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The mortgage assumption value (MAV) is the cash equivalent, at the current point in time, of all future savings that could be achieved by assuming an
Mortgage_Assumption_Value
Mortgage assumption is the conveyance of the terms and balance of an existing mortgage to the purchaser of a financed property, commonly requiring that
Mortgage_assumption
Loan secured using real estate
rate mortgage calculations (USA) Location Efficient Mortgage – a type of mortgage for urban areas Mortgage assumption pre-approval – U.S. mortgage terminology
Mortgage
Portion of a loan not remitted to the lender
calculate the UPB on a monthly basis. Due-on-sale clause Mortgage note Mortgage law Mortgage Assumption Value Bragg, Steven (6 August 2024). "Unpaid principal
Unpaid_principal_balance
American economic crisis
National Mortgage Crisis of the 1930s was a Depression-era crisis in the United States characterized by high-default rates and soaring loan-to-value ratios
National Mortgage Crisis of the 1930s
National_Mortgage_Crisis_of_the_1930s
Loan arranged on an interest-only basis
economy toward lower inflation made the assumptions of a few years ago look optimistic. Significantly, endowment mortgages continued to grow in the 1980s even
Endowment_mortgage
such as mortgage securities be valued according to their current market value rather than their historic cost or some future expected value. When the
Accounting and the late 2000s financial crisis
Accounting_and_the_late_2000s_financial_crisis
Process of developing an opinion of value for real property
the process of assessing the value of real property (usually market value). Appraisal reports form the basis for mortgage loans, settling estates and insurance
Real_estate_appraisal
2007 mortgage crisis in the United States
number of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities (MBS), which derive their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased
Subprime_mortgage_crisis
Contractual right to service a mortgage loan
the mortgage industry of the United States, mortgage servicing rights (MSR) are the contractual rights to service a mortgage after the mortgage origination
Mortgage_servicing_rights
Worldwide economic crisis
Many financial institutions owned investments whose value was based on home mortgages such as mortgage-backed securities, or credit derivatives used to insure
2008_financial_crisis
Home loan division of Bank of America
of all mortgages in the United States, at a value of about 3.5% of the United States GDP, a proportion greater than any other single mortgage lender.
Bank_of_America_Home_Loans
Current worth of a future sum discounted to today
paid to the lender. Present value calculations, and similarly future value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking funds,
Present_value
Interest rate for a whole year
under an assumption of zero prepayment and zero default. For an adjustable-rate mortgage the APR will also depend on the particular assumption regarding
Annual_percentage_rate
Price at which an asset would trade in a competitive auction setting
regulated mortgage transactions, and because it has been accepted by US courts as valid. However, real estate appraisers use many other definitions of value in
Market_value
as it was based on the faulty assumption that housing values would increase. In fact, the prevalence of their mortgages greatly fed the housing bubble
Loan modification in the United States
Loan_modification_in_the_United_States
Assumable loan Assumable mortgage Attorney-at-law Attorney-in-fact Auction Avulsion Assessor Assumption of mortgage Balance Balloon mortgage Bargain-and-sale
Index_of_real_estate_articles
Financial product
corporate debt markets, after 2002 CDOs became vehicles for refinancing mortgage-backed securities (MBS). Like other private label securities backed by
Collateralized debt obligation
Collateralized_debt_obligation
In the UK, Nationwide Commercial recently issued a 30-year fixed rate mortgage as bridging finance. American Student Assistance (March 11, 2013). "Student
Fixed_interest_rate_loan
Mortgage repaid through continuous or near-continuous amortisation
deposit to the end of the mortgage timespan at which point the sum of the payments with their accumulated interest equals the value of the loan with interest
Continuous-repayment_mortgage
Series of payments made at equal intervals
mortgage payments, monthly insurance premiums and pension payments. The value of an annuity is usually expressed as a present value or future value,
Annuity
Accounting method valuing assets and liabilities at current market prices
placed much of the blame for the subprime mortgage crisis on the Securities and Exchange Commission and its fair-value accounting rules, especially the requirement
Mark-to-market_accounting
combined with the faulty assumption that home values would continue to rise — led to excesses and bad decisions." Many mortgage lenders approved loans for
Subprime crisis background information
Subprime_crisis_background_information
yield is based on the assumption that the security in question has a price equal to par value. When the price is assumed to be par value ($100 in the equation
Par_yield
Type of debt security backed by mortgages
A collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO) is a type of complex debt security that repackages and directs the payments of principal and interest from a
Collateralized mortgage obligation
Collateralized_mortgage_obligation
Better to receive money now than later
