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When one nuclear reaction causes more
In nuclear physics, a nuclear chain reaction occurs when one single nuclear reaction causes an average of one or more subsequent nuclear reactions, thus
Nuclear_chain_reaction
Transformation of a nuclide to another
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide
Nuclear_reaction
Self-amplifying chain of events
A chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain reaction, positive
Chain_reaction
World's first human-made nuclear reactor
(CP-1) was the first artificial nuclear reactor. On 2 December 1942, the first human-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1 during
Chicago_Pile-1
Reaction that splits an atomic nucleus
possibility of a nuclear chain reaction by assembling a critical mass of fissile material. For heavy nuclides, it is an exothermic reaction which releases
Nuclear_fission
1980 Australian film
The Chain Reaction is a 1980 Australian science fiction thriller film written and directed by Ian Barry. The film stars Steve Bisley and Arna-Maria Winchester
The_Chain_Reaction
Topics referred to by the same term
generate heat and electricity Nuclear reactor, the device used to sustain a controlled fission nuclear chain reaction Nuclear binding energy, the energy
Nuclear_energy
Sculpture by Henry Moore (LH 526, University of Chicago)
the site of the world's first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1. The first human-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was created here on December
Nuclear_Energy_(sculpture)
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
A nuclear reactor is a device used to sustain a controlled fission nuclear chain reaction. They are used for commercial electricity, marine propulsion
Nuclear_reactor
Football field at the University of Chicago, Illinois, US
during the Manhattan Project. The site of the first artificial nuclear chain reaction, which occurred within the field's west viewing-stands structure
Stagg_Field
Smallest amount of fissile material needed to sustain a nuclear reaction
In nuclear engineering, critical mass is the minimum mass of the fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction in a particular setup.
Critical_mass
Nuclear fusion reaction
The proton–proton chain, also commonly referred to as the p–p chain, is one of two known sets of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen
Proton–proton_chain
Naturally occurring uranium self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions
A natural nuclear fission reactor is a uranium deposit where self-sustaining nuclear chain reactions occur through natural geological processes rather
Natural nuclear fission reactor
Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor
State in the operation of a nuclear reactor
In the operation of a nuclear reactor, criticality or critical state is the state in which a nuclear chain reaction is self-sustaining but not growing
Criticality_(status)
Topics referred to by the same term
of the nuclear reactor's fissionable material that can achieve criticality Criticality accident, an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction Nuclear criticality
Criticality
Hungarian-American physicist and inventor (1898–1964)
numerous important discoveries in nuclear physics and the biological sciences. He conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933, and patented the idea in
Leo_Szilard
Formula used to calculate nuclear chain reaction growth rate
The six-factor formula is used in nuclear engineering to determine the multiplication of a nuclear chain reaction in a non-infinite medium. The symbols
Six_factor_formula
Formula used to calculate nuclear chain reaction growth rate
Fermi's four factor formula, is used in nuclear engineering to determine the multiplication of a nuclear chain reaction in an infinite medium. The symbols
Four_factor_formula
German nuclear reactor test facility
project with the name B8 or B-VIII, as in previous piles, a finite nuclear chain reaction was induced via bombardment of the fuel by a neutron source and
Haigerloch_atomic_pile
Proposed nuclear pulse propulsion through antimatter-catalyzed nuclear chain reactions
variants of nuclear pulse propulsion based upon the injection of antimatter into a mass of nuclear fuel to initiate or enhance a nuclear chain reaction for propulsion
Antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion
Antimatter-catalyzed_nuclear_pulse_propulsion
Canadian physicist and chemist (1910–1946)
Mexico. On 21 May 1946, he accidentally triggered a supercritical nuclear chain reaction, which released a burst of hard radiation. He was rushed to the
Louis_Slotin
Topics referred to by the same term
additional reactions to take place. Chain reaction or The Chain reaction may also refer to: Chain Reaction (game show), an American game show Chain Reaction (radio)
Chain reaction (disambiguation)
Chain_reaction_(disambiguation)
Substance that slows down particles with no electric charge
are immensely more susceptible than fast neutrons to propagate a nuclear chain reaction of uranium-235 or other fissile isotope by colliding with their
Neutron_moderator
1992 book by William Lanouette
Hungarian-German-American physicist who is most well known for discovering the nuclear chain reaction. The book covers Szilard's personal life and his work. The book
Genius_in_the_Shadows
Field of physics dealing with nuclear reactors
