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Type of Swiss popular vote opposing or requesting the introduction of a new law
optional referendum is a referendum which comes from a request by governmental authorities or the public. The best-known type of optional referendum is
Optional_referendum
Direct vote on a specific proposal
United States in the 1930s as the Ludlow Amendment. An optional referendum is a class of referendums that are put to the vote as a result of a demand. This
Referendum
Statewide referendum item in California
referendums (part of the Constitution of California since 1856), optional referendums, and initiatives.[citation needed] The initiative and optional (or
California_ballot_proposition
Direct democracy instrument in Switzerland
mandatory referendums. This type of referendum is utilized after an item has been passed by parliament and is then put to a vote. In contrast, an optional referendum
Mandatory referendums in Switzerland
Mandatory_referendums_in_Switzerland
Form of plebiscite
contrast to an optional referendum, which comes from either by public or legislative request. The actions that require mandatory referendums are set by law
Mandatory_referendum
Federal act of the Swiss Confederation
health has changed, and the law needed to be adapted accordingly. An optional referendum against this revision was initiated by the EDU, the Citizens for
Epidemics_Act
Form of democracy
propose changes to the constitution (popular initiative) or ask for an optional referendum to be held on any law voted by the federal, cantonal parliament and/or
Direct_democracy
List of federal popular votes in Switzerland since 1848
to such initiatives (marked with G ), Mandatory referendums (marked with O ), or Optional referendums (marked with F ). Since federal popular initiatives
List of Swiss federal referendums
List_of_Swiss_federal_referendums
Referendum to repeal a new or existing law
popular referendum, depending on jurisdiction also known as a citizens' veto, people's veto, veto referendum, citizen referendum, abrogative referendum, rejective
Popular_referendum
initiative (Switzerland) Referendums in France Optional referendum Recall election Politics portal France portal "Référendum d'initiative citoyenne :
Citizens' initiative referendum (France)
Citizens'_initiative_referendum_(France)
may challenge a law that has been passed by parliament through an optional referendum. If that person is able to gather 50,000 signatures against the law
Politics_of_Switzerland
Form of government
consensus democracy where majority rule does not play a central role. Optional referendums and popular initiatives correspond to consensus democracy. Consensus
Consensus_democracy
been held as of 2017. Unlike in constitutional referendums, voting in previous plebiscites has been optional. In 1998, the Howard government amended the
Referendums_in_Australia
Swiss referendum on national highway expansions
sections of the highway network. But, because some folks launched an optional referendum against it, the issue went to a public vote, and 52.7% of voters
2024 referendum on the Expansion programme for the national highways
2024_referendum_on_the_Expansion_programme_for_the_national_highways
Assembly) Mandatory referendums (votation on a modification of the constitution made by the Federal Assembly) Optional referendums (referendum on a law accepted
Voting_in_Switzerland
Referendum to decide whether a territory should become an independent country
An independence referendum is a type of referendum in which the residents of a territory decide whether the territory should become an independent sovereign
Independence_referendum
Swiss federal law referendum
the first optional referendum held in the country, as all previous referendums had been mandatory referendums. Whilst obligatory referendums required both
1875_Swiss_referendum
Railway tunnel through the Swiss Alps
Bilateral EU Agreements / 40-tonne Trucks / Heavy Traffic Fee (optional referendum): As part of a whole package of several bilateral agreements with
Gotthard_Base_Tunnel
Supreme law of Switzerland
legislative popular initiative in 1846. Berne introduced the legislative optional referendum in the same year. The political crisis of the Regeneration period
Swiss_Federal_Constitution
Vote to remove an official prematurely
referendum, recall petition or representative recall) is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a referendum before
Recall_election
when a referendum is held, but it is a legal procedure regulated by the Swiss constitution. There are two types of referendums: Optional referendum: Any
Referendums_by_country
Referendum in Switzerland concerning accident and health insurance
required both a majority of voters and cantons, as opposed to an optional referendum, which required only a majority of the public vote. Nohlen, D & Stöver
1890 Swiss insurance referendum
1890_Swiss_insurance_referendum
valid signatures on a petition to get on the ballot; facultative or optional referendums, which are citizen proposals to approve or reject a piece of existing
2021_Swiss_referendums
Referendum in Switzerland
voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which only required a majority of the vote in favour, as opposed to a mandatory referendum, which required
1940 Swiss military referendum
1940_Swiss_military_referendum
