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OS that runs entirely in kernel-mode
A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture with the entire operating system running in kernel space. The monolithic model differs from other
Monolithic_kernel
Core of a computer operating system
microkernel design. Some kernels, such as the Linux kernel, are both monolithic and modular, since they can insert and remove loadable kernel modules at runtime
Kernel_(operating_system)
Type of operating system kernel
hybrid kernel is an operating system kernel whose architecture attempts to combine aspects and benefits of microkernel and monolithic kernel architectures
Hybrid_kernel
Kernel that provides fewer services than a traditional kernel
run in user space. Microkernels often have less source code than monolithic kernels. The MINIX 3 microkernel, for example, has only approximately 12,000
Microkernel
Free Unix-like operating system kernel
The kernel has a modular design such that modules can be integrated as software components – including dynamically loaded. The kernel is monolithic in
Linux_kernel
Operating system kernel designed as a replacement for Unix
operating system, due to perceived advantages over the traditional Unix monolithic kernel architecture, a view that had been advocated by some developers in
GNU_Hurd
Free and open-source Unix-like operating system
NetBSD drivers to other kernel architectures, ranging from exokernels to monolithic kernels. Other possible applications of rump kernels include deploying a
NetBSD
Distributed operating system kernel
Code Base). Compared to traditional monolithic kernels such as Linux kernel, the kernel code in HongMeng Kernel is less than one-fourth in size, significantly
HongMeng_Kernel
Free and open-source Unix-like operating system
kernel provides support for some essential tasks such as managing processes, communication, booting and filesystems. FreeBSD has a monolithic kernel,
FreeBSD
Computer operating system kernel
recognized as a UNIX operating system. XNU is a hybrid kernel, containing features of both monolithic kernels and microkernels. As of July 2026[update], XNU runs
XNU
1990s debate regarding the Linux kernel
discussion group comp.os.minix, arguing that microkernels are superior to monolithic kernels and therefore Linux was, even in 1992, obsolete. The debate has sometimes
Tanenbaum–Torvalds_debate
Computer system with a dedicated function
available to and extensible by application programmers. A monolithic kernel is a relatively large kernel with sophisticated capabilities adapted to suit an embedded
Embedded_system
Unix-like operating system
of executable kernel code, which can make problems easier to find in the code. In monolithic kernels, device drivers reside in the kernel. Thus, when a
Minix_3
Software run in userspace that offers kernel functionality
NetBSD rump kernel is the first implementation of the "anykernel" concept where drivers either can be compiled into or run in the monolithic kernel or in user
Rump_kernel
Architecture of computer operating systems
produced from 1995 to 2000. They are based on the Windows 95 kernel which is a monolithic kernel. The basic code is similar in function to MS-DOS. They are
Architecture_of_Windows_9x
Property possessed by operating system kernel
mainly in monolithic and hybrid kernels, where all or most device drivers are run in kernel space. Linux is an example of a monolithic-kernel operating
Kernel_preemption
Real-time operating system
Zephyr kernels used a dual nanokernel plus microkernel design. In December 2016, with Zephyr 1.6, this changed to a monolithic kernel. The kernel offers
Zephyr_(operating_system)
Operating system kernel
conventional microkernels' implementation of message passing and monolithic kernels' implementation of high-level abstractions. Implemented abstractions
Exokernel
System integrated into one whole
needed] In system software, a monolithic kernel is an operating system (OS) architecture where the entire OS is working in kernel space. Rod Stephens (2 March
Monolithic_system
Family of Unix-like operating systems
in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, access to the
Linux
License. They also generally use a monolithic kernel architecture, apart from DragonFly BSD which feature hybrid kernels. The various open source BSD projects
Comparison of BSD operating systems
Comparison_of_BSD_operating_systems
Dynamically loadable module that extends a running operating system kernel