fission in a nuclear reactor for the production of energy. Most nuclear reactors use a chain reaction to induce a controlled rate of nuclear fission in
Nuclear_reactor_physics
1996 film by Andrew Davis
Chain Reaction is a 1996 American science fiction action thriller film directed by Andrew Davis and starring Keanu Reeves, Morgan Freeman, Rachel Weisz
Chain_Reaction_(1996_film)
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either nuclear fission (fission or atomic bomb) or
Nuclear_weapon
Period of history since 1945
the first nuclear weapon, The Gadget at the Trinity test in New Mexico on 16 July 1945 during World War II. Although nuclear chain reactions had been hypothesized
Atomic_Age
Isotope of uranium
predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a nuclear chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that exists in nature as a primordial
Uranium-235
Topics referred to by the same term
neutron source used in some nuclear weapons Initiator, an Explosive booster Initiator, the first Nuclear chain reaction Pyrotechnic initiator, a device
Initiator
Material capable of sustaining a nuclear fission chain reaction
useful fuel for nuclear fission chain reactions, the material must: Be in the region of the binding energy curve where a fission chain reaction is possible
Fissile_material
Sustained nuclear fission achieved solely by prompt neutron emission
In nuclear engineering, prompt criticality is the criticality (the state in which a nuclear chain reaction is self-sustaining) that is achieved with prompt
Prompt_criticality
1986 nuclear accident in the Soviet Union
reactivity. More boiling and hence more voids tended to intensify the nuclear chain reaction, which caused yet more boiling. Unknown to the operators, this positive
Chernobyl_disaster
control rod from the Chicago Pile-1 nuclear reactor, initiating the first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. George Leon Weil was born in New
George_Weil
Laboratory at the University of Chicago
and on 2 December 1942, the Met Lab produced the first controlled nuclear chain reaction, in the reactor Chicago Pile-1, which was constructed under the
Metallurgical_Laboratory
Topics referred to by the same term
Reactivity (electronics) Reactivity in nuclear reactions measures the nuclear chain reaction rate in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons Reactive (disambiguation)
Reactivity
Material in core during nuclear meltdown
The heat causing the melting of a reactor may originate from the nuclear chain reaction, but more commonly decay heat of the fission products contained
Corium_(nuclear_reactor)
1938 achievement in physics
importance because the discovery that a nuclear chain reaction was possible led to the development of nuclear power and nuclear weapons. Hahn was awarded the 1944
Discovery_of_nuclear_fission
Neutron source used to start nuclear reactors
stable and reliable initiation of nuclear chain reaction in nuclear reactors, when they are loaded with fresh nuclear fuel, whose neutron flux from spontaneous
Startup_neutron_source
Sculpture by Paul Conrad in Santa Monica, California, U.S.
Chain Reaction is a peace monument and public art sculpture composed of a metal framework of stainless steel and fiberglass surrounded by concrete, depicting
Chain_Reaction_(sculpture)
Topics referred to by the same term
wild species Criticality (status), the condition of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction Critical (novel), a medical thriller written by Robin Cook Critical
Critical
Type of nuclear fission reactor
remain in the spent fuel, the critical mass needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction is also lower. As a direct consequence, the number of spent fuel
Small_modular_reactor
Technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei
Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear reactors, nuclear
Nuclear_technology
Nuclear research reactor in Moscow, Russia
December 25, 1946, it became the first nuclear reactor in Europe to achieve a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. It was still in operation in the beginning
F-1_(nuclear_reactor)
Field of physics that studies atomic interactions
are chemical chain reactions. The fission or "nuclear" chain-reaction, using fission-produced neutrons, is the source of energy for nuclear power plants
Nuclear_physics
1982 nuclear accident near Murmansk, Russia, Soviet Union
from massive chains, which were attached to consoles a certain distance from each other to avoid an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction from starting
Andreev_Bay_nuclear_accident
Part of a reactor containing the fuel
A nuclear reactor core is the portion of a nuclear reactor containing the nuclear fuel components where the nuclear reactions take place and the heat
Nuclear_reactor_core
1997 and 1999 Tōkai nuclear plant events
a uranium mixture reached criticality, triggering uncontrolled nuclear chain reactions over the next several hours. The three technicians mixing fuel
Tokaimura_nuclear_accidents
Conversion of an atom from one element to another
elements to neutrons produced by fission from an artificially produced nuclear chain reaction. For instance, when a uranium atom is bombarded with slow neutrons
Nuclear_transmutation
new nuclear powers, as a step toward building more advanced weapons. Boosted fission weapons are fission weapons that use nuclear fusion reactions to generate
