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Cognitive bias of experimental subject
The observer-expectancy effect is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants
Observer-expectancy_effect
Index of articles associated with the same name
while it is running Observer effect (physics), the disturbance of an observed system by the act of observation Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity
Observer_effect
Behavioural effect
effect. Like the observer-expectancy effect, it is often a cause of "odd" results in many experiments. The subject-expectancy effect is most commonly
Subject-expectancy_effect
Inclination for or against
forecasts may have an overall tendency to be too high or too low. The observer-expectancy effect is when a researcher's expectations cause them to subconsciously
Bias
Horse who performed math tricks (1890s–1910s)
since been referred to as the Clever Hans effect and has continued to be important to the observer-expectancy effect and later studies in animal cognition
Clever_Hans
Topics referred to by the same term
Expectancy effect may refer to: Observer-expectancy effect, when expectations of an observer influences a subject and their outcome Subject-expectancy
Expectancy_effect
Substance or treatment of no therapeutic value
administered as a depressant, the opposite effect. In psychology, the two main hypotheses of the placebo effect are expectancy theory and classical conditioning
Placebo
Phenomenon in psychology
of others. This phenomenon is called the observer-expectancy effect. Rosenthal argued that biased expectancies could affect reality and create self-fulfilling
Pygmalion_effect
Cognitive bias
change continues and is sustained beyond the observation period. Observer-expectancy effect, when a researcher subconsciously influences the participants
Observer_bias
Near-miss effect Negativity effect Nocebo effect Novelty effect Numerosity adaptation effect Observer-expectancy effect Out-group homogeneity effect Overconfidence
List_of_psychological_effects
tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action. Observer-expectancy effect, when a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously
List_of_cognitive_biases
Bias confirming existing attitudes
descriptions of redirect targets List of cognitive biases Observer-expectancy effect – Cognitive bias of experimental subject Selective perception – Type
Confirmation_bias
Harmful effect from negative belief
Scientific control Self-fulfilling prophecy Subject-expectancy effect Suggestibility Suggestion Therapeutic effect Thomas theorem Häuser, Hansen & Enck 2012. Enck
Nocebo
Topics referred to by the same term
well as expectancy or expectancies, may refer to: Expectancy effect (disambiguation) Observer-expectancy effect Subject-expectancy effect Expectancy theory
Expectation
Method in anthropology
differently than they would without the presence of the observer (see:observer-expectancy effect). Researchers engaging in this type of qualitative research
Participant_observation
Experiment in which information about the test is masked to reduce bias
sources of bias, such as participants’ expectations, the observer-expectancy effect, observer bias, confirmation bias, and other cognitive or procedural
Blinded_experiment
effect/shift – Johannes Evangelista Purkinje Pygmalion effect (a.k.a. Rosenthal effect, observer-expectancy effect) – Pygmalion (and Robert Rosenthal) Pythagorean
Scientific phenomena named after people
Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
Elephant in South Korea (born 1990)
Like most cases of talking animals, claims are subject to the observer-expectancy effect, which may be a meaningless form of mimicry and which are subject
Kosik_(elephant)
Prediction that causes itself to become true
psychology include: "Clever Hans" effect Observer-expectancy effect Hawthorne effect Placebo effect Nocebo effect Pygmalion effect Stereotype threat Self-fulfilling
Self-fulfilling_prophecy
Anticipation that a future event or consequence is likely
problem – Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge Observer-expectancy effect – Cognitive bias of experimental subject Placebo – Substance or
Expectation_(philosophy)
Theorized increase of longevity with age
The Lindy effect (also known as Lindy's law) is a theorized phenomenon by which the future life expectancy of some non-perishable thing, like a technology
Lindy_effect
Asian elephant (1970–1993)
all cases of talking animals, these claims are subject to the observer-expectancy effect. Born on May 24, 1970, at Almaty Zoo, Batyr lived his entire life
Batyr_(elephant)
Inaccurately perceiving a relationship between two unrelated events
propter hoc Observer bias Observer-expectancy effect Pareidolia Post hoc ergo propter hoc Radical behaviorism Subject-expectancy effect Superstition