A loadable kernel module (LKM) is an executable library that extends the capabilities of a running kernel, or so-called base kernel, of an operating system
Loadable_kernel_module
Operating system from Sun Microsystems
series); since it had only a single lock for the kernel, only one CPU at a time could execute in the kernel. The last release of SunOS 4 was 4.1.4 (Solaris
SunOS
Sharing of data between running processes in a computer system
leading to a large increase in communication when compared to a regular monolithic kernel. IPC interfaces generally encompass variable analytic framework structures
Inter-process_communication
Unix-like operating system
MINIX architecture in significant ways, most notably by employing a monolithic kernel instead of a microkernel. This was disapproved of by Tanenbaum in
Minix
Real-time operating system (RTOS) software
operating system kernel in the form of a number of small tasks, named Resource Managers. This differs from the more traditional monolithic kernel, in which the
QNX
Typically the kernel implements processes but its code does not run as part of a process.[disputed – discuss] hybrid kernel monolithic kernel Nucleus In
Comparison of operating systems
Comparison_of_operating_systems
Layer of protection in computer systems
proliferation of the Xen VMM software, ongoing discussion on monolithic vs. micro-kernels (particularly in Usenet newsgroups and Web forums), Microsoft's
Protection_ring
Computer operating system
consumers. These versions used a monolithic kernel, with later versions in the family since Windows 3.0 having their own kernel. The last version was Windows
Microsoft_Windows
Software that manages computer hardware resources
Those with no isolation between the kernel and applications are least secure, while those with a monolithic kernel like most general-purpose operating
Operating_system
Collection of source code maintained as a unit
(January 2015) Facebook: monolithic, 8 GB (repo 54 GB including history, 2014), hundreds of thousands of files (2014) Linux kernel: distributed, over 15
Codebase
Free software collection
with other kernels such as Linux or FreeBSD. A stable version (or variant) of GNU can be run by combining the GNU packages with the Linux kernel, making
GNU
Linux kernel APIs and ABIs
testing have to be done by the author. The Linux kernel is a monolithic kernel, hence device drivers are kernel components. To ease the burden of companies
Linux_kernel_interfaces
Embedded operating system by Microsoft released in 2006
and consumer electronics devices like digital cameras. CE 6.0 features a kernel that supports 32,768 processes, up from the 32-process limit of prior versions
Windows_Embedded_CE_6.0
Apple III operating system
loads, and executes a file named SOS.KERNEL, which is the kernel and API of the operating system. The kernel, in turn, searches for and loads a file
Apple_SOS
Computer operating system
hybrid kernel design provides the flexibility of a microkernel[failed verification – see discussion] and the performance of a monolithic kernel. The last
Darwin_(operating_system)
Computer operating system
original on February 25, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2024. "Linux kernel 2.4.25 changelog". kernel.org. February 18, 2004. Archived from the original on August
IRIX
MSDOS-like operating system
makes the kernel and command interpreter cross-buildable from operating systems other than DOS. The kernel can be built as a single binary KERNEL.SYS to
DR-DOS
Discontinued embedded operating system by Microsoft
Windows IoT, which are based on Windows NT, Windows CE uses a different kernel. Microsoft licensed it to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), who could
Windows_CE
Operating system
the NuMachine and had remote procedure call functionality built into its kernel, but was otherwise a Version 7 Unix workalike. On startup, the NuMachine
TRIX_(operating_system)
Series of discontinued Unix operating systems by DEC
Burns, Mary Anne Cacciola, and Bill Munson. V7M contained many fixes to the kernel including support for separate instruction and data spaces, significant
Ultrix
Operating system kernel and predecessor to Mach
Accent is an operating system kernel, most notable for being the predecessor to the Mach kernel. Originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)
Accent_kernel
Operating system
shortly thereafter. SkyOS is a Unix-like operating system with a monolithic kernel. The OS supports multiple users and symmetric multiprocessing. SkyOS