Nuclear_weapon_design
Italian-American physicist (1901–1954)
December 1942, demonstrating the first human-created, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. He was on hand when the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Enrico_Fermi
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction. This generates the heat in nuclear power reactors and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons. The primary
Uranium
Type of nuclear reactor that uses normal water
possibility of a nuclear chain reaction, early experimental results rapidly showed that natural uranium could only undergo a sustained chain reaction using graphite
Light-water_reactor
Topics referred to by the same term
Multiplication factor may refer to: Neutron multiplication factor, in a nuclear chain reaction Multiplication factor, a term used in digital photography Multiplicative
Multiplication_factor
Multi-stage fusion-fission nuclear weapon
arranged around it in an explosive lens pattern, initiating the nuclear chain reaction that powers the conventional "atomic bomb". The secondary is usually
Thermonuclear_weapon
Power generated from nuclear reactions
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion
Nuclear_power
1945–1946 sphere of plutonium
test in that manner. Scientists referred to this flirtation with a nuclear chain reaction as "tickling the dragon's tail", based on a remark by physicist
Demon_core
discovery of nuclear fission and eight years before a working nuclear reactor. When he coined the term neutron inducted chain reaction, he was not sure
History_of_nuclear_weapons
Board game
a nuclear chain reaction, the game ends in a stalemate. In 1974, Mike Hayes, a student at University of Sheffield, self-published a game of nuclear war
Apocalypse: The Game of Nuclear Devastation
Apocalypse:_The_Game_of_Nuclear_Devastation
Danish chemist and physicist (1904–1980)
discovered process of nuclear fission might create surplus energy, led Frisch to conceive of the concept of the nuclear chain reaction, leading to the Frisch–Peierls
Christian_Møller
Uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction
uncontrolled nuclear fission chain reaction. It is sometimes referred to as a critical excursion, critical power excursion, divergent chain reaction, or simply
Criticality_accident
Chemical element with atomic number 94 (Pu)
fissile, meaning they can sustain a nuclear chain reaction, leading to applications in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Plutonium-240 has a high rate
Plutonium
Subatomic particle with no charge
inducing a cascade known as a nuclear chain reaction. For a given mass of fissile material, such nuclear reactions release energy that is approximately
Neutron
Czech physicist (1905–1955)
nuclear fission. Together with Niels Bohr and others, he was instrumental in clarifying the role of uranium-235 for the possibility of nuclear chain reaction
George_Placzek
Reaction that combines atomic nuclei
Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus. The difference in mass between the reactants and products
Nuclear_fusion
Device used to regulate the power of a nuclear reactor
nuclear reactor and adjusted in order to control the rate of the nuclear chain reaction and, thereby, the thermal power output of the reactor, the rate
Control_rod
Dislocation of atoms in a solid caused by neutron radiation
thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction involving uranium-235. To cause the Wigner effect, neutrons that
Wigner_effect
Chemical element with atomic number 96 (Cm)
isotopes of curium are radioactive and have small critical mass for a nuclear chain reaction. The most stable isotope, 247Cm, has a half-life of 15.6 million
Curium
Topics referred to by the same term
in 875 at Dollar, Scotland Dollar (reactivity), a term used in nuclear chain reaction kinetics Dollar was a Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. He best known
Dollar_(disambiguation)
1939 letter to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt
neutron-driven fission of heavy atoms could be used to create a nuclear chain reaction which could yield vast amounts of energy for electric power generation
Einstein–Szilard_letter
1978 novel by Gore Vidal
golden age. Ottinger suspects that Kalki will create a worldwide nuclear chain reaction which will annihilate every living thing and leave the planet uninhabitable
Kalki_(novel)
New Zealand physicist and chemist (1871–1937)
artificially-induced nuclear reactions and transmutation. Rutherford died too early to see Leó Szilárd's idea of controlled nuclear chain reactions come into being
Ernest_Rutherford
Type of nuclear weapon
a type of nuclear weapon that makes use of a small amount of fusion fuel to increase the rate, and thus yield, of a nuclear fission reaction. The fast
Boosted_fission_weapon
Pulsed nuclear reactor radiation source
these two masses were combined, they formed a critical mass and a nuclear chain reaction was briefly sustained. Godiva's design was inspired by a self terminating
Godiva_device
1958 nuclear accident at Los Alamos, New Mexico
growing nuclear chain reaction. In a liquid criticality accident, the energy released by the chain reaction indirectly slows or stops the chain reaction (due
Cecil Kelley criticality accident
Cecil_Kelley_criticality_accident
Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
