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Set of processes exchanging nutrients between parts of a system
mineral nutrients is cyclic. Mineral cycles include the carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle, oxygen cycle, among
Nutrient_cycle
Provision to cells and organisms to support life
mineral nutrients is cyclic. Mineral cycles include the carbon cycle, sulfur cycle, nitrogen cycle, water cycle, phosphorus cycle, and oxygen cycle, among
Nutrition
Substance that an organism uses to live
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi
Nutrient
Chemical elements essential for life
life, but most are not. Minerals are one of the four groups of essential nutrients; the others are vitamins, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids
Mineral_(nutrient)
Biogeochemical cycle for movement of water on Earth
The water cycle (or hydrologic cycle or hydrological cycle) is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the continuous change in form of water on, above and
Water_cycle
Community of living organisms together with the nonliving components of their environment
environment. The biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. Ecosystems are controlled by external and internal
Ecosystem
Chemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts
biogeochemical cycles are shown below: Carbon cycle Oxygen cycle Nitrogen cycle Nutrient cycle Phosphorus cycle Sulfur cycle Rock cycle Water cycle Many biogeochemical
Biogeochemical_cycle
Fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus
fungivores, animals that eat fungi. These fungi have ecological roles in nutrient cycling and drought tolerance. Some truffle species are prized as food. Edible
Truffle
Movement of water in the deep Earth
The deep water cycle, or geologic water cycle, involves exchange of water with the mantle, with water carried down by subducting oceanic plates and returning
Deep_water_cycle
Conservation and rehabilitation approach to food and farming systems
nutrient load and cycling. The soil microbiome which consist of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms play an essential role in nutrient cycling by
Regenerative_agriculture
Study of living and non-living components of ecosystems and their interactions
opportunity. Nutrient cycling is a process fundamental to agricultural and forest production. However, like most ecosystem processes, nutrient cycling is not
Ecosystem_ecology
Variety of families of Mollusca
filtered excess nutrients from the estuary's entire water volume every three to four days. As of 2008 it was estimated that a complete cycle would take nearly
Oyster
Geochemical transformation of silicate rocks
The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle, also known as the inorganic carbon cycle, describes the long-term transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate
Carbonate–silicate_cycle
River in the Pacific Northwest of North America
runs are the main source of nutrients. Dams along the river impact nutrient cycling by increasing residence time of nutrients, and reducing the transport
Columbia_River
Dead plant material that has fallen to the ground
of ecological productivity and may be useful in predicting regional nutrient cycling and soil fertility. Litterfall is characterized as fresh, undecomposed
Plant_litter
Biogeochemical cycle
all increase the amount of phosphorus that enters the cycle which has led to excessive nutrient intake in freshwater systems causing dramatic growth in
Phosphorus_cycle
Accumulation of brine in a seafloor depression
where bacteria and their symbionts grow near the highest concentrations of nutrient release. Patchy, reddish layers can be observed floating above the dense
Brine_pool
Bacteria
and nutrient cycling, providing nutrition for consumers at higher trophic levels. They obtain nutrients via absorptive nutrition, in which nutrients are
Saprotrophic_bacteria
Ocean/atmosphere carbon exchange process
The oceanic carbon cycle (or marine carbon cycle) is composed of processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean as well as between
Oceanic_carbon_cycle
Environmental impact of agricultural and industrial nitrogen
operations are transported to downwind ecosystems, influencing N cycling and nutrient losses. Six major effects of NOx and NH3 emissions have been cited:
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
Human_impact_on_the_nitrogen_cycle
of mineral nutrients is cyclic. Mineral cycles include the carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, nitrogen cycle, phosphorus cycle and sulfur cycle among others
Marine_biogeochemical_cycles
Excrement of whales and its role in the ecology of the oceans
combined. — Briana Abrahms One of the crucial roles of whale feces is in nutrient cycling, particularly nitrogen circulation in the ocean. Whales transport more
Whale_feces
Biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms
