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Directed graph whose edges are labelled invertibly by elements of a group
In graph theory, a voltage graph is a directed graph whose edges are labelled invertibly by elements of a group. It is formally identical to a gain graph
Voltage_graph
Graph related to another graph by a covering map
In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a graph C is a covering graph of another graph G if there is a covering map from the vertex set of C to
Covering_graph
Current output as a function of applied voltage for a material or device
A current–voltage characteristic or I–V curve (current–voltage curve) is a relationship, typically represented as a chart or graph, between the electric
Current–voltage characteristic
Current–voltage_characteristic
Flow graph invented by Claude Shannon
A signal-flow graph or signal-flowgraph (SFG), invented by Claude Shannon, but often called a Mason graph after Samuel Jefferson Mason who coined the
Signal-flow_graph
Area of discrete mathematics
Kirchhoff's circuit laws for calculating the voltage and current in electric circuits. The first textbook on graph theory was written by Dénes Kőnig, and published
Graph_theory
Branch of the mathematical field of graph theory
theorem. Crossing number (graph theory) Genus Planar graph Real tree Toroidal graph Topological combinatorics Voltage graph Gross, J.L.; Tucker, T.W.
Topological_graph_theory
Family of cubic graphs formed from regular and star polygons
k=n/2} , producing a graph that is not a regular graph. Any generalized Petersen graph can also be constructed from a voltage graph with two vertices, two
Generalized_Petersen_graph
constructed them using voltage graphs in 1998. The context for the construction of these graphs is the degree diameter problem in graph theory, which seeks
McKay–Miller–Širáň_graph
Two-terminal electronic component
other parts of the graph (which can be seen by using a semi-log plot, with current being represented on a logarithmic scale and voltage on a linear scale)
Diode
Silicon switching diode
characteristics VF = 1 V at 10 mA (maximum forward voltage) VR = 75 V at 5 μA; 100 V at 100 μA (minimum breakdown voltage and reverse leakage current) trr = 4 ns
1N4148_signal_diode
Type of active circuit electronic filter
voltage across the element in a form suitable for expression as a signal-flow graph. Draw the signal-flow graph. The nodes of the signal-flow graph will
Leapfrog_filter
Opposition to the passage of an electric current
Examples of ohmic components are wires and resistors. The current–voltage graph of an ohmic device consists of a straight line through the origin with
Electrical resistance and conductance
Electrical_resistance_and_conductance
Graph with group-labeled edges
frustrated edges. Gain graphs used in topological graph theory as a means to construct graph embeddings in surfaces are known as "voltage graphs" (Gross 1974;
Gain_graph
System designed to maintain a constant voltage
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage. It may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative
Voltage_regulator
Finite states of a digital signal
Instruments. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2021. Logic Voltage Graph (page4) Thompson, Geoff (13 November 1997). How 1000BASE-T Works (PDF)
Logic_level
Physical law about electrical discharge in gases
Paschen's law is an equation that gives the breakdown voltage– the voltage necessary to start a discharge or electric arc –between two electrodes in a
Paschen's_law
Theoretical construct in circuit theory
circuit. This is done by viewing a voltage source on a wire as a point source voltage in relation to other point voltages located at various nodes in the
Supernode_(circuit)
Canale, Eduardo; Rodríguez, Alexis (2012), On the application of voltage graphs to the degree/diameter problem (PDF), archived from the original (PDF)
Table of the largest known graphs of a given diameter and maximal degree
Table_of_the_largest_known_graphs_of_a_given_diameter_and_maximal_degree
Graph representing edges of another graph
In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the line graph of an undirected graph G is another graph L(G) that represents the adjacencies between edges
Line_graph
Ability of a circuit to increase the power or amplitude of a signal
alone is ambiguous, and can refer to the ratio of output to input voltage (voltage gain), current (current gain) or electric power (power gain). In the
Gain_(electronics)
Graphical representation of energy flows in physical systems
velocity. Thus the bond graph components share the same flow f, but the efforts are different, corresponding to the voltages and forces of the electrical
Bond_graph
Graphical analysis tool for electronic circuit engineering
the current–voltage characteristic graph for a nonlinear device like a diode or transistor. It represents the constraint put on the voltage and current
Load_line_(electronics)
Form taken by the network of interconnections of a circuit
the dual graph. The set of current loop equations associated with the tie sets of the original graph and tree is identical to the set of voltage node-pair
Circuit_topology_(electrical)
Derived bipartite graph with twice as many nodes as the original graph
using adjacency matrices (as described below) or as the derived graph of a voltage graph in which each edge of G is labeled by the nonzero element of the
Bipartite_double_cover
Type of graph
Déborah; Williams, Gordon I. (2024), "Rotationally symmetric snarks from voltage graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 347 (4): Paper No. 113874, 15, doi:10.1016/j
Loupekine_snark
Assemblage of connected electrical elements
model of such an interconnection, consisting of electrical elements (e.g., voltage sources, current sources, resistances, inductances, capacitances). An electrical
Electrical_network
Electronic measuring instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit
measure multiple electrical properties. A typical multimeter can measure voltage, resistance, and current, in which case can be used as a voltmeter, ohmmeter
Multimeter
Square root of the mean square