Illusory_correlation
Product sold in the automotive aftermarket
can perceive an improvement where none actually exists. Also, observer-expectancy effect can result in a user subconsciously altering driving habits. These
Fuel_saving_device
programming) Observer effect (physics) (physics) Observer-expectancy effect (cognitive biases) (cognitive psychology) Occlusion effect (biology) (otology)
List_of_effects
Circular relationships between cause and effect
effect (physics) – Fact that observing a situation changes it Observer-expectancy effect – Cognitive bias of experimental subject Performativity – Linguistic
Reflexivity_(social_theory)
Subjective attitude that something is true
thinking Moore's paradox Observer-expectancy effect Opinion Propositional knowledge Self-deception Subject-expectancy effect Subjective validation Suggestibility
Belief
American dog (1925–1937)
and constructed the water feature within the park. Clever Hans Observer-expectancy effect List of individual dogs 'Llewellin Setter' is a name sometimes
Jim_the_Wonder_Dog
The double blind design can protect the experiment from the observer-expectancy effect. The utilization of the between-group experimental design has
Between-group design experiment
Between-group_design_experiment
Social phenomenon by which being observed causes behavioral changes
Social facilitation Stereotype threat Subject-expectancy effect Time and motion study Watching-eye effect McCarney R, Warner J, Iliffe S, van Haselen R
Hawthorne_effect
Extraneous variable in social research
bias Hawthorne effect N rays – imaginary radiation Naturalistic observation Observer bias Observer-expectancy effect Participant observer Placebo and Nocebo
Demand_characteristics
Alternative medicine technique
pseudoscience Nambudripad Allergy Elimination Technique Observer-expectancy effect Facilitated Communication Hall, Harriet (May 2020). "Applied kinesiology
Applied_kinesiology
Nonprofit organization
blogged about the study. He expressed two main reservations: The observer-expectancy effect, where the people being asked questions may be subtly influenced
GiveDirectly
Topics referred to by the same term
experiment's purpose Observer-expectancy effect, is when researcher expectations influence participant behaviour (see also Pygmalion effect) Social-desirability
Bias_(disambiguation)
Phenomenon in psychological research
high test-retest reliability. Bradley effect Demand characteristics Observer-expectancy effect Watching-Eye Effect Social desirability bias Heppner, Puncky;
Reactivity_(psychology)
Observation of a subject in its natural habitat
Robertson Joyce Robertson Jane Goodall Meditation Natural history Observer-expectancy effect People watching Qualitative research Scholar-practitioner model
Naturalistic_observation
Interpretation and judgement of phenomena by the standards of one's culture
Ethnocentrism Framing (social sciences) Goodness and value theory Observer-expectancy effect Out-group homogeneity Social Darwinism Social learning theory
Cultural_bias
Type of change to how a system is measured
an estimator – Statistical property Flynn effect Observer bias – Cognitive bias Observer-expectancy effect – Cognitive bias of experimental subject Overton
Shifting_baseline
tools such as computer-assisted telephone interviewing (CATI). Observer-expectancy effect Experimenter's bias Survey methodology Barbara A. Anderson; Brian
Interviewer_effect
Psychological bias towards favoring members of one's in-group
attribution error, in the allocation of resources, and in many other ways. This effect has been researched by many psychologists and linked to many theories related
In-group_favoritism
self-fulfilling prophecies. The Pygmalion effect, Rosenthal effect, and observer-expectancy effect show that biased expectancies could affect reality and create
Reflected_appraisal
Backward recording technique
backward Satanic messages has been explained as caused by the observer-expectancy effect. The Skeptic's Dictionary states that "you probably won't hear
Backmasking
Ability to be regarded as having an identity one does not
discrepancy, when known about or apparent, spoils his social identity; it has the effect of cutting him off from society and from himself so that he stands a discredited
Passing_(sociology)
Sociological theory
relativity Moral entrepreneur Moral panic Nominative determinism Observer-expectancy effect Psychology Signaling theory Sociology of deviance Victim blaming
Labeling_theory
Providing welfare programs without any conditions upon the receivers' actions
also blogged the study. He expressed two main reservations: The observer-expectancy effect, where the people being asked questions may be subtly influenced
Unconditional_cash_transfer
Predisposition to hide embarrassing information