Referendums have been held in Canada at the federal, provincial and city levels. National referendums are seldom used in Canada. The first two referendums
Referendums_in_Canada
This is a list of referendums related to the European Union, or referendums related to the European Communities, which were predecessors of the European
Referendums related to the European Union
Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union
January referendum on the Swiss Federal Railways was an optional referendum, which required only a simple majority to pass. The November referendum was a
1945_Swiss_referendums
Hypothetical referendum on whether to wage a war
A war referendum is a proposed type of referendum in which citizens would decide whether a nation should go to war. No such referendum has ever taken place
War_referendum
Referendums (or referenda) are held only occasionally by the Government of New Zealand. Referendums may be government-initiated or held in accordance
Referendums_in_New_Zealand
Popular voter petition systems
put directly to a plebiscite or referendum, also called a popular initiated referendum or citizen-initiated referendum. In an indirect initiative, the
Popular_initiative
legislative referral called by the Landtag or government itself, or via an optional referendum initiated by a popular initiative that has over a certain threshold
Referendums_in_Liechtenstein
can be subjected to a financial referendum. The financial referendum may be either optional or mandatory. In its optional form a specified number of signatures
Financial_referendum
Process to put legislation up for a vote of the people
A legislative referral (or legislative referendum) is a referendum in which a legislature puts proposed legislation up for popular vote. This may either
Legislative_referral
dieBasis Die Violetten Freie Wähler From Now on... Democracy Through Referendum Germans Originating from all of Germany (Autochthons) INDEPENDENTS for
List of direct democracy parties
List_of_direct_democracy_parties
There have been several referendums in the history of Poland. There were no country-wide referendums, as this was neither mentioned in the March Constitution
Referendums_in_Poland
Referendum held in Scotland
A referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom was held in Scotland on 18 September 2014. The referendum question was "Should Scotland
2014 Scottish independence referendum
2014_Scottish_independence_referendum
Referendum in Switzerland
8% of voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a
1948 Swiss sugar industry referendum
1948_Swiss_sugar_industry_referendum
Digital proof of identity
issue eIDs if certified by a new federal authority. However, an optional referendum called for a public vote on this issue in the weeks until Sunday
Electronic_identification
process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens of many U.S. states to place legislation on the ballot for a referendum or popular vote, either enacting
Initiatives and referendums in the United States
Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
democracy Referendum types Optional referendum Legislative referral Popular initiative Recall referendum Popular referendum Mandatory referendum Referendums by
Sortition
Bilateral relations
freedom of movement, is rejected by 58.9% of voters. 19 May 2019: an optional referendum on transposing the European gun control directive (an update to the
Switzerland–European Union relations
Switzerland–European_Union_relations
Republic of Turkey in 1923, the country held seven referendums on national level. In the first two referendums (1961 and 1982), new Constitutions were submitted
Referendums_in_Turkey
Referendum in Switzerland
4% of voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a
1912 Swiss insurance referendum
1912_Swiss_insurance_referendum
Popular vote in Switzerland
was approved, the other two were rejected by voters. The referendums were optional referendums, which required only a majority of the public vote, rather
1896_Swiss_referendum
valid signatures on a petition to get on the ballot; facultative or optional referendums, which are citizen proposals to approve or reject a piece of existing
2022_Swiss_referendums
Country in Central Europe
a referendum, both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions. There are three types of federal referendum in Switzerland: An optional referendum challenges
Switzerland
voters. The January referendum was an optional referendum, and required only a majority of votes in favour. The other four referendums all required double
1950_Swiss_referendums
Swiss political party
same-sex marriage in Switzerland, in which it was adopted in an optional referendum on 26 September 2021. In October 2021, the GLP introduced a new,
Green Liberal Party of Switzerland
Green_Liberal_Party_of_Switzerland
whilst half cantons counted as half. The traffic law question was an optional referendum, and required only a majority of voters. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010)
1927_Swiss_referendum
conditional on a favourable result in a new referendum. The vote took the form of an optional referendum of parliamentary origin on a budgetary issue;
2019 Liechtenstein hospital referendum
2019_Liechtenstein_hospital_referendum
Referendum in Switzerland
55% of voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a
1907 Swiss armed forces referendum