is, £100 invested for one year at 5% interest has a future value of £105 under the assumption that inflation would be zero percent. This principle allows
Time_value_of_money
Type of financial contract
issue in the subprime mortgage crisis of 2006–2008 . The total face value of an MBS decreases over time, because like mortgages, and unlike bonds, and
Derivative_(finance)
Z bonds
calculated iteratively. For a mortgage-backed security, a projected prepayment rate tends to be stated; for example, the PSA assumption for a particular MBS might
Z-spread
Life insurance providing coverage for a fixed period with no cash-value component
dependent care, university education for dependents, funeral costs, and mortgages. Term life insurance may be chosen in favor of permanent life insurance
Term_life_insurance
Cash value life insurance in the US
death benefits, but little or no need for cash surrender values, then a current assumption UL or GUL may be an appropriate alternative, with potentially
Universal_life_insurance
Period of extreme inflation in Germany (1921–1923)
As the catastrophic fall in the value of the mark had effectively wiped out debts owed, some debts (e.g. mortgages) were revalued so that the lenders
Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic
Market value of property while rented or leased
Rental value is the fair market value of property while rented out in a lease. More generally, it may be the consideration paid under the lease for the
Rental_value
Obligation to pay borrowed money
loan-to-value ratio is the ratio of the total amount of the loan to the total value of the collateral securing the loan. For example, in mortgage lending
Debt
Non-bank financial institution
numbers and past data with few assumptions like "the future will be similar to past". But to estimate the likelihood of mortgage default triggering defaults
Structured_investment_vehicle
Application of economic techniques to real estate markets
less than two-thirds of the value of the residential property. Likewise, building contractors sometimes accept second mortgages in partial payment of the
Real_estate_economics
Real estate valuation measure
annual rental income produced by a real estate asset to its current market value. Most variations depend on the definition of the annual rental income and
Capitalization_rate
lawsuits or creditors because the trust, not the individuals at risk, owns the property. Promissory note Mortgage assumption Mortgage note Mortgage law
Due-on-sale_clause
Type of mortgage loan in the United States
the sales price or reasonable value of the home, whichever is less. Since there is no monthly PMI, more of the mortgage payment goes directly towards
VA_loan
Concept in financial mathematics
forward contract. The validity of this relationship requires that certain assumptions be satisfied; these are specified and the relationship is derived below
Put–call_parity
Form of insurance
tort defenses available to employers, including contributory negligence, assumption of risk, and the fellow servant rule. Common law imposes obligations on
Workers'_compensation
Permanent life insurance with fixed premiums and guaranteed cash-value accumulation
specific age (such as age 65). Whole life insurance belongs to the cash value category of permanent life insurance, which also includes universal life
Whole_life_insurance
Type of insurance
securities ("ABS"). Financial guaranty insurers withdrew from the residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") market after the 2008 financial crisis. Investors
Bond_insurance
Indication of the likelihood of a flooding
21st century. When these assumptions are violated, there is an unknown amount of uncertainty introduced into the reported value of what the 100-year flood
100-year_flood
The Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate discusses various actions and proposals by economists, government officials, journalists, and business leaders
Subprime mortgage crisis solutions debate
Subprime_mortgage_crisis_solutions_debate
Identification, evaluation and control of risks
part of the decision-making process. Explicitly address uncertainty and assumptions. Use a systematic and structured process. Use the best available information
Risk_management
Person or organization that has a claim on the services of another party
repayment of the debt owed to him. This could be by way of, for example, a mortgage, where the property represents the security. An unsecured creditor does
Creditor
from home buyers to Wall Street, mortgage brokers to Alan Greenspan". Other factors that are named include "Mortgage underwriters, investment banks, rating
Causes of the 2000s United States housing bubble
Causes_of_the_2000s_United_States_housing_bubble
Form of indemnity insurance
title to real property and from the invalidity or unenforceability of mortgage loans. Unlike some land registration systems in countries outside the United
Title_insurance
US law protecting homeowners
providing mortgages that are secured by federally related mortgage loans. This includes home purchase loans, refinancing, lender approved assumptions, property
Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act
Real_Estate_Settlement_Procedures_Act
Systemic denial of services to some areas
isolation of minority inner-city neighborhoods through withholding of mortgage capital, making it even more difficult for neighborhoods to attract and
Redlining
1983 United States Supreme Court case
no consideration other than the assumption of the non-recourse liability. At the time of the sale, the fair market value of the property was $1,400,000
