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Amount by which an orbit deviates from a perfect circle
astrodynamics, the orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a dimensionless parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another
Orbital_eccentricity
Characteristic of conic sections
hyperbolic partial differential equations. Kepler orbits Eccentricity vector Orbital eccentricity Roundness (object) Conic constant Thomas, George B
Eccentricity_(mathematics)
Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than one
elliptical orbit or eccentric orbit is an orbit with an eccentricity of less than 1;[citation needed] this includes the special case of a circular orbit, with
Elliptic_orbit
Global climate cycles
than spring. Greater eccentricity increases the variation in the Earth's orbital velocity. Currently, however, the Earth's orbit is becoming less eccentric
Milankovitch_cycles
Topics referred to by the same term
Eccentricity (graph theory) of a vertex in a graph Eccentricity (mathematics), a parameter associated with every conic section Orbital eccentricity,
Eccentricity
Concept in astrodynamics
to escape the central object's gravitational field; expressed as orbital eccentricity designated by any number more than 1. Under simplistic assumptions
Hyperbolic_trajectory
Function describing an electron in an atom
{\displaystyle m_{s}} . The simple names s orbital, p orbital, d orbital, and f orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number ℓ = 0, 1, 2
Atomic_orbital
Diagrammatic representation of Sun's position over a period of time
governed by the combined effects of Earth's axial tilt and its orbital eccentricity. An analemma can be photographed by keeping a camera at a fixed location
Analemma
Regular and periodic mutual gravitational influence of orbiting bodies
eccentricities of the orbits of Uranus's inner satellites, and the anomalously high orbital inclination of Miranda. High past orbital eccentricities associated
Orbital_resonance
Curved path of an object around a point
(out of the orbital plane) causes rotation of the orbital plane without changing the period or eccentricity. In all instances, a closed orbit will still
Orbit
First planet from the Sun
that a future secular orbital resonant interaction with the perihelion of Jupiter may cause the eccentricity of Mercury's orbit to increase to the point
Mercury_(planet)
Speed at which a body orbits around the barycenter of a system
For an object in an eccentric orbit orbiting a much larger body, the length of the orbit decreases with orbital eccentricity e, and is an ellipse. This can
Orbital_speed
Field of classical mechanics concerned with the motion of spacecraft
planets, moons, and comets. Orbital mechanics focuses on spacecraft trajectories, including orbital maneuvers, orbital plane changes, and interplanetary
Orbital_mechanics
Parameters that define a specific orbit
Orbital elements are the parameters required to uniquely identify a specific orbit. In celestial mechanics these elements are considered in two-body systems
Orbital_elements
Orbit keeping the satellite at a fixed longitude above the equator
A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is an Earth-centered orbit with an orbital period that matches Earth's rotation on its axis, 23 hours
Geosynchronous_orbit
Small near-Earth asteroid
axis of 1.003 AU, an orbital eccentricity of 0.108, and an orbital inclination of approximately 2°, placing it in the low-eccentricity, low-inclination Arjuna
2025_PN7
Vector in celestial mechanics
In celestial mechanics, the eccentricity vector of a Kepler orbit is the dimensionless vector with direction pointing from apoapsis to periapsis and with
Eccentricity_vector
Term in geometry; longest and shortest semidiameters of an ellipse
the eccentricity of the orbit. In astronomy, the semi-major axis is one of the most important orbital elements of an orbit, along with its orbital period
Semi-major and semi-minor axes
Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes
Largest moon of Jupiter
last episode of the eccentricity excitation happened only several hundred million years ago. Because Ganymede's orbital eccentricity is relatively low—on
Ganymede_(moon)
