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Graph that misrepresents data
In statistics, a misleading graph, also known as a distorted graph, is a graph that misrepresents data, constituting a misuse of statistics and with the
Misleading_graph
Type of chart
MS PowerPoint Histogram, similar appearance – for continuous data Misleading graph Progress bar To include bar charts in Wikipedia, see Extension:EasyTimeline
Bar_chart
Graphical representation of data
A chart (sometimes known as a graph) is a graphical representation for data and information visualization, in which "the data is represented by symbols
Chart
Collection of statistical data sets
yet have very different distributions and appear very different when graphed. It was inspired by the smaller Anscombe's quartet that was created in
Datasaurus_dozen
Technique for dimensionality reduction
Data Information Big data Database Chartjunk Visual perception Regression analysis Statistical model Misleading graph Topological data analysis v t e
T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding
T-distributed_stochastic_neighbor_embedding
Approach of analyzing data sets in statistics
coordinates Odds ratio Targeted projection pursuit Heat map Bar chart Horizon graph Glyph-based visualization methods such as PhenoPlot and Chernoff faces Projection
Exploratory_data_analysis
Visual representation of data
graphic ever drawn." Not applying these principles may result in misleading graphs, distorting the message, or supporting an erroneous conclusion. According
Data and information visualization
Data_and_information_visualization
Right Graph for Your Message-2004" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-05. Retrieved 2014-10-29. "Stephen Few-Perceptual Edge-Graph Selection
Data_analysis
Graphic visual representation of information
are commonly used to show the weather, as well as maps, site plans, and graphs for summaries of data. Some books are almost entirely made up of information
Infographic
Satirical deity
shrinking numbers of pirates since the 1800s". An intentionally facetious graph accompanying the letter (with numbers humorously disordered on the x-axis)
Flying_Spaghetti_Monster
Term for unnecessary visual elements in charts
for people with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD). Misleading graph Lexicographic information cost, in lexicography Ornament and Crime
Chartjunk
Use of statistical arguments to assert falsehoods
Metascience Misconceptions about the normal distribution Misuse of p-values Misleading graph Post hoc analysis Simpson's paradox Statcheck Some data on accuracy
Misuse_of_statistics
Set of related ordination techniques used in information visualization
Data Information Big data Database Chartjunk Visual perception Regression analysis Statistical model Misleading graph Topological data analysis v t e
Multidimensional_scaling
Graph related to another graph by a covering map
synonym for a covering graph of a connected graph. Though it may be misleading, there is no (obvious) relationship between covering graph and vertex cover or
Covering_graph
President of the United States, Donald Trump has made numerous false or misleading claims. Major events during Trump's second presidency that were fact-checked
False or misleading statements by Donald Trump (second term)
False_or_misleading_statements_by_Donald_Trump_(second_term)
American computer graphics researcher
Patrick M. Hanrahan (July 26, 1982). "Creating volume models from edge-vertex graphs". Proceedings of the 9th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive
Pat_Hanrahan
Incorrect or misleading information
Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information. Whereas misinformation can exist with or without specific malicious intent, disinformation is deliberately
Misinformation
Volume visualization library and development platform
CPK coloring Graph drawing Graphic design Graphic organizer Imaging Information art Information graphics Information science Misleading graph Neuroimaging
Voreen
Communication and graphic design
as keeping their audience engaged. Accessibility Cartography Charts and graphs Chief experience officer (CXO) Chunking Clarity Consistency Content management
Information_design
Topics referred to by the same term
1956 Warner Bros. cartoon in the Looney Tunes series Gee-whiz graph, a misleading graph in statistics REVAi, known as REVA G-Wiz in the UK, an electric
Gee_Whiz
Cylindrical sample drilled from an ice sheet
Polar Research Center – Ice Core Paleoclimatology Research Group A misleading graph has been circling the internet since at least 2010 A 2.7 million year
Ice_core
Images used to represent statistical data visually
Hobart Press. ISBN 0-9634884-0-6. Cleveland, W. S. (1994). The Elements of Graphing Data. Summit, NJ, USA: Hobart Press. ISBN 0-9634884-1-4. Lewi, Paul J.