1907_Swiss_armed_forces_referendum
A civil rights referendum or human rights referendum is any act of direct democracy which allows for a vote on the granting or amendment of current civil
Civil_rights_referendum
Referendum in Switzerland
8% of voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a
1934 Swiss public order referendum
1934_Swiss_public_order_referendum
introduction of parliamentarism in Sweden, six national referendums have been held. Legal provisions for referendums were introduced in 1922, one year after the adoption
Referendums_in_Sweden
Direct democratic institution
assembly Landsgemeinde Libertarian socialism Participatory democracy Referendum Spokescouncil Workers' council Workplace democracy "BEYOND INSURRECTION
Popular_assembly
Referendums in the United Kingdom are occasionally held at a national, regional or local level. Historically national referendums that cover the whole
Referendums in the United Kingdom
Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom
Referendums in Kenya are polls held in Kenya on particular issues. 2005 2010 2021 Referendum "Kenya: Referendum new sticking point in BBI constitutional
Referendums_in_Kenya
rights for Swiss citizens were both rejected. The referendum was classed as an optional referendum, which meant that only a majority of the public vote
1877_Swiss_referendum
Referendum on referendums
initiative and the optional referendum. Prior to 1911 the only form of direct democracy in California was the compulsory referendum. Since the first state
1911_California_Proposition_7
Referendum in Switzerland
6% of voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a
1906 Swiss foodstuffs referendum
1906_Swiss_foodstuffs_referendum
vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The referendum on the criminal law was an optional referendum, which required only a majority of the public
1922_Swiss_referendums
Swiss rail project
the Swiss populace on 21 May 2000 with 67.2% support in a federal optional referendum initiated by opposing political parties. The Gotthard axis consists
NRLA
vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The insurance referendum was an optional referendum, which required only a majority of the public vote. Nohlen
1900_Swiss_referendums
Five referendums in Iran were held since the first referendum was held in 1953 for dissolution or survival of 17th Iranian Majlis and the latest of those
Referendums_in_Iran
Electronic Voting System
An electronic referendum (or e-referendum) is a referendum in which voting is aided by electronic means. E-referendum employs information and communication
Electronic_referendum
deliberative referendum is a referendum that increases public deliberation through purposeful institutional design.:557 The term "deliberative referendum" stems
Deliberative_referendum
European Union mechanism aimed at increasing direct democracy
democracy such as the federal popular initiative (since 1848) and the optional referendum (since 1874). The legal basis of the citizens' initiative is set
European_Citizens'_Initiative
constitution was revised to establish free public education and the optional referendum, and to make it easier for Swiss citizens to move between cantons
Timeline_of_Swiss_history
A mining referendum is a direct and universal vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a mining proposal. Mining referendums have been
Mining_referendum
legislature is a mandatory referendum; a vote to veto a law that has already been adopted by the legislature is an optional referendum or "people's veto"; the
Elections_in_California
approved by 77.9% of voters and 20.5 cantons. The spirits referendum was an optional referendum, which meant that only a majority of the public vote was
1887_Swiss_referendums
rights also required a double majority, whilst the referendum on civil servants was an optional referendum, requiring only a majority of voters in favour
1939_Swiss_referendums
vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The railways referendum was an optional referendum, which required only a majority of the public vote. Nohlen
1898_Swiss_referendums
Democratic financial decision-making process
participatory budgeting in Asia. Civic engagement Citizens' assembly Financial referendum Participatory economics Participatory democracy Participatory planning
Participatory_budgeting
increase affordable housing by promoting housing cooperatives, and an optional referendum on whether legislation preventing discrimination based on sexual
2020_Swiss_referendums
Referendums in the Czech Republic can be held in the Czech Republic at a national, regional or local level. National referendums are very rare as there
Referendums in the Czech Republic
Referendums_in_the_Czech_Republic
An automatic ballot referral (or compulsory referral) is a type of referendum that is legally required to automatically be placed on a ballot. In the United
Automatic_ballot_referral
Referendum in Switzerland
1% of voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a
1933 Swiss federal salaries referendum
1933_Swiss_federal_salaries_referendum
vote, whilst half cantons counted as half. The embassies referendum was an optional referendum, which required only a majority of the public vote. Nohlen
1895_Swiss_referendums
national referendums have been held between 1797 and 2018. Since 2018, there is no longer a legal basis for referendums. The first four referendums were held