Thus the peak value of the mains voltage in the USA is about 120 × √2, or about 170 volts. The peak-to-peak voltage, being double this, is about 340 volts
Root_mean_square
Measurement device for radio equipment
wave ratio meter, SWR meter, ISWR meter (current "I" SWR), or VSWR meter (voltage SWR) measures the standing wave ratio (SWR) in a transmission line. The
SWR_meter
Electricity converter
An HVDC converter converts electric power from high voltage alternating current (AC) to high-voltage direct current (HVDC), or vice versa. HVDC is used
HVDC_converter
Reference voltage independent of temperature
A bandgap voltage reference is a voltage reference circuit widely used in integrated circuits. It produces an almost constant voltage corresponding to
Bandgap_voltage_reference
Opposition of a circuit to a current when a voltage is applied
circuit element is the ratio of the complex representation of the sinusoidal voltage between its terminals, to the complex representation of the current flowing
Electrical_impedance
Form of alternating current
is an AC system, voltages can be easily increased or decreased with transformers, allowing high-voltage transmission and low-voltage distribution with
Three-phase_electric_power
DC-to-DC power converter with an output voltage greater than its input voltage
converter or step-up converter is a DC-to-DC converter that increases voltage, while decreasing current, from its input (supply) to its output (load)
Boost_converter
Function specifying the behavior of a component in an electronic or control system
amplifier, might be a two-dimensional graph of the scalar voltage at the output as a function of the scalar voltage applied to the input; the transfer function
Transfer_function
Describes how neurons transmit electric signals
(Cm). Voltage-gated ion channels are represented by electrical conductances (gn, where n is the specific ion channel) that depend on both voltage and time
Hodgkin–Huxley_model
Type of spark gap modulation
by a spark-gap transmitter. In this graph, the vertical axis is the amplitude of the wave, in units such as voltage or electric field strength; the horizontal
Damped wave (radio transmission)
Damped_wave_(radio_transmission)
Electric potential difference between interior and exterior of a biological cell
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of
Membrane_potential
Field of electrical engineering
graph. Graph signal processing presents several key points such as sampling signal techniques, recovery techniques and time-varying techiques. Graph signal
Signal_processing
Device for detecting electricity
voltage rises higher. The lamps are mounted in order from lowest voltage to highest, this minimal bar graph providing a crude indication of voltage.
Test_light
Electronic test equipment
defining just two points: At t0, set the output voltage to 100% and at t50%, set the output voltage back to 0. Set the AWG to jump (not interpolate)
Arbitrary_waveform_generator
Argentine-born American mathematician
Neumann-Lara showed that given a group Zn acting freely on a graph G, the notion of a voltage graph is applied to the search for Hamilton cycles in G invariant
Italo_Jose_Dejter
Electrical circuit
Cookbook(Hayden, 1980) p. 40-41. Data Sheet for LM 13700 – Graph of Distortion v. Differential Input Voltage (National Semiconductor, June 2004) p. 6. A Short
Operational transconductance amplifier
Operational_transconductance_amplifier
Time for a quantity to decrease by half in an exponential decay process
electronics, when a capacitor is charged or discharged via a resistor, the voltage on the capacitor follows the above formula, with the half time approximately
Half_time_(physics)
Classical method used to design feedback control systems
windings are simultaneously energized. If the motor was driven by a voltage controlled voltage source, the current would roughly double, as would the torque
Minor_loop_feedback
Method in electronic engineering
(MGF) is a method for finding the transfer function of a linear signal-flow graph (SFG). The formula was derived by Samuel Jefferson Mason, for whom it is
Mason's_gain_formula
{\displaystyle t} terminals of the graph, respectively. The voltage state of the model becomes binary in the limit as the input voltage difference approaches ∞ {\displaystyle
Cederbaum's maximum flow theorem
Cederbaum's_maximum_flow_theorem
Topics referred to by the same term
substations In power engineering, a "bus" is any graph node of the single-line diagram at which voltage, current, power flow, or other quantities are to
Electric_bus_(disambiguation)
Electrical device that converts AC to DC
. The average no-load output voltage V a v {\displaystyle V_{\mathrm {av} }} results from the integral under the graph of a positive half-wave with the
Rectifier
Electronic circuit used to implement two-state devices
oscillator or an astable multivibrator. If VC is the voltage across the capacitor and from the graph, the time period of the wave formed at capacitor and
Multivibrator
Widely used analogy for explaining electrical circuits
In this case, electric potential is equivalent to pressure. The voltage (or voltage drop or potential difference) is a difference in pressure between
Hydraulic_analogy
Maximum theoretical efficiency of a solar cell
Shockley and Queisser give a graph showing m as a function of the ratio zoc of the open-circuit voltage to the thermal voltage Vc. According to the authors
Shockley–Queisser_limit
Type of graph in mathematics and physics
mathematics and physics, a quantum graph is a linear, network-shaped structure of vertices connected on edges (i.e., a graph) in which each edge is given a
Quantum_graph
Analog integrated circuit
reference source. As the input voltage increases, each comparator turns on. The device can be configured for either a bar-graph mode, where all lower-output
LM3914
Point where a function crosses an axis and changes sign
negative), represented by an intercept of the axis (zero value) in the graph of the function. It is a commonly used term in electronics, mathematics
Zero_crossing
Voltage at which a battery is considered fully discharged
In electronics, the cut-off voltage is the voltage at which a battery is considered fully discharged, beyond which further discharge could cause harm.