SkyOS
Discontinued operating system kernel
Aleph is a discontinued operating system kernel developed at the University of Rochester as part of their Rochester's Intelligent Gateway (RIG) project
Aleph_kernel
Linux distribution
system; it uses the OpenVZ kernel and the RPM package manager. CloudLinux OS provides a modified kernel based on the OpenVZ kernel. The main feature is the
CloudLinux_OS
Software interface to attached devices
decided by the type of kernel an operating system uses. An operating system that uses a monolithic kernel, such as the Linux kernel, will typically run device
Device_driver
Closed source version of Unix developed by SCO
for ELF executables and dynamically linked shared objects, and made many kernel structures dynamic. SCO OpenServer 5, released in 1995, would become SCO's
OpenServer
Topics referred to by the same term
repository architecture for source control Monolithic kernel, kernel architecture for computer operating systems Monolithic system, computer system architecture
Monolith_(disambiguation)
Software development philosophy
example, in the early days Unix used a monolithic kernel (which means that user processes carried out kernel system calls all on the user stack). If
Unix_philosophy
Operating system designed to operate on multiple systems over a network computer
of two distinct service provisioners. The first is a ubiquitous minimal kernel, or microkernel, that directly controls that node's hardware. Second is
Distributed_operating_system
Apple II disk operating system
requires about as much memory as the whole of DOS 3.3. Since the ProDOS kernel itself is stowed away in the "Language Card" RAM, the usable amount of RAM
Apple_ProDOS
Family of mobile operating systems by Microsoft (2000–2013)
said taskbar.[citation needed] Windows Mobile is based on the Windows CE kernel and first appeared as the Pocket PC 2000 operating system. It includes a
Windows_Mobile
Operating system
Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS), formerly known as Linux-8086, is a Linux-like operating system kernel. It is a subset of the Linux kernel, intended for
Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset
Embeddable_Linux_Kernel_Subset
Operating system
combination of these. Since version 6.8, OpenBSD has also shipped with native in-kernel WireGuard support. Shortly after OpenBSD was created, de Raadt was contacted
OpenBSD
GNU/Linux distribution based on Ubuntu
Unix-like (Linux) Initial release 2007 Latest release 11.26.04 LTS "Noble" Kernel type Monolithic kernel License Proprietary Official website winux.is
Winux
Computer operating system
Linux distributions have a monolithic kernel, but MkLinux is distinguished by its architecture which adapted the Linux kernel to run as a user-space server
MkLinux
Real-time operating system
hypervisor) designs on 32- and 64-bit processors. VxWorks comes with the kernel, middleware, board support packages, Wind River Workbench development suite
VxWorks
Linux distribution of the late 1990s and early 2000s
was the first commercial distribution to include version 2 of the Linux kernel. Caldera offered three versions of OpenLinux, with one for hackers and the
Caldera_OpenLinux
Operating system microkernel
3 kernel, and created a proof of concept with a subset of VMS' features. Mach was originally intended to be a replacement for classical monolithic UNIX
Mach_(kernel)
Microsoft Unix operating system
capable of supporting a system such as Xenix from scratch," and "the Xenix kernel must be custom-tailored to each new hardware environment". A generally available
Xenix
1998 Microsoft operating system version
June 25, 1998. Like its predecessor, it is a hybrid 16-bit and 32-bit monolithic product with the boot stage based on MS-DOS. Windows 98 was web-integrated
Windows_98
minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE was a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is supported
Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions
Comparison_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions
Operating system
black Turkish Angora. MidnightBSD is released under several licenses. The kernel code and most newly created code are released under the two-clause BSD license
MidnightBSD
2000 Microsoft operating system version
version as all consumer versions starting with Windows XP moved to the NT kernel. Microsoft also incorporated features first introduced in Windows 2000,
Windows_Me
Time-sharing operating system