Spotlight effect Cognitive dissonance Choice-supportive bias Attribution Explanatory style Counterfactual thinking Framing effect Confirmation bias Observer-expectancy
Self-concealment
Tendency for positive impressions to contaminate other evaluations
worthy"). The effect works in both positive and negative directions (and is hence sometimes called the horns and halo effect). If the observer likes one aspect
Halo_effect
Theory in communications
Expectancy violations theory (EVT) is a theory of communication that analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms and expectations
Expectancy_violations_theory
Direct transfer payment of money to an eligible person
also blogged the study. He expressed two main reservations: The observer-expectancy effect, where the people being asked questions may be subtly influenced
Cash_transfer
Style and theory of reporting
expectations (hypotheses) of the research: to avoid the observer-expectancy effect The subject-expectancy effect; Anonymous peer review, a form of peer review,
Peace_journalism
Aspect of International Relations theory
study include the "observer-expectancy effect" and long-running concerns among anthropologists and ethnographers over the possible effect of participant observation
Reflectivism
Societal problems that disrupt mental health
existing mental health vulnerabilities. Despite the vast literature on the effect of air pollution on physical health outcomes, research on the mental health
Social determinants of mental health
Social_determinants_of_mental_health
Process of feedback
Motivation Experimenter effect Observer-expectancy effect Reflexivity (social theory) Pygmalion effect Placebo effect Novelty effect Physics and philosophy:
Epistemic_feedback
Eurasian intergovernmental organisation
of 2024. Life expectancy at birth in the countries of CIS in 2021, according to the World Bank Group are listed below: Life expectancy at birth in countries
Commonwealth of Independent States
Commonwealth_of_Independent_States
study's results. The main observer biases to be wary of are expectancy effects. When the observer has an expectation as to what they will observe, they are
Observational methods in psychology
Observational_methods_in_psychology
varied for locations across the vertical and horizontal meridian based on expectancy and to check if attention can be directed both vertically and horizontally
Meridian_crossing_effect
Fiscal policy
services, however no causal link was shown and was assumed based upon life expectancy not rising in the UK at the same rate as other selected countries, excluding
United Kingdom government austerity programme
United_Kingdom_government_austerity_programme
Special sitting of the High Court of Justiciary
Diagnosed with prostate cancer and with an estimated three- to six-month life expectancy, Megrahi was released from Greenock prison in August 2009 after serving
Scottish Court in the Netherlands
Scottish_Court_in_the_Netherlands
Astrological chart or diagram
horoscope is derived from the Greek words ōra and scopos meaning "time" and "observer" (horoskopos, pl. horoskopoi, or "marker(s) of the hour"). It is claimed
Horoscope
1990. In 2021, US life expectancy fell to 76.4 years, the shortest in roughly two decades. Drivers for this drop in life expectancy include accidents, drug
Healthcare in the United States
Healthcare_in_the_United_States
that time was 101 inhabitants per square kilometer, and the overall life expectancy in Cuba was 78 years. The population has always increased from one census
Demographics_of_Cuba
Effect of social factors on behavior
for a more cognitive approach. A more cognitive model constructed in an expectancy theory framework is shown as a plausible alternative explanation for employee
Social_facilitation
American businessman (born 1969)
live" - Dana White talks about getting an alarming ultimatum on his life expectancy". www.sportskeeda.com. Retrieved September 29, 2022. "Dana White feels
Dana_White
Index of social mobility of the World Economic Forum
olds) Health access and quality index Inequality-adjusted healthy life expectancy index Pillar 2: Education Access Pre-primary enrollment (as a percentage)
Global_Social_Mobility_Index
Female adult human
lowered female life expectancy in some parts of Asia so that men there live longer than women. The difference in life expectancy are believed to be partly
Woman
organization List of countries in Europe List of European countries by life expectancy List of European countries by number of internet users List of European
List of European countries by membership in international organisations
List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations
Maigeng Zhou (13 January 2023). "Healthy China: A Projection of Life Expectancy Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 — China, 1990–2030".