target cylinder together into a super-critical mass, initiating a nuclear chain reaction. This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the uranium onto
Little_Boy
English sculptor (1898–1986)
Enrico Fermi achieved the first controlled, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, Moore's Nuclear Energy was unveiled on the site of what was once the university's
Henry_Moore
research and develop nuclear energy over the course of the late 1940s and early 1950s. The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in Europe was achieved
History_of_nuclear_power
Italian chemist
D'Agostino: Il chimico dei fantasmi. Mephite, 2002 Radioactive decay Nuclear chain reaction Slow neutron Via Panisperna boys Enrico Fermi (in Italian) Enrico
Oscar_D'Agostino
Emissions from unstable atomic nuclei
power Nuclear chain reaction Radiation therapy Radioactive contamination Radioactivity in biology Radiometric dating Transient equilibrium Nuclear technology
Radioactive_decay
Nuclear material pure enough to be used for nuclear weapons
for any material is the smallest amount needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Moreover, different isotopes have different critical masses, and
Weapons-grade nuclear material
Weapons-grade_nuclear_material
Nuclear reactor where water boils in core
to raise core reactivity to a level where it is evident that the nuclear chain reaction is self-sustaining. This is known as "going critical". Control rod
Boiling_water_reactor
Topics referred to by the same term
Litvinenko and Eben Byers The action of neutron poisons that inhibit nuclear chain reactions Any of the negative health effects of radiation other than teratogenesis
Radiation poisoning (disambiguation)
Radiation_poisoning_(disambiguation)
Boron compound, a salt of boric acid
control pH. In nuclear reactors and spent fuel pools as a neutron absorber to control reactivity and to shut down a nuclear chain reaction. As a micronutrient
Borax
On 28 May 1998, it was the KRL's HEU that ultimately created the nuclear chain reaction which led the successful detonation of boosted fission devices in
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Existential risk concept
proposed by Bostrom opens the question of what would have happened if nuclear chain reactions had been easier to produce, for example by "sending an electric
Vulnerable_world_hypothesis
Emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor
scram or SCRAM is an emergency shutdown of a nuclear reactor effected by terminating the fission reaction. It is also the name that is given to the manually
Scram
Field of nuclear engineering
self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear criticality safety is concerned with mitigating the consequences of a nuclear criticality accident. A nuclear criticality
Nuclear_criticality_safety
U.S. state
of the nuclear age. In 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, the University of Chicago conducted the first sustained nuclear chain reaction. In 1957
Illinois
Old method of enriching uranium
except that only 235U is fissile (capable of sustaining a nuclear chain reaction of nuclear fission with thermal neutrons). In fact, 235U is the only
Gaseous_diffusion
Doctrines and plans for production and use of atomic weapons
defection or localized system failure to trigger a catastrophic nuclear chain reaction. By requiring a distributed minimum threshold of cryptographic shares
Nuclear_strategy
Italian style of bottle wrapped in straw
fiasco used to celebrate the first self-sustaining, controlled nuclear chain reaction at the Chicago Pile-1 in 1942 Tacconi, Stefania (2023-11-19). "La
Fiasco_(bottle)
American academic (1913–2002)
investigated the problem of branching a neutron multiplication in a nuclear chain reaction. Stan Frankel and Richard Feynman had tackled the problem using
David_Hawkins_(philosopher)
English nuclear physicist
isotope of element 94 (plutonium) would be better able to sustain a nuclear chain reaction. This research, a breakthrough, was part of the Tube Alloys project
Norman_Feather
Topics referred to by the same term
reaction Nuclear reaction Reaction (physics), as defined by Newton's third law Chain reaction (disambiguation) Adverse drug reaction Allergic reaction Reflex
Reaction
Severe events involving radioactive materials
referred to as an "excursion" or "power excursion") occurs when a nuclear chain reaction is accidentally allowed to occur in fissile material, such as enriched
Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents
Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents
Fission-based nuclear weapon
cause the chain reaction to take place before the material could be fully joined (see nuclear chain reaction). Typically the chain reaction takes less
Gun-type_fission_weapon
One billionth of a second
"shake of a lamb's tail") approximate time of one generation of a nuclear chain reaction with fast neutrons 10 nanoseconds – cycle time for frequency 100 MHz
Nanosecond
Group that helped initiate the Manhattan Project
science was unproven and that nuclear chain reaction was no more than a theoretical possibility, it foresaw that nuclear energy might be used as propulsion
S-1_Executive_Committee
Nuclear disposal site in Cook County, Illinois, US
Retrieved August 25, 2013. Drapa, Michael. "Race to the first nuclear chain reaction". The University of Chicago. Retrieved November 18, 2017. "Formerly
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