direction (rotation axis direction) Vernal equinox direction Orbit eccentricity Year duration Orbit plane inclination All these factors affect how much energy
Seasons_on_planets
Parameter in the gravitational two-body problem
}{2a}}\end{aligned}}} where v {\displaystyle v} is the relative orbital speed; r {\displaystyle r} is the orbital distance between the bodies; μ = G ( m 1 + m 2 ) {\displaystyle
Specific_orbital_energy
Jovian planet that orbits its star in an eccentric orbit
0.2 or more. The typical exoplanet with an orbital period greater than five days has a median eccentricity of 0.23. The discovery of this type of exoplanet
Eccentric_Jupiter
Division of the year
of orbital eccentricity opposes the temperature trends of the seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. In general, the effect of orbital eccentricity on Earth's
Season
component of the orbital angular momentum is conserved; as a result, the eccentricity never reaches unity. Sun-synchronous orbit: An orbit which combines
List_of_orbits
Irregular moon of Neptune
synchronized variations in its orbital eccentricity and inclination over a 3,000-year period. Sao shares similar orbital characteristics with two other
Sao_(moon)
Trajectory of Earth around the Sun
bodies, Earth's orbit, also called Earth's revolution, is an ellipse with the Earth–Sun barycenter as one focus with a current eccentricity of 0.0167. Since
Earth's_orbit
Discrepancy between past temperatures and the amount of incoming solar radiation
Milankovitch cycle in the range of 100,000 years, related to Earth's orbital eccentricity, its contribution to variation in insolation is much smaller than
100,000-year_problem
Type of geocentric orbit
Even if an orbit remains Sun-synchronous, however, other orbital parameters such as argument of periapsis and the orbital eccentricity evolve, due to
Sun-synchronous_orbit
Orbit parameter conserved in the three-body problem
invariant) is a number calculated from several orbital elements (semi-major axis, orbital eccentricity, and inclination) of a relatively small object
Tisserand's_parameter
Hypothetical Solar System planet
found that higher eccentricity orbits reduced the average tilts of the ETNOs' orbits. While there are many possible combinations of orbital parameters and
Planet_Nine
near-circular orbits (e<0.1). Most exoplanets with orbital periods of 20 days or less have near-circular orbits, i.e. very low eccentricity. That is thought
Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
Exoplanet_orbital_and_physical_parameters
Irregular moon of Neptune
synchronized variations in its orbital eccentricity and inclination over a 600-year period. Neso shares similar orbital characteristics with two other
Neso_(moon)
Potential for life-friendly planets orbiting brown dwarfs
and X-ray output. The planet would have to have an extremely low orbital eccentricity (ranging from Earth-like to ten-millionths depending on semimajor
Habitability of brown dwarf systems
Habitability_of_brown_dwarf_systems
Largest moon of Neptune
rocky-metallic core at its center. Although Triton's orbit is nearly circular with a very low orbital eccentricity of 0.00001, its interior may still experience
Triton_(moon)
Large asteroid
is orbiting the Sun at a distance of 385 million kilometres (2.5735 AU) with a period of 4.13 yr and an orbital eccentricity of 0.19. The orbital plane
5_Astraea
Irregular moon of Uranus
Kozai resonance, which causes large, synchronized variations in its orbital eccentricity and inclination over a 500-year period. Margaret is estimated to
Margaret_(moon)
M, and is typically expressed a function of mean anomaly, M, and orbital eccentricity, e. Since antiquity, the problem of predicting the motions of the
Equation_of_the_center
Configuration of two or more astronomical objects
semi-major axes or eccentricities when they approach each other. Orbital parameters that are used to describe the relation of co-orbital objects are the
Co-orbital_configuration
Highly elliptical and highly inclined synchronous orbit
period of one sidereal day, and a typical eccentricity between 0.2 and 0.3. A satellite placed in this orbit spends most of its time over a chosen area
Tundra_orbit
Smallest Galilean moon of Jupiter