Referendums in the Netherlands
Referendums_in_the_Netherlands
Referendum in Switzerland
9% of voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a
1944 Swiss unfair competition referendum
1944_Swiss_unfair_competition_referendum
cantons counted as half. The July referendum on the federal law on aged and bereavement insurance was an optional referendum, which required only a simple
1947_Swiss_referendums
Referendum in Switzerland
6% of voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which only a majority of the vote, as opposed to the mandatory referendums, which required a
1924 Swiss employment protection referendum
1924_Swiss_employment_protection_referendum
Referendums in Ukraine, according to the Ukrainian Constitution, are one of the lawful forms of expression of people's will. Referendums are organized
Referendums_in_Ukraine
A referendum, in the Italian legal system is a request directed to the whole electorate to express their view on a determined question. It is the main
Referendums_in_Italy
Common appellative in the Philippines
initiative (national or local) allowed by the Philippine Initiative and Referendum Act of 1987. The appellative also refers to the product of either of those
People's_initiative
and was rejected by 64.9% of voters. The referendums on epidemics and the constitution were optional referendums, which meant that only a majority of the
1882_Swiss_referendums
Referendum in Switzerland concerning insolvency and debt
1889. The new law was approved by 52.9% of voters. The referendum was an optional referendum, which meant that only a majority of the public vote was
1889 Swiss insolvency referendum
1889_Swiss_insolvency_referendum
French Fifth Republic allows three types of referendum: At the national level, a legislative referendum on the initiative of President of the French
Referendums_in_France
adopted the referendum for municipal governments within its boundaries in 1897. South Dakota was the first state to adopt the referendum, in 1898, patterning
History of direct democracy in the United States
History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States
penal codes) was approved in a referendum. The January referendum on rail subsidies was classed as an optional referendum, which meant that only a majority
1879_Swiss_referendums
cantons counted as half. The referendums on federal laws on tuberculosis and civil servants were both optional referendums, which required only a simple
1949_Swiss_referendums
referendums in Lithuania since it declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990. Because of strict requirements, only four referendums
Referendums_in_Lithuania
The referendums on tariffs and the federal criminal law were optional referendums, which required only a majority of the public vote. The referendum on
1903_Swiss_referendums
Mechanism in Swiss law
days of publication of the law in the Federal Gazette (known as "optional referendum"). However, in the same ruling, the First Court of Social Law identified
Schubert_practice
How referendums are held in Taiwan
Referendums in Taiwan at both the national and local level are governed by the Referendum Act of Taiwan, which was enacted by the Legislative Yuan in
Referendums_in_Taiwan
National referendums held in Switzerland in 2017
Party, which launched the optional referendum against it. The Energy Act was approved by 58% of voters. On 24 September referendums were held on: A Federal
2017_Swiss_referendums
Several referendums were held in Switzerland during 2026, with national votes on 8 March, 14 June, 27 September and 29 November. Four referendums were held
2026_Swiss_referendums
Several referendums have been held in Republika Srpska during its existence, whilst others have been proposed but not happened. Although Republika Srpska
Referendums in Republika Srpska
Referendums_in_Republika_Srpska
Public servants in Switzerland
compensation for inflation required a modification of the law and, if an optional referendum was demanded, a popular vote. During the global economic crisis,
Civil_servants_in_Switzerland
OPTIONAL REFERENDUM
OPTIONAL REFERENDUM
Boy/Male
Hindu
Rational
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, British, English, Teutonic
National Protector; Wealthy Defender
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rational
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
Animated; Rational
Boy/Male
Tamil
Rational
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
National Boy; Lord Krishna
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Option
Boy/Male
English
National protector.
Boy/Male
Hindu
Rational
Boy/Male
Indian
Similar; Option
Boy/Male
Indian
Talker, Speaker, Rational
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Rational
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
National Leader
Girl/Female
Indian
Optional
Boy/Male
Muslim
Talker, Speaker, Rational
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Options
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Which has No Options
Girl/Female
German, Greek
Noble; Kind; Rational
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Rational
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
National Player
OPTIONAL REFERENDUM
OPTIONAL REFERENDUM
OPTIONAL REFERENDUM
OPTIONAL REFERENDUM
OPTIONAL REFERENDUM
OPTIONAL REFERENDUM
OPTIONAL REFERENDUM