Commissioner_v._Tufts
Concept reinventing business purpose to include social benefit and profit
procurement" value chain upgrades through aggregation methods; "value for money housing" through a combination of facilitating mortgage financial and
Creating_shared_value
Splitting of financial risk among parties
multiple parties. In the U.S. insurance market, co-insurance is the joint assumption of risk between the insurer and the insured. In title insurance, it also
Co-insurance
Contractual obligation to compensate for losses incurred by the other party
such formal requirement exists in respect of indemnities (involving the assumption of primary liability; to pay irrespective of another's default) which
Indemnity
Event deemed by law to be the effective cause of an injury
Insurance bad faith (American law) Fraud Tortious interference Defences Assumption of risk Volenti non fit injuria Ex turpi causa non oritur actio Consent
Proximate_cause
Bonds that have a variable coupon
discount to par value and the time value of money, but suffers from the simplifying assumption that holds the benchmark rate at a single value for the life
Floating_rate_note
Risk of statistically extreme events
Long-Term Capital Management blow-up, dot-com bubble collapse, subprime mortgage crisis, and infamous bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers. Tail risk is very difficult
Tail_risk
Natural disaster outside human control
be excused by an "act of God" if the absence of such act was a "basic assumption" of the contract, and the act has made the delivery "commercially impracticable"
Act_of_God
mortgage crisis covers the United States government policies and its impact on the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–2009. The U.S. subprime mortgage crisis
Government policies and the subprime mortgage crisis
Government_policies_and_the_subprime_mortgage_crisis
married. They had two children. They got a house in London in 1975 with a mortgage and it was all in his name. She made contributions and did work. In 1978
Bristol & West Building Society v Henning
Bristol_&_West_Building_Society_v_Henning
American banking and financial services company
billion in cash and the assumption of $4.4 billion in debt and the sale of its manufactured housing loan portfolio, with a face value of $470 million in loans
CIT_Group
Insurance purchased by an insurance company
less capital to cover any risk, and to make less conservative assumptions when valuing the risk. Reinsurers may operate under a more favourable tax regime
Reinsurance
Legal concept
faith case may be able to recover an amount larger than the original face value of the policy, if the insurance company's conduct was particularly egregious
Insurance_bad_faith
Bond credits rating business of Moody's Corporation
sought to sell their residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) and collateralized debt obligation (CDO) holdings. The value of these securities held by
Moody's_Ratings
American bank holding company (1889–2008)
that included the mortgage servicing rights on a mortgage portfolio worth about $131 billion for $1.3 billion in cash and the assumption of $735 million
Washington_Mutual
Overview of finance and finance-related topics
estimation of potential market price Intrinsic value – Value calculated on simplified assumptions Market price – Amount of money given in order to purchase
Outline_of_finance
Suspension of contractual obligations during extreme circumstances
declared by stipulation, or when the nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk, no person shall be responsible for those events which, could
Force_majeure
Theory of behavioral economics
to 2008 hinted at the fall of mortgage pricing, real-estate investors reacted promptly. The mass sell-offs of mortgaged-backed investments led to a similar
Prospect_theory
Supreme Court of Canada case
affect the value of assets (such as mortgages) and those that affect the value of property (such as the need for repairs). The assumption of the former
Daishowa-Marubeni International Ltd v Canada
Daishowa-Marubeni_International_Ltd_v_Canada
US government program
whole residential mortgage loans. This team is working with bank regulators to identify which types of loans to purchase first, how to value them, and which
Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program
Mathematical rule for evaluating limits
if c {\displaystyle c} is infinite). Assumption 1: On I ∖ { c } {\displaystyle I\setminus \{c\}} , the real-valued functions f {\displaystyle f} and g
L'Hôpital's_rule
How psychological biases shape investor behaviour and financial markets
why market participants make irrational systematic errors contrary to assumption of rational market participants. Such errors affect prices and returns
Behavioural_finance
Type of life insurance policy
the level of bonuses declared in previous years and other actuarial assumptions (especially future liabilities and anticipated investment returns), as
With-profits_policy
Life insurance combining flexible premiums with investment-linked cash-value accounts
shortened to VUL) is a type of life insurance that builds a cash value. In a VUL, the cash value can be invested in a wide variety of separate accounts, similar
Variable universal life insurance
Variable_universal_life_insurance
Situation in which financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value
which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value. A broader reduction of economic activity affecting the whole economy is