Cutoff_voltage
Series of graphing calculators by Casio
The Casio CFX-9850G series is a series of graphing calculators manufactured by Casio Computer Co., Ltd. from 1996 to 2008. The back of the device shows
Casio_9850_series
Phenomena that occur as a result of alternating current
phase are used to describe current with reference to voltage. Current is in phase with voltage when there is no phase shift between the sinusoids describing
Leading_and_lagging_current
Any mathematical model describing semiconductor diodes
to computer implementation. This method plots the two current-voltage equations on a graph and the point of intersection of the two curves satisfies both
Diode_modelling
Type of electronic amplifier
feedback is derived below in the case of a voltage amplifier with voltage feedback. Without feedback, the input voltage V′in is applied directly to the amplifier
Negative-feedback_amplifier
Timing imbalance of energy demand and solar power generation
The duck curve is a graph showing the electricity demand remaining after subtracting electricity supplied by variable renewable energy sources (primarily
Duck_curve
Idealized versions of real electronic components used in circuit analysis
Four abstract active elements: Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS) Generates a voltage based on another voltage with respect to a specified gain
Electrical_element
Electronic circuits obeying the superposition principle
linear circuit because the output voltage and current of such a circuit are linear functions of its input voltage and current. This kind of linearity
Linear_circuit
Method to control electric motors
variable-frequency drive defines the transistor switching according to the stator voltage references that are the output of the PI current controllers. FOC is used
Field-oriented_control
Semiconductor device with variable capacitance
voltage bias, similar to a varactor diode. Unlike a diode, it has an anti-symmetric current-voltage relationship and a symmetric capacitance-voltage relationship
Heterostructure barrier varactor
Heterostructure_barrier_varactor
Electronic device/component that increases the strength of a signal
electronic device that can increase the magnitude of a signal (a time-varying voltage or current). It is a two-port electronic circuit that uses electric power
Amplifier
Shape and form of a signal
acoustics, and related fields, the waveform of a signal is the shape of its graph as a function of time, independent of its time and magnitude scales and
Waveform
impedance as a function of frequency. It can be visualized by plotting it as a graph, called the impedance curve. The most common driver type is an electro-mechanical
Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers
Electrical_characteristics_of_dynamic_loudspeakers
Superconducting circuit element
relation. When a voltage is applied, the phase difference evolves in time. This is described by the second Josephson equation, the voltage-phase relation:
Josephson_junction
Series of Casio graphing calculators
The Casio Algebra FX series was a line of graphing calculators manufactured by Japanese electronics company Casio Computer Co., Ltd from 1999 to 2003.