system; this includes the temporary scratch memory of the process, its kernel stack, etc. Segments are limited to 256 kilowords, just over 1 MB, because
Multics
Set of all computer components critical to its security
This is a key argument in the debate preferring microkernels to monolithic kernels. AIX materializes the trusted computing base as an optional component
Trusted_computing_base
Firewall distribution
2026) Repository github.com/opnsense Supported platforms x86-64 Kernel type Monolithic kernel Influenced by M0n0wall. pfSense License Simplified BSD / FreeBSD
OPNsense
32-bit operating system for PC
supporting preemptive multitasking and virtual memory. Visopsys uses a monolithic kernel, written in the C programming language, with elements of assembly
Visopsys
Computer operating system
requirements by implementing VMS and ULTRIX user interfaces on top of a common kernel that could support the system calls (or "system services" in VMS parlance)
DEC_MICA
Family of CP/M- and DOS-compatible multi-user multi-tasking operating systems
CONFIG.SYS appropriately – it was necessary to relink the Multiuser DOS kernel (known as a nucleus) using the SYSGEN command. Multiuser DOS was also unable
Multiuser_DOS
American information technology company
operational processes, unlike legacy operating systems that rely on monolithic kernels with fate-sharing code paths. Protocol processing, security functions
Arista_Networks
A kernel is a component of a computer operating system. It serves as an intermediary connecting software to hardware, enabling them to work together seamlessly
Comparison of operating system kernels
Comparison_of_operating_system_kernels
They also generally use a monolithic kernel architecture, apart from macOS and DragonFly BSD which feature hybrid kernels. The various open source BSD
History of the Berkeley Software Distribution
History_of_the_Berkeley_Software_Distribution
Family of network operating systems by Cisco
processes cannot interrupt running low priority processes. The Cisco IOS monolithic kernel does not implement memory protection for the data of different processes
Cisco_IOS
Linux distribution
months ago (25 November 2025)) [±] Available in Turkish, English Kernel type Monolithic kernel Default user interface Xfce GNOME Pardus ETAP License GPL v2
Pardus_(operating_system)
Linux-based microcontroller system
real-time-capable applications. It is the first operating system running a Linux kernel that Microsoft has publicly released and the second Unix-like operating
Azure_Sphere
Family of disk operating systems
release 1978; 48 years ago (1978) Latest release 3.3 / 1980; 46 years ago (1980) Kernel type Monolithic kernel License Apple Software License Agreement
Apple_DOS
Open source clone of MS-DOS
download as a CD-ROM image: a limited install disc that only contains the kernel and basic applications, and a full disc that contains many more applications
FreeDOS
Computer operating system
PowerOpen Environment ABI, merge AIX features into A/UX, and use the OSF/1 kernel from the Open Software Foundation. The future A/UX 4.0 and future AIX versions
A/UX
Apple IIGS operating system
release GS/OS v4.02 (System Software 6.0.1) / May 6, 1993; 33 years ago (1993-05-06) Kernel type Monolithic kernel License Apple Software License Agreement
Apple_GS/OS
Computer operating system
format bumped the capacity of floppy disks to 360 KB. The Unix-inspired kernel featured file handles in place of the CP/M-derivative file control blocks
IBM_PC_DOS
Real-time operating system
GCC with MicroC/OS μC/OS-II Reference Manual How to Get a μC/OS-II Application Running Wikiversity:Operating Systems/Kernel Models#Monolithic Kernel
Micro-Controller Operating Systems
Micro-Controller_Operating_Systems
based on the Windows 9x (monolithic) kernel and MS-DOS, with its successor Windows XP being based on Microsoft's Windows NT kernel instead. It is also the
Microsoft Windows version history
Microsoft_Windows_version_history
Linux distribution
exactly the same as when it ran stand-alone: the difference was that the kernel would make certain low-level hardware requests through the COS GOS hook
UNICOS
Linux distribution
included with grml, the distribution focuses on accessibility by providing kernel support for speakup and software like brltty, emacspeak, and flite. Another
Grml
Computer operating system
between the Kernel, which consists of the code which runs at the kernel access mode, and the less-privileged code outside of the Kernel which runs at