Statistical_graphics
Archimedean solid with 62 faces
the mathematical field of graph theory, a truncated icosidodecahedral graph (or great rhombicosidodecahedral graph) is the graph of vertices and edges of
Truncated_icosidodecahedron
Initial phase of the German Autobahn (limited access highway) network
unemployment in general and emphasized the project's role. This included misleading graphs and exaggerated statistics. For the first two years of construction
Reichsautobahn
All Odd Squad episodes
Odd Todd takes over Polly Graph's lemonade stand that drives her out of business and he's using a series of misleading graphs and charts, but his lemonade
List_of_Odd_Squad_episodes
population Minitab MINQUE – minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation Misleading graph Missing completely at random Missing data Missing values – see Missing
List_of_statistics_articles
to tear down your opponent." After the Paulsen campaign included a misleading graph in a mailing, Meffert filed an ethics complaint against Paulsen. Erik
2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Minnesota
2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Minnesota
Graph in climate science
Hockey stick graphs present global or hemispherical mean global surface temperatures of the distant past, as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions
Hockey stick graph (global temperature)
Hockey_stick_graph_(global_temperature)
Directed graph whose edges are labelled invertibly by elements of a group
derived graphs described below. Thus, the name may be somewhat misleading. It results from the origin of voltage graphs as dual to the current graphs of topological
Voltage_graph
Electromagnetic effect in physics
Animated graph showing filling of Landau levels as B changes and the corresponding position on a graph of hall coefficient and magnetic field|Illustrative
Quantum_Hall_effect
American politician
to tear down your opponent." After the Paulsen campaign included a misleading graph in a mailing, Meffert filed an ethics complaint against Paulsen. Paulsen
Jim_Meffert
Permissive free software license
second at 13% in their sample of repositories. GitHub’s 2025 Innovation Graph found that repositories under the MIT License account for about one-third
MIT_License
Clustering methods
mass-spring system is exactly the same as the eigenvalue problem for the graph Laplacian matrix defined as L := D − A {\displaystyle L:=D-A} , where D
Spectral_clustering
Mapping which preserves all topological properties of a given space
other, but a sphere and a torus are not. However, this description can be misleading. Some continuous deformations do not produce homeomorphisms, such as the
Homeomorphism
Extension of the Web to facilitate data exchange
RDF graphs, describing the URI, e.g. that Dresden is a city in Germany, or that a person, in the sense of that URI, can be fictional. The second graph shows
Semantic_Web
Complexity class
two problems: Graph Isomorphism: Is graph G1 isomorphic to graph G2? Subgraph Isomorphism: Is graph G1 isomorphic to a subgraph of graph G2? The Subgraph
NP-completeness
Pictorial representation of the behavior of subatomic particles
device of covariant perturbation theory, the graphs were called Feynman–Dyson diagrams or Dyson graphs, because the path integral was unfamiliar when
Feynman_diagram
2010 book by Andrew Montford
who publishes a blog called 'Bishop Hill', writes about the "hockey stick graph" of global temperatures for the last 1000 years. The book has been criticized
The_Hockey_Stick_Illusion
Mathematical group that can be generated as the set of powers of a single element
graph is a cycle graph, and for an infinite cyclic group with its generator the Cayley graph is a doubly infinite path graph. However, Cayley graphs can
Cyclic_group
Network with non-trivial topological features
network is a graph (network) with non-trivial topological features—features that do not occur in simple networks such as lattices or random graphs but often
Complex_network
Diagnostic plot of binary classifier ability
equivalent to sensitivity and FPR is equal to 1 − specificity, the ROC graph is sometimes called the sensitivity vs (1 − specificity) plot. Each prediction
Receiver operating characteristic
Receiver_operating_characteristic
Archimedean solid with 26 faces
In the mathematical field of graph theory, a truncated cuboctahedral graph (or great rhombcuboctahedral graph) is the graph of vertices and edges of the
Truncated_cuboctahedron
Graphical presentation of the maturity of specific technologies
Fenn referred to this familiar progression as a "hype cycle" and created a graph depicting its ups and downs with each distinct stage given a title, starting
Gartner_hype_cycle
subsequently published in the Lancet journal challenged this graph. The purpose of the graph in the Lancet article is "monitoring trends over time," which
Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties
Lancet_surveys_of_Iraq_War_casualties
Type of information retrieval using LLMs
