Variant of German Kindel.
Surname or Lastname
English (Lancashire)
English (Lancashire) : topographic name from Old English hind ‘female deer’ + Old English dæl ‘valley’.English (Lancashire) : habitational name from a place in the parish of Whalley, Lancashire, so called from the same first element + Old English hyll ‘hill’.
Surname or Lastname
French
French : from the Germanic personal name Milo (see Miles 1).English : variant spelling of Mill.Dutch : variant of Miele.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from an Old English personal name, Cridela.
Female
English
Pet form of French Madeline, MADDIE means "of Magdala."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : unexplained. Compare Aduddell.Perhaps an Americanized spelling of German Dittel, from a pet form of a personal name formed with Diet (Germanic theud ‘people’, ‘race’), for example Dietrich.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from a diminutive of Rudd ‘red’.English : habitational name from a place called Ruddle, near Newnham in Gloucestershire.
Female
Yiddish
(מִירל) Yiddish form of Hebrew Miryam, MIRELE means "obstinacy, rebelliousness" or "their rebellion."Â
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Siddall.
Male
English
Middle English name of uncertain origin, but commonly associated with Latin Milo, MILE means "soldier."Â Compare with another form of Mile.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of several places in West Yorkshire, or minor places in Cheshire, named in Old English as ‘midge glade’, from micg(e) ‘midge’ + lēah ‘wood’; ‘clearing’, ‘glade’.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a fiddle player or a nickname for a skilled or enthusiastic amateur, from Old English fiðelere ‘fiddler’.German : variant of Fiedler.
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MIDDLE ENGLISH
MIDDLE ENGLISH
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