Europa orbits Jupiter in roughly 3.55 days, with an orbital radius of about 670,900 km. With an orbital eccentricity of only 0.009, the orbit itself is
Europa_(moon)
Maintenance of a particular orbit
shortening of the orbital period. Solar radiation pressure will in general perturb the eccentricity (i.e. the eccentricity vector); see Orbital perturbation
Orbital_station-keeping
Interstellar comet in 2019
local time) in MARGO Observatory. 2I/Borisov has a heliocentric orbital eccentricity of 3.36 and is not bound to the Sun. The comet passed through the
2I/Borisov
Disked object that eclipsed V1400 Centauri
This orbital speed allows for a range of possible orbital periods depending on J1407b's orbital eccentricity: if J1407b has a circular orbit with a
J1407b
Third-largest asteroid
inaccessible to spacecraft, and its orbital eccentricity is nearly as large as that of Pluto. The high inclination of the orbit of Pallas results in the possibility
2_Pallas
Effect on the Earth's climate from slow orbital changes
corresponding to the timeframes of periodic orbital cycles have been interpreted as evidence of orbital forcing on climate during greenhouse periods
Orbital_forcing
Extrasolar planet
highest orbital eccentricity of any known planet. The discovery was made by measuring the star's radial velocity. As the inclination of the orbit cannot
16_Cygni_Bb
Concept in astrophysics
the lowest layer. Orbital eccentricity habitable zone is low enough orbital eccentricity to support life. Elliptic orbit by eccentricity 0.0 · 0.2 ·
Habitable zone for complex life
Habitable_zone_for_complex_life
Type of high-latitude satellite orbit
It is a highly elliptical orbit with an inclination of 63.4 degrees, an argument of perigee of 270 degrees, and an orbital period of about half a sidereal
Molniya_orbit
Situation in which an astronomical object's orbital period matches its rotational period
increase in orbital eccentricity of the orbiting object around the primary – an effect known as eccentricity pumping. In some cases where the orbit is eccentric
Tidal_locking
Largest moon of Saturn
highly regular, planet-like orbits, Titan overwhelmingly dominates Saturn's system, and has a high orbital eccentricity which is not immediately explained
Titan_(moon)
Asteroid
second-smallest known perihelion of any known object orbiting the Sun. Its extreme orbital eccentricity brings it within 0.079 AU of the Sun (26% of Mercury's
2008_FF5
Cyclic climate pattern
slow shifts in Earth's orbital parameters. The parameters include the precession of the equinoxes, obliquity, and eccentricity as put forth by the Milankovitch
North_African_climate_cycles
Natural satellite orbiting Saturn
planets, Enceladus participates in an orbital resonance. Its resonance with Dione excites its orbital eccentricity, which is damped by tidal forces, tidally
Enceladus
Star in a close orbit around Sagittarius A*
its orbit remained consistent with the astrometric observations. S301 has a semi-major axis of about 83 milliarcseconds and an orbital eccentricity of
S301
Period of long-term reduction in temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere
orbit of Earth but the three-dimensional orbit also has a 100,000-year cycle of orbital inclination. They proposed that these variations in orbital inclination
Ice_age
Orbit around Earth between 160 and 2000 km
low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less than
Low_Earth_orbit
Astronomical object not orbiting the Sun
non-cometary astronomical object observed to have an orbit not bound to the Sun and will have an orbital eccentricity greater than 1 when near perihelion. Unlike
Hyperbolic_asteroid
Orbital plane that is tipped away from the equator
{\displaystyle i} is the orbital inclination, and T {\displaystyle T} is the orbital period. List of orbits Orbital inclination Non-inclined orbit Basics of the
Inclined_orbit
Time an astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object
semi-major axis the orbital period is the same, regardless of eccentricity. Inversely, for calculating the distance where a body has to orbit in order to have
Orbital_period
Small planetary-mass object
Furthermore, having some unusual characteristics, such as large orbital eccentricity and a high orbital inclination, it became evident that it was a different