(usually text), semi-structured, or structured data (for example knowledge graphs). These embeddings are then stored in a vector database to allow for document
Retrieval-augmented generation
Retrieval-augmented_generation
one-mode projection is always less informative than the original bipartite graph, an appropriate method for weighting network connections is often required
Bipartite_network_projection
Group of websites that link to each other
other sites in the group for the purpose of increasing SEO rankings. In graph-theoretic terms, a link farm is a clique. Although some link farms can be
Link_farm
Professional network website
analytics Inspired by Facebook's "social graph", LinkedIn CEO Jeff Weiner set a goal in 2012 to create an "economic graph" within a decade. The goal was to create
Relevance for a specific subject area or industry of a website
parameters such as information or website prestige and centrality from a graph-theoretical perspective, manifested in the quantity and quality of inbound
Domain_authority
Austrian–American mathematician
of low-regularity ("rough") curves and regions; as well as topology. In graph theory, he is credited with Menger's theorem. Outside of mathematics, Menger
Karl_Menger
Plan to immunize against COVID-19
University. The graph on the chart tab at the source is interactive and provides more detail. For example, run your cursor over the graph to see the date
COVID-19 vaccination in the United States
COVID-19_vaccination_in_the_United_States
Graphical representation of biomass or biomass productivity
with the others, this graph shows producers at the bottom and higher trophic levels on top. When an ecosystem is healthy, this graph produces a standard
Ecological_pyramid
Pulling or pushing capability of a locomotive
curves often have graphs of rolling resistance superimposed on them—the intersection of the rolling resistance graph and tractive effort graph gives the maximum
Tractive_effort
Popularity analysis of search queries
regions, time ranges, and categories. The website uses timeline and average graphs to compare the relative search interest of compared queries over a certain
Google_Trends
Places with less than 50% non-Hispanic white population
way in which majority-minority calculations are made by the Census is misleading. Anyone identifying as of Hispanic, Asian, or Black ancestry is classified
Majority minority in the United States
Majority_minority_in_the_United_States
2007 British TV series or programme
artificial data is both misleading and pointless. Secondly, although the narrator commentary during the presentation of the graph is consistent with the
The Great Global Warming Swindle
The_Great_Global_Warming_Swindle
Concept in probability theory and statistics
will give misleading results if there is another confounding variable that is numerically related to both variables of interest. This misleading information
Partial_correlation
British conspiracist website
used data published by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), which misleadingly indicated that COVID-19 infection rates were higher among fully-vaccinated
The_Exposé
Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Kerala
persons recover". New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 May 2020. "Kerala's Covid graph spikes again, state reports 111 new cases in a day". India Today. Retrieved
COVID-19_pandemic_in_Kerala
Indicator displaying the state of a battery
with the outline of an automotive battery on it. This can be somewhat misleading as it may be confused for an indicator of a bad battery when in reality
Battery_indicator
Restructuring existing computer code without changing its external behavior
achieved by moving a method to a more appropriate class or by removing misleading comments. Extensibility. It is easier to extend the capabilities of the
Code_refactoring
Non-hierarchical interaction of overlapping document markup entities
develop corpus management systems on the basis of graph data bases and for using established graph-based formalisms as pivot formats. For implementing
Overlapping_markup
System with multiple networked computers
different kinds of network graphs, such as undirected rings, unidirectional rings, complete graphs, grids, directed Euler graphs, and others. A general method
Distributed_computing
Type of graph used in research
A funnel plot is a graph designed to check for the existence of publication bias; funnel plots are commonly used in systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Funnel_plot
Error in statistical reasoning with groups
analysis). Simpson's paradox has been used to illustrate the kind of misleading results that the misuse of statistics can generate. Edward H. Simpson
Simpson's_paradox
Australian mathematician (born 1951)
University in Nashville in the same year. His thesis, Topics in Computational Graph Theory, was written under the direction of Derek Holton. He was awarded
Brendan_McKay_(mathematician)
Term used in machine learning