OpenVMS
Distributed operating system
to benefit from memory protection at kernel mode. HarmonyOS NEXT maintains the speed of a monolithic Linux kernel while incorporating a modular OpenHarmony
HarmonyOS_5
Linux distribution
Latest release 7.8 / 23 June 2020; 6 years ago (23 June 2020) Kernel type Monolithic kernel (Linux) Default user interface Web user interface License GPL
ClearOS
2011 release of the Windows Embedded CE operating system
Microsoft was working hard on this release and that it shares the underlying kernel with Windows Phone. Microsoft officially confirmed this and said that Windows
Windows_Embedded_Compact_7
1982 computer operating system
at this level. The intermediate level of the hierarchy is the kernel level. The kernel supports the 93 C-functions and T-functions, and controls the sharing
TurboDOS
Structure of the operating system
implemented in user mode even on monolithic systems, especially those designed without internal graphics support) run as a kernel-mode subsystem. Applications
Architecture_of_Windows_NT
Operating system
United States Patent # 7,103,914 "Trusted computer system". STOP is a monolithic kernel operating system (as is Linux). Though it provides a Linux-compatible
XTS-400
Discontinued family of computer operating systems
microcomputers. It included a priority-scheduled multitasking kernel (before such a name was used, the kernel was referred to as the nucleus) with memory protection
MP/M
Embedded operating system by Microsoft released in 2004
shared source agreements. Developers have the freedom to modify down to the kernel level, without the need to share their changes with Microsoft or competitors
Windows_CE_5.0
1993 Microsoft operating system version
combine certain elements of a monolithic kernel and a microkernel; nowadays this is most often referred to as a hybrid kernel. The hardware abstraction layer
Windows_NT_3.1
Operating system
Unix-like Working state Discontinued Supported platforms x86 Kernel type Monolithic kernel License Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike
Cloud_(operating_system)
Device manager for the Linux kernel
system's kernel is responsible for providing an abstract interface of the hardware to the rest of the software. Being a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel incorporates
Udev
Operating system
Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2015-10-05. ... the Sprite kernel became harder and harder to maintain as it aged Sprite home page Booting
Sprite_(operating_system)
Italian-American programmer and original developer of the FreeDOS kernel
announcement, Villani devised a derivative of DOS/NT named DOS-C with a monolithic kernel and an architecture more similar to the non-multitasking MS-DOS, and
Pat_Villani
PDOS is a discontinued multiuser multitasking operating system, written in assembly language developed in the early 1980s by the Eyring Research Institute
PDOS_(operating_system)
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
Girl/Female
Assamese, Christian, French, Gaelic, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit, Swedish
The Zodiac Sign of Capricorn; Kernel
Female
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic Eithne, ETHNE means "kernel."
Female
English
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Eithne, ETHNA means "kernel."
Female
English
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Eithne, ENYA means "kernel."
Boy/Male
African, American, Australian, British, Celtic, English, Jamaican
Stone Settlement; Farm with a Stone Monolith; From the Stone House; Town Built with Stone
Female
English
(Hebrew ×¢Ö¶×“Ö°× Ö¸×”): Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Eithne, EDNA means "kernel." Hebrew name meaning "delight, pleasure, rejuvenation." In the apocryphal Book of Tobit, this is the name of the mother of Sarah.Â
Girl/Female
Australian, Celtic, Christian, Irish
Graceful; Kernel
Surname or Lastname
Swedish
Swedish : ornamental name formed with the common surname suffix -ell. The first element is unexplained, possibly from a place-name.English, Scottish, and northern Irish : unexplained; possibly a respelling of Scottish Kerneil, a habitational name from Carneil in Carnock, Fife.
Female
English
 Variant spelling of English Ethna, ETNA means "kernel." Compare with another form of Etna.
Female
Irish
(pronounced ee-na) Irish Gaelic name derived from the word eithne, EITHNE means "kernel." Edna, Ena, Enya, Ethna and Etna are Anglicized forms.