Demographics_of_China
Subregion of North America
Index values are from the estimates for 2017. List of countries by life expectancy at birth for 2023, according to the World Bank Group. The official language
Central_America
List of statements that appear to contradict themselves
can be known. This is often confused with a similar effect in physics called the observer effect. Bell's spaceship paradox: About the stress on a rope
List_of_paradoxes
American author and journalist
research that showed that in the year I was born, 1952, average life expectancy was 68. Brennan, Elizabeth A.; Clarage, Elizabeth C. (1999). Who's Who
Anna_Quindlen
Country in South America
higher than the global average due to its low birth rate, high life expectancy, and relatively high rate of emigration among younger people. A quarter
Uruguay
Supranational political and economic union
In general, life expectancy is lower in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe. In 2018, the EU region with the highest life expectancy was Madrid, Spain
European_Union
1932–1972 human experiment in Alabama, United States
represented 25% of the gender gap in Black life expectancy at that time. The authors noted that the extent of this effect was comparable to major public health
Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study
Drinking Improve the Quality of Sexual Experience?: Sex-Specific Alcohol Expectancies and Subjective Experience on Drinking Versus Sober Sexual Occasions"
Alcohol_and_sex
Country in West Asia
2016 estimated the average life expectancy at 82.5 years, the 6th-highest in the world. Israeli Arab life expectancy lags by 3 to 4 years and is higher
Israel
Country in Central Asia
a 100% literacy rate among adults older than 15 (2019 estimate). Life expectancy in Uzbekistan is 75 years average. 72 years among men and 78 years among
Uzbekistan
Country in Southeastern Africa
starvation and disease, and partly due to decreased fertility. The life expectancy has halved, and deaths from politically motivated violence sponsored by
Zimbabwe
Mood disorder
help to reduce sick leave. Depressed individuals have a shorter life expectancy than those without depression, in part because people who are depressed
Major_depressive_disorder
Cohort born from 2010s to 2020s
is in which they have children. At the same time, global average life expectancy has risen from 52 in 1960 to 72 in 2017. Higher interest in education
Generation_Alpha
U.S. state
residents of North Carolina have a lower life expectancy than the U.S. national average of life expectancy. According to the Institute for Health Metrics
North_Carolina
Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
January 2026. "Gaza: study reveals unprecedented losses of life and life expectancy". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. 25 November 2025. Retrieved 30 December 2025
Casualties_of_the_Gaza_war
Country in West Asia
child and maternal mortality rates have fallen significantly, and life expectancy at birth has risen. Iran's medical knowledge rank is 17th globally and
Iran
Stereotype
PMID 3210142. Stangor, Charles; McMillan, David (1992). "Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social
Physical attractiveness stereotype
Physical_attractiveness_stereotype
Process by which individuals explain causes of behavior and events
The theory of the actor-observer bias was first developed by E. Jones and R. Nisbett in 1971, whose explanation for the effect was that when we observe
Attribution_(psychology)
Ongoing genocide in the Gaza Strip
for January 2025. A February study in The Lancet estimated that life expectancy in the Gaza Strip between October 2023 and September 2024 decreased by
Gaza_genocide
discovering they're left out of the new $15 minimum wage". Raleigh News & Observer. Retrieved November 19, 2020. "Gov. Roy Cooper signs $25.9 billion North
Minimum wage in the United States
Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States
Country in East Asia
contributions to science and technology. It has one of the world's highest life expectancies, but is undergoing a population decline. The culture of Japan is well
Japan
Form of arthritis causing swollen joints
risk factors in the population, such as metabolic syndrome, longer life expectancy, and changes in diet. Older males are most commonly affected. Gout was
Gout
longer life expectancies and health-adjusted life expectancies. The study discovered a distinct stepwise gradient in Canada, with life expectancy and health-adjusted
Healthcare_in_Canada
Romanian state from 1947 to 1989
economic growth and significant improvements in infant mortality, life expectancy, literacy, urbanization, and women's rights, but then stagnated in the
Socialist_Republic_of_Romania
Family of demersal cephalopod
(including sharks), seals, seabirds, and other cuttlefish. The typical life expectancy of a cuttlefish is about 1–2 years. Studies are said to indicate cuttlefish
Cuttlefish
Distortion in cognition
neutral events or objects; to believe something that has a positive emotional effect, that gives a pleasant feeling, even if there is evidence to the contrary;