Dwarf_planet
Fourth-largest moon of Uranus
encountered about 3.8 billion years ago, would have increased Ariel's orbital eccentricity, resulting in tidal friction due to time-varying tidal forces from
Ariel_(moon)
Fourth planet from the Sun
pronounced orbital eccentricity of about 0.09; of the seven other planets in the Solar System, only Mercury has a larger orbital eccentricity. It is known
Mars
Classical approach to the many-body problem of astronomy
orbit Molniya orbit Nereid one of the outer moons of Neptune with a high orbital eccentricity of ~0.75 and is frequently perturbed Osculating orbit Orbit
Perturbation_(astronomy)
Orbit around Earth
which the orbital velocity will be at its minimum. Eccentricity a measure of how much an orbit deviates from a perfect circle. Eccentricity is strictly
Geocentric_orbit
Spaceflight maneuver
Orbital inclination change is an orbital maneuver aimed at changing the inclination of an orbiting body's orbit. This maneuver is also known as an orbital
Orbital_inclination_change
Distant body in the outer Solar System
longest orbital period of any known object in the Solar System of its size or larger with an orbital period of around 11,400 years. Its orbit is extremely
Sedna_(dwarf_planet)
Moon of 55637 Uni
was done. Tinia completes one complete orbit around Uni every 8.3094±0.0002 days, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.17±0.03, indicating a total system
Tinia_(moon)
Martian orbit around the Sun
days and travels 9.55 AU in doing so, making the average orbital speed 24 km/s. The eccentricity is greater than that of any other planet except Mercury
Orbit_of_Mars
Outer main-belt asteroid
designation 1905 SE. This body orbits the Sun nearly midway between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The orbital eccentricity is slightly lower than that
580_Selene
Nearest star to the Solar System
have an orbital period of 3.6–14 days. A planet orbiting within this zone may experience tidal locking to the star. If the orbital eccentricity of this
Proxima_Centauri
Circular orbit above Earth's Equator and following the direction of Earth's rotation
following the direction of Earth's rotation. An object in such an orbit has an orbital period equal to Earth's rotational period, one sidereal day, and
Geostationary_orbit
Hot-Jupiter exoplanet in the orbit of the star WASP-17
over the course of the planet's orbit to measure the planet's mass and obtain an indication of its orbital eccentricity. Careful examination of the Doppler
WASP-17b
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
approximately 9.6 times. The Moon's orbit is not perfectly circular but rather slightly elliptical, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.055. This means the distance
Moon
Quantities used in astronomy
(Kepler's equation). From E and the orbital eccentricity e follow the rectangular coordinates within the Kepler orbit: X = cos(E) − e Y = √(1−e²) · sin(E)
Thiele−Innes_elements
Main-belt asteroid
its distance from the Sun varying between 1.81 and 2.99 AU. The orbital eccentricity is 0.246. Nausikaa brightened to magnitude 8.3 at a quite favorable
192_Nausikaa
Periodic, three-dimensional orbit
Lunar Gateway. The Gateway orbit would have been a 9:2 resonant NRHO, with a period of about 7 days and a high orbital eccentricity, bringing the station within
Near-rectilinear_halo_orbit
Celestial orbit whose trajectory is a conic section in the orbital plane
orbit, and it has the magnitude of orbital eccentricity. This makes it very useful in orbit determination (OD) for the orbital elements of an orbit when
Kepler_orbit
Natural satellites of the planet Saturn
mutually co-orbital, Janus and Epimetheus. The relatively large Hyperion is locked in an orbital resonance with Titan. The remaining regular moons orbit near
Moons_of_Saturn
Main-belt asteroid
axis of 2.628, the asteroid is orbiting between the 3:1 and 5:2 Kirkwood gaps in the main belt. Its orbital eccentricity is larger than the median value
23_Thalia
Innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter
result of Io's orbital resonance with Europa and Ganymede. Such heating is dependent on Io's distance from Jupiter, its orbital eccentricity, the composition
Io_(moon)
Area of the Solar System beyond the planets, comprising small bodies