Girl/Female
Australian, Celtic, Christian, Irish
Kernel; Nut
Female
English
Anglicized form of Irish Gaelic Eithne, ENA means "kernel."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from a place in West Yorkshire, probably named with the genitive case of the Old English personal name StÄn ‘stone’, a byname or short form of any of various compound names with this as the first element (compare, for example, Stammer, Stannard) + Old English feld ‘pasture’, ‘open country’.English : alternatively, it may be a topographic name from Middle English stanesfeld ‘open country of the (standing) stone’, with reference to a prominent monolith. There are other places so called, for example in Suffolk, but the distribution suggests that the one in Yorkshire is the source of the surname.
Girl/Female
Australian, Chinese, Christian, Danish, German, Irish
Kernel; Nut
Female
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic Eithne, AITHNE means "kernel."
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced form of McCarron.German, Dutch, and Jewish (Ashkenazic) : from Middle High German kerne ‘kernel’, ‘seed’, ‘pip’; Middle Dutch kern(e), keerne; German Kern or Yiddish kern ‘grain’, hence a metonymic occupational name for a farmer, or a nickname for a small person. As a Jewish surname, it is mainly ornamental.English : probably a metonymic occupational name for a maker or user of hand mills, from Old English cweorn ‘hand mill’, or a habitational name for someone from Kern in the Isle of Wight, named from this word.
Female
Irish
Variant spelling of Irish Gaelic Eithne, AITHNEA means "kernel."
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
Surname or Lastname
English (rare in England)
English (rare in England) : apparently a habitational name from Huccaby in Devon, possibly so named from Old English woh ‘crooked’ + byge ‘river bend’, or Uckerby in North Yorkshire, named with an unattested Old Norse personal name, Úkyrri or Útkári, + býr ‘farmstead’.
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English
Gentle; Silent Man
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Free.Irish : Anglicized (‘translated’) form of Gaelic Ó Saoraidhe (see Seery).In New England, an English equivalent of French Foissy (see Foisy).Translation of German Freimann (see Freiman).
Girl/Female
Tamil
Immense Joy, God is gracious
Boy/Male
Russian
Little.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Shravan Kumar | à®·à¯à®°à®µà®£à®•à¯à®®à®¾à®°
A character from the epic ramayana
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English, German
From the High Tower; Woman from Magdala
Girl/Female
Tamil
Night
Female
Czechoslovakian
, messenger from God.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu
Seeta
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
MONOLITHIC KERNEL
a.
Alt. of Otolitic
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Kernel
v. t.
To beat out grain from, as straw or husks; to beat the straw or husk of (grain) with a flail; to beat off, as the kernels of grain; as, to thrash wheat, rye, or oats; to thrash over the old straw.
a.
Having a kernel.
a.
Of or pertaining to a monolith; consisting of a single stone.
n.
A single seed or grain; as, a kernel of corn.
v. t.
To raise; to lift up; to cause to rise, become erect, etc.; to elevate; as, to rear a monolith.
v. t.
To separate the kernels of (an ear of Indian corn, wheat, oats, etc.) from the cob, ear, or husk.
a.
Alt. of Kernelled
a.
Full of kernels; resembling kernels; of the nature of kernels.
imp. & p. p.
of Kernel
a.
Monolithic.
n.
A single stone, especially one of large size, shaped into a pillar, statue, or monument.
n.
The essential part of a seed; all that is within the seed walls; the edible substance contained in the shell of a nut; hence, anything included in a shell, husk, or integument; as, the kernel of a nut. See Illust. of Endocarp.
n.
An upright, four-sided pillar, gradually tapering as it rises, and terminating in a pyramid called pyramidion. It is ordinarily monolithic. Egyptian obelisks are commonly covered with hieroglyphic writing from top to bottom.
v. i.
To harden or ripen into kernels; to produce kernels.
n.
The central, substantial or essential part of anything; the gist; the core; as, the kernel of an argument.
n.
The woody, thick skin inclosing the kernel of a walnut.