the ocean, which may play an important part in ocean dynamics and nutrient cycles. The input of iron varies by region and is delivered to the ocean by
Nitrogen_cycle
Natural processes of carbon exchange
2025. Libes, Susan M (2015). "Blue planet: The role of the oceans in nutrient cycling, maintain the atmosphere system, and modulating climate change". In
Carbon_cycle
Process of breaking down organic matter
water, simple sugars and mineral salts. The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical
Decomposition
effects on the nutrient cycles and soil profiles in temperate forests. These earthworms increase the cycling and leaching of nutrients by breaking up
Invasive earthworms of North America
Invasive_earthworms_of_North_America
Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin involves the transport of nutrients through the system, as well as transformations from among dissolved, solid
Nutrient cycling in the Columbia River Basin
Nutrient_cycling_in_the_Columbia_River_Basin
Type of wetland fed by mineral-rich ground or surface water
changing with water chemistry. They also play important roles in the cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus due to the lack of oxygen
Fen
Animal that feeds on decomposing plant and animal parts as well as faeces
doing so, all these detritivores contribute to decomposition and the nutrient cycles. Detritivores should be distinguished from other decomposers, such
Detritivore
Accumulation of nutrients in water
Eutrophication is a general term describing a process in which nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of organisms
Eutrophication
Domain of microorganisms
in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition
Bacteria
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
the energy stored in nutrients through acetyl-CoA oxidation. The energy released is available in the form of ATP. The Krebs cycle is used by organisms
Citric_acid_cycle
Mechanism that maintains marine microbial diversity
benthic zone, thereby impacting global carbon cycles, budget, and even affecting temperature. Crucial nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, cellular components
Viral_shunt
Egyptian desalination project
can deal with harsh weather and objects landing on the thin foil. The nutrient cycle is connected to the watercycle. Charging it mainly means the practice
IBTS_Greenhouse
Common name for several species of flies
swallows. Others are important as detritivores, and form part of various nutrient cycles. The habits of midges vary greatly from species to species, though
Midge
Natural interconnection of food chains
of polyphagous heterotrophic consumers that network and cycle the flow of energy and nutrients from a productive base of self-feeding autotrophs. The base
Food_web
Low-nutrient environment supplied with water and nutrients solely by rainfall
survive in nutrient-poor conditions, with Sphagnum mosses playing a critical role in its nutrient cycle and retention. The addition of extra nutrients and its
Ombrotrophic
Biogeochemical cycle of sulfur
The sulfur cycle is a biogeochemical cycle in which the sulfur moves between rocks, waterways and living systems. It is important in geology as it affects
Sulfur_cycle
Transparent tank of water for fish and water-dwelling species
air. The phosphate cycle is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle. Sulfur, iron, and micronutrients also cycle through the system,
Aquarium
Substance with micro-organisms
substances. The micro-organisms in biofertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of biofertilizers, healthy
Biofertilizer
Land use management system
in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to its multiple benefits, for instance in nutrient cycle benefits and potential for mitigating droughts, it has been adopted
Agroforestry
Loch In Scotland
areas. These stratification patterns have important implications for nutrient cycling and aquatic ecology within the loch. During periods of stratification
Loch_Lomond
Biological oxidation of ammonia/ammonium to nitrate
play a vital role in soil nitrification, making them key players in nutrient cycling. They contribute to the transformation of ammonia derived from organic
Nitrification
Biogeochemical cycle of Fe2+/Fe3+
cycle. Chemical and biological weathering break down iron-bearing minerals, releasing the nutrient into the atmosphere. Changes in hydrological cycle
Iron_cycle
Submarine canyon in the Bering Sea
structure impacts the local water circulation, and creates an upwelling of nutrient-rich water from the deeper regions of the oceans. This upwelling is what
Zhemchug_Canyon
Lake in the state of Minnesota, United States
Mille Lacs Lake have altered nutrient cycling, filtering suspended particles from the water column and disrupting natural cycling patterns. Filter feeding
Mille_Lacs_Lake
Species of beetle