Financial_crisis
American investment advisor (1924–2018)
Co. His first big successful investment was his purchase of $100,000 in mortgage bonds issued by the bankrupt Penn Central Railroad. He later sold the bonds
Martin_J._Whitman
Auction priced by second-highest sealed bid
is, if x < 2 b {\displaystyle x<2b} . Under Vickrey's assumption of uniformly distributed values, the win probability is w ( b ) = 2 b {\displaystyle w(b)=2b}
Vickrey_auction
Economic theory that asset prices fully reflect all available information
and mortgage delinquencies and foreclosures "rose steadily throughout 2006 and accelerated in 2007 ”, investor interest remained strong in mortgage-backed
Efficient-market_hypothesis
Mathematical framework for investment risk
correlation matrix. The optimization problem is solved under the assumption that expected values are uncertain and correlated. The Markowitz solution corresponds
Modern_portfolio_theory
GDP, later lowered to between 0–2% of GDP depending on various assumptions due to the value of stock later sold when the nationalized banks were privatized
1990–1994 Swedish financial crisis
1990–1994_Swedish_financial_crisis
Largest autonomous particular Catholic church
and original sin as Latin Catholics. The Assumption of Mary into Heaven (often shortened to the Assumption) is the bodily taking up of the Virgin Mary
Latin_Church
Method in artificial intelligence
arguments are associated to the same value, or if there is no preference between their respective values. In assumption-based argumentation (ABA) frameworks
Argumentation_framework
Right to buy or sell a certain thing at a later date at an agreed price
may be called (bought back) at specified prices at the issuer's option. Mortgage borrowers have long had the option to repay the loan early, which corresponds
Option_(finance)
Sum of an (infinite) geometric progression
loan, such as a mortgage loan. It can also be used to estimate the present value of expected stock dividends, or the terminal value of a financial asset
Geometric_series
Type of market failure
hazard Government debt The Market for Lemons Subprime mortgage crisis Note that the assumption is that the riskier project could lead to higher return
Credit_rationing
Economic bubble involving major cities of Baltic states in 2000s
Loan-to-value ratio and debt-to-income ratio. Borrowers in Estonia and Latvia were also practically free from the maturity limit on their mortgage loans
Baltic_states_housing_bubble
Statistics applied to risk in insurance and other financial products
the mix of investments can change the value of liabilities and assets (by changing the discount rate assumption). This concept is inconsistent with financial
Actuarial_science
Approach to handling inferred information
currently valid base facts (assumptions). The reason maintenance system uses the information to compute the truth value of the stored derived facts and
Reason_maintenance
Welsh screenwriter and television producer (born 1963)
should write a more prosaic story about "a man who is worried about his mortgage, his marriage, [and] his dog". He initially claimed the script was similar
Russell_T_Davies
Predatory lending practice
homeowner in the form of a lease or a contract for deed. Simple mortgage assumption allows the owner of the home in foreclosure to transfer the deed
Equity_stripping
Financial swap agreement in case of default
compensation (usually the face value of the loan), and the seller of the CDS takes possession of the defaulted loan or its market value in cash. However, anyone
Credit_default_swap
17th-century economic bubble in the Netherlands
popular reference during the dot-com bubble of 1995–2001, and the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–2010. In 2013, Nout Wellink, former president of the De
Tulip_mania
Principle in real estate valuation
case where the market value of real property is sought, that value must be based on that use that would produce the highest value for a property, regardless
Highest_and_best_use
Theory in banking and finance
pleaded guilty on November 22, 2013, for his role in inflating the value of mortgage bonds as the housing market collapsed, and was sentenced to two and
Too_big_to_fail
American multinational finance and insurance corporation
Secondly, it used collateral on deposit to buy mortgage-backed securities. When losses hit the mortgage market in 2007–2008, AIG had to pay out insurance
American_International_Group
Former American financial services company
years, the bank's main functions were taking deposits and making home mortgage loans in the New Iberia community. In 1956, Iberia Building Association
IberiaBank
Global decentralized trading of international currencies
pairs, the market does not set a currency's absolute value, but rather determines its relative value by setting the market price of one currency if paid
Foreign_exchange_market
Use of borrowed funds in the purchase of an asset
in value of collateral assets. Brokers may demand additional funds when the value of securities held declines. Banks may decline to renew mortgages when
Leverage_(finance)
American private equity company
Move.com, NRT Incorporated, Pillowtex Corporation, Telemundo, and WMC Mortgage Corporation. Also in 1995, Apollo's founding partner Craig Cogut left the
Apollo_Global_Management
Economic theory
level of debt rising in real value because of deflation, causing people to default on their consumer loans and mortgages. Bank assets fall because of
Debt_deflation
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