Emotional_bias
Theory in psychology
between behavior and the environment. These expectancies are heavily influenced by the environment that the observer grows up in; for example, the expected
Social_cognitive_theory
Aspect of US TV drama, 2008–2013
expectancy of regular humans by decades. In the episode "The Boy Must Live", September explains that the final emotionless version of the Observers were
Mythology_of_Fringe
Abnormal formation of clumps of inflammatory cells (granulomata)
Haidong; et al. (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death
Sarcoidosis
Country within the United Kingdom
higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North
England
19th-century English literary family
and the decomposition of bodies in the cemetery on the hilltop. Life expectancy was less than 25 years and infant mortality was around 41% for children
Brontë_family
Country in South Asia
post-colonial census, conducted in 1951, counted 361 million people. The life expectancy at birth has increased from 49.7 years in 1970–1975 to 72.0 years in 2023
India
Social and economic model in Nordic countries
Nordics ranked highest on metrics of real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, having someone to count on, perceived freedom to make life choices, generosity
Nordic_model
Claimed form of extrasensory perception
clairvoyance is generally explained as the result of confirmation bias, expectancy bias, fraud, hallucination, self-delusion, sensory leakage, subjective
Clairvoyance
OBSERVER EXPECTANCY-EFFECT
OBSERVER EXPECTANCY-EFFECT
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Observer
Boy/Male
Tamil
Niriksh | நிரீகà¯à®·
Observer
Niriksh | நிரீகà¯à®·
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Observer
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Observer supervisor
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Observer supervisor
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Observer; Guard
Boy/Male
Muslim
Observer
Girl/Female
Indian
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Biblical
inquirer; examiner; dull observer
Girl/Female
Biblical
Inquirer, examiner, dull observer.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Like, Equal, Matching, Observer, Supervisor
Girl/Female
Muslim
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Girl/Female
Muslim
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Observer of the Gods
Girl/Female
Indian
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Muslim
Observer, Guard the watcher
Boy/Male
Hindu
Observer
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a servant.
Boy/Male
Indian
Observer, Guard the watcher
Girl/Female
Muslim
Like, Equal, Matching, Observer, Supervisor
OBSERVER EXPECTANCY-EFFECT
OBSERVER EXPECTANCY-EFFECT
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Virtuous
Boy/Male
Indian
Sun, King of the day
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Polish
Light and Beautiful; Shining One; Torch; Bright Light; Oak Tree; Sunshine; Light; Luminous; Glowing; Moon Elope
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, English
From the Farm Near the Cliff
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim, Parsi, Pashtun
Full Moon; Fresh; Green
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Prosperity
Boy/Male
Tamil
Auspicious
Girl/Female
Tamil
Divine, A Goddess who gives and takes
Boy/Male
American, British, English, Teutonic
War Friend
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu
Durga; Opening Wide; Tearing
OBSERVER EXPECTANCY-EFFECT
OBSERVER EXPECTANCY-EFFECT
OBSERVER EXPECTANCY-EFFECT
OBSERVER EXPECTANCY-EFFECT
OBSERVER EXPECTANCY-EFFECT
v. t.
To see; to observe.
n.
A strict observer of the Sabbath.
n.
A sycophantic follower.
n.
One who observes, or pays attention to, anything; especially, one engaged in, or trained to habits of, close and exact observation; as, an astronomical observer.
n.
One who keeps any law, custom, regulation, rite, etc.; one who conforms to anything in practice.
n.
That which is expected, or looked or waited for with interest; the object of expectation or hope.
n.
The office or work of an observer.
n.
Expectancy; condition of being undetermined.
v. t.
To take notice of by appropriate conduct; to conform one's action or practice to; to keep; to heed; to obey; to comply with; as, to observe rules or commands; to observe civility.
n.
One who fulfills or performs; as, an observer of his promises.
n.
One who observes method.
interj.
Look; see; behold; observe.
n.
Alt. of Expectancy
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Observe
imp. & p. p.
of Observe
a.
Not expectant.
n.
One who observes or considers; an observer.
a.
Anticipating; expectant; -- with of.
n.
The act of expecting ; expectation.
v. t.
To be on the watch respecting; to pay attention to; to notice with care; to see; to perceive; to discover; as, to observe an eclipse; to observe the color or fashion of a dress; to observe the movements of an army.