life cycle, would help support the persistence of these saproxylic insects. The presence of M. scutellatus has been shown to be beneficial in nutrient cycling
Monochamus_scutellatus
Organic fertilizer made from seaweed
and fertilizer development have significant roles in biogeochemical nutrient cycling through carbon storage and the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus. Seaweed
Seaweed_fertiliser
Resources that exist without actions of humankind
causing depletion of natural resources. For example, the depletion of nutrients in the soil due to excessive use of nitrogen and desertification. The
Natural_resource
Chemical process produced by soil and the organisms within it
global carbon cycling as well as other nutrient cycles. The respiration of plant structures releases not only CO2 but also other nutrients in those structures
Soil_respiration
Terrestrial ecosystem
PMID 11565029. Read, D. J.; Perez-Moreno, J. (2003). "Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems – a journey towards relevance?". New Phytologist. 157
Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage
Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage
Surface organism that grows upon another plant but is not nourished by it
which epiphytes grow are called phorophytes. Epiphytes take part in nutrient cycles and add to both the diversity and biomass of the ecosystem in which
Epiphyte
Organisms living in water or air that drift in the current or wind
the global cycling of almost all chemical elements. Microplankton are ecological linchpins in the marine food web. They are crucial to nutrient recycling
Plankton
Natural changes in the human female reproductive system
fertilization occur. The blood supply of the thickened lining provides nutrients to a successfully implanted embryo. If implantation does not occur, the
Menstrual_cycle
Essential elements required by organisms
ISBN 978-0-691-07490-0. Rengel Z (2007), "Cycling of Micronutrients in Terrestrial Ecosystems", in Marschner P, Rengel Z (eds.), Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems
Micronutrient
Synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide by biological organisms
of plants. Transpiration allows plants to transport water and mineral nutrients from the soil to growth regions, and also cools the plant. Diffusion of
Primary_production
Suborder of terrestrial isopods
in the contexts of evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology, and nutrient cycling. They are popular as terrarium pets often favoured because of their
Woodlouse
Photosynthetic process in some plants
produce up to 50% more grain—and be able to do it with less water and nutrients. The researchers have already identified genes needed for C4 photosynthesis
C4_carbon_fixation
Organism that ingests organic carbon for nutrition
contributing to the sulfur cycle. The ability of heterotrophs to break down complex organic compounds is fundamental to nutrient cycling in ecosystems. By decomposing
Heterotroph
Biological food web
global carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling and strongly influence ecosystem productivity via nutrient cycling in both freshwater and marine ecosystems
Microbial_food_web
Agricultural method
amount of nitrogen typically applied as fertilizer. Nutrients are taken up and deposited in a natural cycle unless disrupted by human intervention. As plants
Korean_natural_farming
Biogeochemical cycle
The mercury cycle is a biogeochemical cycle influenced by natural and anthropogenic processes that transform mercury through multiple chemical forms and
Mercury_cycle
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
carbon fixation occurs in all plants as the first step of the Calvin–Benson cycle. (In C4 and CAM plants, carbon dioxide is drawn out of malate and into this
C3_carbon_fixation
Shower of organic detritus in the ocean
carbon cycle. Studies show that microbes in the deep ocean are not dormant, but are metabolically active and must be participating in nutrient cycling by
Marine_snow
macronutrient (essential nutrient). Nitrogen, as a macronutrient and a biogeochemical cycle, also affects the ecology. Through the nitrogen cycle, it breaks down
Lichens_and_nitrogen_cycling
with symbiotic fungi and play a role in many ecosystem processes like nutrient cycles and soil reinforcement. Fine roots collectively comprise the majority
Fine_root
Wikimedia list
change in prey density. nutrient Chemical elements and compounds that provide organisms with the necessary nourishment. nutrient cycle The movement and exchange
Glossary_of_ecology
Nutrient for the human body
Proteins are essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the constituents of body tissue and also serve as a fuel source. As fuel, proteins
Protein_(nutrient)
Agricultural practice of changing crops
in a rotation and cycle nutrients. Crop residues provide animal feed, while the animals provide manure for replenishing crop nutrients and draft power.