Casio_Algebra_FX_Series
Property that an increasing voltage results in a decreasing current
slope. The resistance is the ratio of voltage to current, the inverse slope of the line (in I–V graphs where the voltage v {\displaystyle v} is the independent
Negative_resistance
Horatio Saint George Anson, is the phenomenon of an oscillating electric voltage produced by a neon bulb connected across a capacitor, when a direct current
Pearson–Anson_effect
Relative importance of certain frequencies in a composite signal
defined in terms of only a voltage varying in time, for instance, there is no specific power associated with a given voltage. In this case "power" is simply
Spectral_density
Electronic circuit analysis method
the time-varying AC current or voltage which represents the signal to be processed is added to it. The point on the graph of the characteristic curve representing
Small-signal_model
Technique for characterizing semiconductor materials and devices
capacitance–voltage meters of Electronic Instrumentation. They are used to analyze the doping profiles of semiconductor devices by the obtained C–V graphs. A
Capacitance–voltage_profiling
Neuron communication by electric impulses
nerve impulse or "spike" when in a neuron) is a series of quick changes in voltage across a cell membrane. An action potential occurs when the membrane potential
Action_potential
Type of capacitor
specify their e-caps lifetime calculation with graphs that consider the influence of applied voltage. The basic principle for calculating the time under
Electrolytic_capacitor
Graphical calculator used in electrical engineering
\end{aligned}}} where A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} are the complex voltage amplitudes at the load ( ℓ = 0 {\displaystyle \ell =0} ). The common time
Smith_chart
Association of electrical terms into pairs based on interchanging voltage and current
pairs called duals. A dual of a relationship is formed by interchanging voltage and current in an expression. The dual expression thus produced is of the
Duality_(electrical_circuits)
Shape in mathematics
second derivative. The knee of a curve can be defined as a vertex of the graph. This corresponds with the graphical intuition (it is where the curvature
Knee_of_a_curve
Small battery
a nominal voltage: For types with stable voltage falling precipitously at end-of-life (cliff-top voltage-versus-time graph), the end-voltage is the value
Button_cell
cable and in case of lightning strokes in the antenna installation, the voltage will be diverted over a ripple in the clamp with the combined cable and
Grounding_kit
Technical specification
SOA is usually presented in transistor datasheets as a graph with VCE (collector-emitter voltage) on the abscissa and ICE (collector-emitter current) on
Safe_operating_area
In mathematics, a fibration of graphs, or graph fibration, is a homomorphism of directed graphs that satisfies a unique lifting property analogous to that
Fibrations_of_graphs
Insulating region in a semiconductor
region determines what is called the built-in voltage (also called the junction voltage or barrier voltage or contact potential). Physically speaking, charge
Depletion_region
High-capacity electrochemical capacitor
capacitance value much higher than solid-state capacitors but with lower voltage limits. It bridges the gap between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable
Supercapacitor
Logic gate implementing negation
is often measured using the voltage transfer curve (VTC), which is a plot of output vs. input voltage. From such a graph, device parameters including
Inverter_(logic_gate)
Semiconductor light source
prevent damage. LEDs are sensitive to voltage. They must be supplied with a voltage above their threshold voltage and a current below their rating. Current
Light-emitting_diode
Semiconductor–semiconductor junction
diodes have a low breakdown voltage. A standard value for breakdown voltage is for instance 5.6 V. This means that the voltage at the cathode cannot be more
P–n_junction
Manufacturing styles of an electronic device
allowed operating voltage is called "rated voltage" or "nominal voltage". The rated voltage (UR) is the maximum DC voltage or peak pulse voltage that may be
Capacitor_types
Physiological reaction or injury caused by electric current
cases of exposure to high voltages, such as on a power transmission tower, direct contact may not be necessary as the voltage may "jump" the air gap to
Electrical_injury
Device for acoustic measurements
0 dB SPL equal to 20 micropascals. A microphone is distinguishable by the voltage value produced when a known, constant root mean square sound pressure is
Sound_level_meter
DC-DC voltage step-down power converter
converter or step-down converter is a DC-to-DC converter which decreases voltage, while increasing current, from its input (supply) to its output (load)
Buck_converter
Instrument for displaying time-varying signals
voltages, and thus can be used to plot one varying voltage versus another. This is especially useful for graphing I-V curves (current versus voltage characteristics)
Oscilloscope
Electricity to a loudspeaker for sound
Amplifier output power is limited by voltage, current, and temperature: Voltage: The amp's power supply voltage limits the maximum amplitude of the waveform
Audio_power
N x N matrix describing a linear power system with N buses
all voltage sources to their equivalent current source. Consider an admittance graph with N {\displaystyle N} buses. The vector of bus voltages, V {\displaystyle
Nodal_admittance_matrix
Interconnected network for delivering electricity to consumers
Electrical grids consist of power stations, electrical substations to step voltage up or down, electric power transmission to carry power over long distances
Electrical_grid
Electrical capacitor with an insulating plastic film as the dielectric
characteristics. The graphs below show typical temperature and frequency behavior of the capacitance for different film materials. The rated DC voltage VR is the
Film_capacitor
Electromechanical function
In synchronous machines, the V curve (also spelled as V-curve) is the graph showing the relation of armature current as a function of field current in
V_curve
Relative unit of measurement
In the vertical axis of this graph, arbitrary unit is used to express approximate trend in the current–voltage characteristic of a generic field-effect
Arbitrary_unit
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