apparently only be faithfully described using an overwhelmingly large causal graph." They also found that the model includes "mechanisms that could underlie
Stochastic_parrot
Graph of space and time in special relativity
graphs that depict events as happening in a universe consisting of one space dimension and one time dimension. Unlike a regular distance-time graph,
Spacetime_diagram
Process to evaluate alternative hypotheses
conclusion would be affected if key evidence or arguments were wrong, misleading, or subject to different interpretations. The validity of key evidence
Analysis of competing hypotheses
Analysis_of_competing_hypotheses
2004 novel by Michael Crichton
global warming. Despite being a work of fiction, the book contains many graphs and footnotes, two appendices, and a 20-page bibliography; all combining
State_of_Fear
S. Supreme Court, U.S. Courts of Appeal, and U.S. District Courts). The graph below, based on data from the Supreme Court Database, shows this partisan
Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices
Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices
Type of data measuring one attribute
industry. Similar to other data, univariate data can be visualized using graphs, images, or other analysis tools after the data is observed/collected, analyzed
Univariate_(statistics)
American social networking service
Gizzard Scala framework for creating distributed datastores, the distributed graph database FlockDB, the Finagle library for building asynchronous RPC servers
X_(social_network)
Spreadsheet editor by Microsoft
iOS and iPadOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic
Microsoft_Excel
Expertise and trained intuition in math
mathematical patterns The ability to move back and forth between the geometrical (graph) and the analytical (equation) Improving mathematical intuition by abandoning
Mathematical_maturity
some form of sensationalism or made misleading claims. Notably, Naples public prosecutor Nicola Gratteri made misleading claims about anti-mafia magistrates
2026 Italian constitutional referendum
2026_Italian_constitutional_referendum
Quantified formulas with real-number variables
problems in geometric graph theory, especially problems of recognizing geometric intersection graphs and straightening the edges of graph drawings with crossings
Existential theory of the reals
Existential_theory_of_the_reals
Messaging and VoIP service owned by Meta
Commission announced that it was fining Facebook €110 million for "providing misleading information about WhatsApp takeover" in 2014. The Commission said that
Textbook on the theory of matroids
Independence Theory in Combinatorics: An Introductory Account with Applications to Graphs and Transversals is an undergraduate-level mathematics textbook on the theory
Independence Theory in Combinatorics
Independence_Theory_in_Combinatorics
Study of the properties of codes and their fitness
This article contains content that may be misleading to readers. Please help improve it by clarifying such content. Relevant discussion may be found on
Coding_theory
Overview of transportation safety
crashes related to driver fatigue is an exponential relationship. (See graph.) Although the accident rate per 100 million miles for professional truckers
Transportation safety in the United States
Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States
American political advisor and lobbyist
investigation had cleared Kaplan and described Wynn-Williams's claims as "misleading and unfounded allegations of harassment". In her memoir, Wynn-Williams
Joel_Kaplan
Statistical method in genetic epidemiology
reverse causation and confounding, which often substantially impede or mislead the interpretation of results from epidemiological studies. The study design
Mendelian_randomization
Using game design elements in non-games
applications. They commonly include points, badges, leaderboards, performance graphs, meaningful stories, avatars, and teammates. Points are basic elements of
Gamification
Property of points all lying on a single line
P, where two points determine at most one line, a collinearity graph of P is a graph whose vertices are the points of P, where two vertices are adjacent
Collinearity
American conservative political commentator (born 1969)
into mainstream politics and discourse. He has been noted for false and misleading statements on some topics and for promoting conspiracy theories on demographic
Tucker_Carlson
Suicide by the East German Regime? Reflections on the Persistence of a Misleading Perception". Central European History. 52 (2): 310–332. doi:10.1017/S0008938919000165
List of countries by suicide rate
List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate
Diagram that describes the static structure of a software system
from it. The use of the terms parent and child is suggestive, but can be misleading. A is a type of B For example, "an oak is a type of tree", "an automobile
Class_diagram
Type of chart
". Using bubbles to represent scalar (one-dimensional) values can be misleading. The human visual system most naturally experiences a disk's size in terms
Bubble_chart