Crop_rotation
Stem of woody plants, and main structural component of trees
woody debris, serves many roles including: plant and animal habitat, nutrient cycling, and the transport and control of soil and sediment. Most trees grown
Trunk_(botany)
Region of soil or substrate comprising the root microbiome
influencing plant growth and competition for resources. Much of the nutrient cycling and disease suppression by antibiotics required by plants occurs immediately
Rhizosphere
Species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments
in marine environments." Terrestrial fungi play critical roles in nutrient cycling and food webs and can shape macroorganism communities as parasites
Marine_fungi
Long-term oceanographic study based at the University of Hawaii at Manoa
crucial role in regulating and driving the nutrient cycle in seawater. Microbial communities regulate nutrient cycling in the water through processes such as
Hawaii_Ocean_Time-series
Carbon capture process in oceans
stay in the euphotic zone to be recycled as part of the regenerative nutrient cycle or once they die, continue to the second phase of the biological pump
Biological_pump
Biogeochemical cycle
The ozone–oxygen cycle is the process by which ozone is continually regenerated in Earth's stratosphere, converting ultraviolet radiation (UV) into heat
Ozone–oxygen_cycle
Biogeochemical cycle
and marine sediments to derive records of past climate change and nutrient cycling (De La Rocha, 2006; Leng and Barker, 2006). This is a particularly
Silica_cycle
Methane (CH4) in Earth's atmosphere
000 years". They found that prior to approximately 900,000 years ago, the cycle of ice ages followed by relatively short warm periods lasted about 40,000
Atmospheric_methane
Biogenic pelagic sediment located on the deep ocean floor
removes silica from the oceanic silica cycle. Siliceous oozes form in upwelling areas that provide valuable nutrients for the growth of siliceous organisms
Siliceous_ooze
Organism belonging to kingdom Fungi
the decomposition of organic matter and have fundamental roles in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. Over 90% of plants are dependent on
Fungus
Organism that digests food externally
extracellular digestion. This is very important in ecosystems, for the nutrient cycle.[citation needed] Saprobionts should not be confused with detritivores
Saprobiont
Conversion of dinitrogen into ammonia
production by lightning. Nitrogen fixation is a key component of the nitrogen cycle and is essential to life on Earth, as all vital organic compounds such as
Nitrogen_fixation
Dead wood in terrestrial environments
nutrients from outside. Thus CWD is important actor contributing to soil nutrients cycles. CWD, while itself not particularly rich in nitrogen, contributes nitrogen
Coarse_woody_debris
Study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for normal plant life
and soil with sufficient nutrition for a complete life cycle, without the addition of nutrients as fertilizer. However, if the soil is cropped it is necessary
Plant_nutrition
Trophic pathway in marine microbial ecosystems
in 1983 to include the role played by bacteria in the carbon and nutrient cycles of the marine environment. In general, dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
Microbial_loop
Part of the pelagic zone
nutrient-rich in comparison to the euphotic zone, making the biogeochemical processes of the mesopelagic particularly important to nutrient cycling in
Mesopelagic_zone
Social insects related to cockroaches
of altering many soil properties such as hydrology, decomposition, nutrient cycling, vegetative growth, and consequently surrounding biodiversity through
Termite
Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
coexist and interact within estuaries, forming complex food webs and nutrient cycles. Together, these interactions make estuaries essential ecosystems that
Estuary
Storing carbon in a carbon pool
reversing the oceanic carbon cycle through the use of large vertical pipes serving as ocean pumps, or a mixer array. When the nutrient rich deep ocean water
Carbon_sequestration