the "dynamically cold" population, has orbits much like the planets; nearly circular, with an orbital eccentricity of less than 0.1, and with relatively
Kuiper_belt
Theory of early changes in Jupiter's orbit
reversing course due to capturing Saturn in an orbital resonance, eventually halting near its current orbit at 5.2 AU. The reversal of Jupiter's planetary
Grand_tack_hypothesis
Interstellar comet in 2025
parameter known as the orbital eccentricity. Whereas elliptical orbits have an eccentricity less than 1, hyperbolic orbits have an eccentricity greater than 1
3I/ATLAS
Near-Earth, potentially hazardous asteroid
asteroid (PHA). It is a member of the Apollo group orbiting at a distance of 1.49 AU with an orbital eccentricity of 0.41 and an inclination of 7.62°. The asteroid
2025_FA22
Eighth planet from the Sun
Neptune's orbital eccentricity is only 0.008678, making it the planet in the Solar System with the second most circular orbit after Venus. The orbit of Neptune
Neptune
Group of near-Earth asteroids
group of asteroids with a semi-major axis of about 2.5 AU and an orbital eccentricity approximately between 0.4 and 0.65. The namesake is 887 Alinda, discovered
Alinda_asteroid
following a relatively close and prograde orbit with little or no orbital inclination or orbital eccentricity. Regular moons are thought to form in situ
Glossary_of_astronomy
Known extent to which a planet is suitable for life
consideration in evaluating the effect of orbital and rotational characteristics on planetary habitability. Orbital eccentricity is the difference between a planet's
Planetary_habitability
Mathematical constants describing an orbit
(ap), proper eccentricity (ep), and proper inclination (ip). The proper elements can be contrasted with the osculating Keplerian orbital elements observed
Proper_orbital_elements
Transfer orbit used to reach geosynchronous or geostationary orbit
cost to send a spacecraft to such orbits is very high due to their high orbital radius. A GTO is an intermediary orbit used to make this process more efficient
Geostationary_transfer_orbit
Apparent solar time minus mean solar time
Earth's orbit around the Sun, which is about 0.0167. The equation of time vanishes only for a planet with zero axial tilt and zero orbital eccentricity. Two
Equation_of_time
Calculating the Sun's location in the sky at a given time and place
(essentially, the Earth's position in its orbit). Since the Earth's orbital eccentricity is small, its orbit can be approximated as a circle which causes
Position_of_the_Sun
Super-Earth orbiting Luyten's Star
only receives 6% more starlight than Earth. Luyten b has a moderate orbital eccentricity of 0.10 ± 0.08. Luyten's Star is a medium-sized red dwarf star on
Luyten_b
The Moon's circuit around Earth
needed][relevant?] However, because the orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth (1 km/s) is small compared to the orbital velocity of Earth about the Sun (30 km/s)
Orbit_of_the_Moon
Outer moon of Jupiter
Lidov–Kozai resonance, where there is a periodic exchange between its orbital eccentricity and inclination while its argument of pericenter oscillates about
S/2018_J_4
the E Ring tend to accumulate on moons that orbit within it, primarily because of the orbital eccentricities of the particles and the closeness of other
Rings_of_Saturn
Either of two extreme points in a celestial object's orbit
Earth measured from the plane of the ecliptic. The Earth's eccentricity and other orbital elements are not constant, but vary slowly due to the perturbing
Apsis
Proposed approaches to tracking date and time on the planet Mars
seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter much like Earth. Mars's orbital eccentricity is considerably larger, which causes its seasons to vary significantly
Timekeeping_on_Mars
between spacecraft and final position e1 is defined as orbital eccentricity of original orbit φ is defined as change in true anomaly between spacecraft
Orbit_phasing
Moon of Jupiter
(166° to Jupiter's equator), in a retrograde direction and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2011. It was named in August 2003 after Kale, one of the Charites
Kale_(moon)
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