Observation that in many real-life datasets, the leading digit is likely to be small
the dataset values are uniformly distributed on a logarithmic scale. The graph to the right shows Benford's law for base 10. Although a decimal base is
Benford's_law
South Korean multinational conglomerate
consumer commission fined Samsung AU$14 million. The fine came due to misleading water resistance claims for over 3.1 million smartphones. The commission
Samsung
Linear operator defined on a dense linear subspace
quantum mechanics, and other cases. The term "unbounded operator" can be misleading, since "unbounded" should sometimes be understood as "not necessarily
Unbounded_operator
2025 memoir by Sarah Wynn-Williams
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), where she accused the company of misleading investors. Wynn-Williams also briefed The Washington Post, recorded an
Careless_People
American product manager, data scientist and engineer, and whistleblower
4, 2021. Pelley, Scott (October 4, 2021). "Whistleblower: Facebook is misleading the public on progress against hate speech, violence, misinformation"
Frances_Haugen
U.S. government documents declassified in 2026
Air Force frequency graph of UFO reports
United_States_UFO_files
2010s social media data misuse
collected the personal data of the users' Facebook friends via Facebook's Open Graph platform. The app harvested the data of up to 87 million Facebook profiles
Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
Facebook–Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal
Indian television series
that say it's true, but then some people say it's not. Akbar had a certain graph and we know that. We cannot negate that he changed his heart from a power-hungry
Jodha_Akbar
Video-sharing platform
and combat misinformation. The platform aims to penalize creators using misleading or sensationalized titles, with potential actions including video removal
YouTube
Statistical measure of a binary classification
sensitivity and specificity. The black, dotted line in the center of the graph is where the sensitivity and specificity are the same. As one moves to the
Sensitivity_and_specificity
Collection of loosely coupled services used to build computer applications
adding the complexity of services. The very concept of microservice is misleading since there are only services. There is no sound definition of when a
Microservices
MISLEADING GRAPH
MISLEADING GRAPH
Boy/Male
Spanish American Italian Latin
Enduring. The poet Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy with its graphic description of...
Boy/Male
Italian Spanish
Enduring. The poet Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy with its graphic description of...
Surname or Lastname
German (also Gräff), Dutch, and Jewish (Ashkenazic)
German (also Gräff), Dutch, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : variant of Graf.English : metonymic occupational name for a clerk or scribe, from Anglo-Norman French grafe ‘quill’, ‘pen’ (a derivative of grafer ‘to write’, Late Latin grafare, from Greek graphein).
Boy/Male
Italian Spanish
Enduring. The poet Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy with its graphic description of...
Boy/Male
Italian Spanish
Enduring. The poet Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy with its graphic description of...
MISLEADING GRAPH
MISLEADING GRAPH
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
High Grade
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Loving
Girl/Female
French
Defender of mankind. Feminine of Alexander.
Boy/Male
German, Teutonic
Axe-ruler; Soldier who Wields an Axe
Female
French
French name CERISE means "cherry."Â
Male
English
Variant spelling of English Mattaniah, MATANIA means "gift of God."Â
Girl/Female
Australian, Christian, French, Latin
Star
Girl/Female
Australian, Danish, German, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Norse, Swedish
The Lord is Good; Pleasing; Peace of Thor
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Excitement
MISLEADING GRAPH
MISLEADING GRAPH
MISLEADING GRAPH
MISLEADING GRAPH
MISLEADING GRAPH
a.
Alt. of Graphitoidal
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Mislay
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Implead
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Mislead
n.
The act of deceiving or misleading.
n.
Misstep; misbehavior.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Misread
a.
Resembling graphite or plumbago.
a.
Deceiving; deluding; misleading.
a.
Misleading; misled; mistaking.
n.
The act of misdealing; a wrong distribution of cards to the players.
n.
The act of deluding; deception; a misleading of the mind.
a.
Alluring by guile; deluding; misleading; diverting.
a.
Embodying or pertaining to a fallacy; illogical; fitted to deceive; misleading; delusive; as, fallacious arguments or reasoning.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Misdeal
a.
Leading astray; delusive.
a.
Misleading.
n.
An error in pleading.
a.
Pertaining to, containing, derived from, or resembling, graphite.