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
into the air, water and soil is one of the key biogeochemical cycles (or nutrient cycles). Understanding biological carbon fixation is essential for comprehending
Biological_carbon_fixation
Defensive mechanism of cells against glycation
adipose tissue. The cycle controls fuel selection and adapts the substrate supply and demand in normal tissues. This cycle adds a nutrient-mediated fine tuning
Randle_cycle
Movement of carbon through Earth's mantle and core
carbon cycle (or slow carbon cycle) is geochemical cycle (movement) of carbon through the Earth's mantle and core. It forms part of the carbon cycle and
Deep_carbon_cycle
Incorporation of sulfur into living organisms
the regulation of sulfur plays an interconnected role with other nutrient cycles like carbon, nitrogen, and iron. For example, if MetR is impaired,
Sulfur_assimilation
Family of insects
and nutrient cycling in their nest. By myrmecochory and modification of soil conditions they substantially alter vegetation and nutrient cycling in surrounding
Ant
Creation of new soil and rejuvenation of soil health
depleted, boosting biodiversity, and maintaining proper water and nutrient cycling. This has many benefits, such as: soil sequestration of carbon in response
Soil_regeneration
Symbiosis of fungi with algae
context. Lichens have since been recognized as important actors in nutrient cycling and producers which many higher trophic feeders feed on, such as reindeer
Lichen
Subsurface maximum in the concentration of chlorophyll
productivity, it plays a significant role in nutrient cycling, the flow of energy, and biogeochemical cycles. The DCM is often located tens of meters below
Deep_chlorophyll_maximum
Removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide through human activity
10–100 years. While surface ocean acidity may decrease as a result of nutrient fertilization, sinking organic matter will remineralize, increasing deep
Carbon_dioxide_removal
Forest that has developed over a long period of time without disturbance
flood control, weather stability, maintenance of biodiversity, and nutrient cycling. Moreover, old-growth forests are more efficient at sequestering carbon
Old-growth_forest
organisms, as nutrients are usually the first link in the food chain. Thus, a loss of nutrients in a habitat will affect nutrient cycling and eventually
Nutrient_depletion
Solid carbon stored in global soils
including water holding capacity, nutrient retention, and soil structure. Soil carbon is a carbon sink in the global carbon cycle, playing a role in biogeochemistry
Soil_carbon
NUTRIENT CYCLE
NUTRIENT CYCLE
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from a Germanic personal name composed of the elements ragin ‘counsel’ + hard ‘hardy’, ‘brave’, ‘strong’, which was introduced into England by the Normans in the form Re(i)nard. This was the name borne by the cunning fox in the popular medieval cycle of beast tales, with the result that from the 13th century it began to replace the previous Old French word for the animal. Some French examples may be nicknames for crafty individuals, referring to the fox’s reputation for cunning.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Janardan | ஜநாரà¯à®¤à®¨
Lord Krishna, One who helps people, Liberator from the cycle of birth and death
Janardan | ஜநாரà¯à®¤à®¨
Male
Spanish
Spanish name of Germanic origin, possibly GUIOMAR means "famous in battle." In the 13th century Vulgate Cycle of Arthurian romance, Sir Guiomar is the proud and beautiful knight of the crystal stream.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Janardhan | ஜநாரà¯à®¤à®¨
Lord Krishna, One who helps people, Liberator from the cycle of birth and death
Janardhan | ஜநாரà¯à®¤à®¨
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Krishna, One who helps people, Liberator from the cycle of birth and death
Boy/Male
Tamil
Janardana | ஜநாரà¯à®¤à®¨
Lord Krishna, One who helps people, Liberator from the cycle of birth and death
Janardana | ஜநாரà¯à®¤à®¨
Boy/Male
Tamil
Janardhana | ஜநாரà¯à®¤à®¾à®¨à®¾
Lord Krishna, One who helps people, Liberator from the cycle of birth and death
Janardhana | ஜநாரà¯à®¤à®¾à®¨à®¾
Boy/Male
Hindu
Free from the cycle of births and deaths
Male
Irish
Irish name CAILTE means "the thin man." This is the name of a character from the Fenian cycle.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Marathi
Vishnu; The Healer; Who Cures the Disease of Birth and Death Cycles
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Krishna, One who helps people, Liberator from the cycle of birth and death
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Krishna, One who helps people, Liberator from the cycle of birth and death
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Traditional
The Periphery or Rim of a Wheel or Cycle
Boy/Male
Tamil
Jaramarana Varjita | ஜராமாஂரநா வரà¯à®œà¯€à®¤à®¾
Free from the cycle of births and deaths
Jaramarana Varjita | ஜராமாஂரநா வரà¯à®œà¯€à®¤à®¾
Boy/Male
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Marathi
The Healer; Vishnu; Who Cures the Disease of Birth and Death Cycles
Boy/Male
Hindu
Lord Krishna, One who helps people, Liberator from the cycle of birth and death
NUTRIENT CYCLE
NUTRIENT CYCLE
Girl/Female
Hindu
Dazzling bright
Male
English
 In the bible, this is the name of the second son of Adam and Eve who was killed by his jealous brother Cain. Anglicized form of Greek Habel, ABEL means "vanity," i.e. "transitory." Anglicized form of Hebrew Hebel, meaning "breath, breathing."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
A Biblical Prophet
Boy/Male
Indian
Lion
Boy/Male
Hindu
To seek, Search for, Searcher
Boy/Male
Muslim
Short, Small, Junior
Boy/Male
American, British, English
Elf Wise Friend
Girl/Female
Teutonic American French English
Ruler of the home.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Poison
Girl/Female
Tamil
Illuminating
NUTRIENT CYCLE
NUTRIENT CYCLE
NUTRIENT CYCLE
NUTRIENT CYCLE
NUTRIENT CYCLE
n.
One who, or that which, pines from lack or food, or nutriment.
n.
That which nourishes; nutriment.
n.
What is fed upon; that which goes to support life by being received within, and assimilated by, the organism of an animal or a plant; nutriment; aliment; especially, what is eaten by animals for nourishment.
v. i.
To promote growth; to furnish nutriment.
n.
The central part of the hilum of a seed, through which the nutrient vessels pass into the rhaphe or the chalaza; -- called also omphalodium.
a
Exciting nutrition; said of the reflex influence by which the nutritional processes are either excited or modified.
n.
The act or process of affording nutriment; the function of the alimentary canal.
n.
That which promotes development or growth.
a.
Producing yolk, or vitelline substance; -- applied to certain cells (also called nutritive, or yolk, cells) formed in the ovaries of many insects, and supposed to supply nutriment to the developing ova.
v. t.
To feed and cause to grow; to supply with matter which increases bulk or supplies waste, and promotes health; to furnish with nutriment.
n.
That which nourishes; food; nutriment; anything which feeds or adds to a substance in natural growth. Hence: The necessaries of life generally: sustenance; means of support.
a.
Nutritious; nourishing; promoting growth.
n.
The conversion of nutriment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption, whether in plants or animals.
superl.
Easy to be digested; not oppressive to the stomach; as, light food; also, containing little nutriment.
n.
Any substance which has nutritious qualities, i. e., which nourishes or promotes growth.
n.
That which serves to nourish; nutriment; food.
n.
That which nourishes; anything which promotes growth and repairs the natural waste of animal or vegetable life; food; aliment.
v. i.
To grow, as plants, by nutriment imbibed by means of roots and leaves; to start into growth; to sprout; to germinate.
n.
The upper stratum of the earth; the mold, or that compound substance which furnishes nutriment to plants, or which is particularly adapted to support and nourish them.
n.
The means of nutriment to animals or plants; food; nourishment; hence, that which feeds or sustains, as fuel for a fire; that upon which the mind or soul is nourished; as, intellectual pabulum.